A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH
A PAPER
BY:
MAHADI MAULANA NASUTION
REG. NO. : 072202004
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
Approved by
Supervisor,
Drs. Muhizar Muchtar M.S.
NIP.
Submited to
Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for
DIPLOMA (D III)
in English
Approved by
Head of English Study Program,
Dra. Syahyar Hanum, D.P.F.E
NIP. 195109071979022001
Approved by the
Diploma III of English Study Program
Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program,
Faculty of
Letters, University of North Sumatera.
The Examination is held on the:
Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Prof. Drs. Syafuddin, M.A, Ph.D
NIP: 19650909 199403 1004
Board of Examiners and Readers:
Examiner
:
Drs. Muhizar Muchtar M.S
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am MAHADI MAULANA NASUTION; declare that I am the soul author of
this paper. Except where references is made in the text of this paper contains no
material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by
which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main
text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another
degree in any tertiary education.
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name
: MAHADI MAULANA NASUTION
Title of Paper
: A Brief Description of Adverbs in English
Qualification
: D-III/Ahli Madya
Study Program
: English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the
discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of
Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
ABSTRAK
Kertas karya yang berjudul
“ A Brief Descripton of Adverb in English”
ini
mendeskripsikan tentang pembentukan
adverb
, letak (posisi)
adverb
, pembagian
adverb
, serta cara pemakaiannya di dalam bahasa Inggris. Pembahasan dalam
kertas karya ini berpedoman pada beberapa buku tentang tata bahasa Inggris
khususnya
adverb
sebagai referensi atau rujukan yang dapat mendukung gagasan
atau pendapat penulis tentang topik ini. Di dalam kertas karya ini dapat ditemukan
bahwa ada tiga klasifikasi
adverb
yaitu:
Simple Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs
,
dan
Relative Adverbs.
Dan ada empat letak atau posisi
adverb
di dalam tata
bahasa Inggris.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most
merciful who has blessed me with health and capabality to finish this paper as my
last assignment at English Diploma Program, University of North Sumatera.
Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to those who
have given contribution to accomplish this paper.
Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D
,
as the Dean Faculty of Letters,
Dra
.
Syahyar Hanum, DPFE
as the Head of
English Diploma III Departement,
Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
as my
supervisor who has given me much support, advice, and correction in
accomplishing this paper,
Drs.Umar Mono M.Hum.
as my reader who has given
me suggestions and comments on the improvement of this papaer, and all of my
lecturers for warm support and valuable knowledge during the years of my study.
My special thanks are due to my beloved parents,
Ramlan Nasution
and
Aida
, my brothers
Hambali Ramadhan Nasution, Muhammad Fauzi
Nasution
, my sister
Rabithah Nasution
who have patiently give me moral,
financial, support, love, and also prayer in completing this paper.
me to encourage, and support me everytime, especially in writing this paper. You
are the best that I ever had. I never forgotten your kindness cause I believe that
friendship is more valuable than everything in the world.
However, it is not easy to finish this paper though I have done my best. I
hope this paper is useful for those who study grammar especially adverb.
Medan, 2010
The writer
,
Mahadi Maulana Nasution
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...
ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study ...
1
1.2
The Scope of the Study ...
2
1.3
The Objective of the Study ...
2
1.4
The Significance of Study ………
3
1.5
The Method of the Study ...
3
2.
DEFINITION AND TYPE PART OF SPEECH
2.1
Definition of Part of Speech ...
4
2.2
Type of Part of Speech ...
6
3.
CALSSIFICATION OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH
3.1
Definition of Adverbs ...
9
3.2
Simple Adverbs ...
9
3.4
Relative Adverbs ...
14
3.5
Degrees of Comparison in adverbs ...
15
3.6
Forming Adverbs ...
17
3.7
Position of Adverbs ...
19
4.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1
Conclusions ...
24
4.2
Suggestions ...
25
ABSTRAK
Kertas karya yang berjudul
“ A Brief Descripton of Adverb in English”
ini
mendeskripsikan tentang pembentukan
adverb
, letak (posisi)
adverb
, pembagian
adverb
, serta cara pemakaiannya di dalam bahasa Inggris. Pembahasan dalam
kertas karya ini berpedoman pada beberapa buku tentang tata bahasa Inggris
khususnya
adverb
sebagai referensi atau rujukan yang dapat mendukung gagasan
atau pendapat penulis tentang topik ini. Di dalam kertas karya ini dapat ditemukan
bahwa ada tiga klasifikasi
adverb
yaitu:
Simple Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs
,
dan
Relative Adverbs.
Dan ada empat letak atau posisi
adverb
di dalam tata
bahasa Inggris.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study
Language is very important for human being. It is used as tool of communication and interaction by members of society one to another, such as getting and giving information, expressing their ideas and doing other activities. Learning a language means how to communicate in that language to convey information to some one, message to somebody else from either speaker or writer to listeners or readers. So, if some one wants to study a language, he may not be passive he ought be active because the most important in learning language is able to communicate with another people.
English an international language because many countries use English as their second language and English is very important to be known. Nowadays, USA has become the center of civilization. They have succeeded to dominate politic, economy, culture, and entertainment in the world. ( Crystal, 1997:71 )
1.2 The Scope of Study
In this paper the writer try to limit the dicussion of the problem as specific as possible on the title, the scope of writing in this paper is about adverbs. As we know commonly, parts of speech consists of: Nouns, Pronouns, Adverbs, Verbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections, Articles.But this paper will only discuss about adverbs.
1.3 The Objective of Study
In writing this paper there are some objectives that should be achieved as follow they are:
1. To describe what the part of speech especially adverbs is about 2. To describe the kinds of adverb
1.4 The Significance of Study
To make the writing of this paper useful for the others, some significance could be drawn as follow:
1. To make the readers know more details about parts of speech, especially adverbs. 2. To enlarge the readers konowledge in adverb.
3. To be used as a liturature for further study.
1.5 The Method of Study
2. DEFINITION AND TYPE OF PART OF SPEECH
2.1 Definiton of Part of Speech
Part of speech, in traditional English major classes of words, based on the parts of speech of ancient Greek and Latin. The parts of speech are numerals. These word classes have traditional definitions in grammar books, i.e., "a noun is the name of a person, place, or thing" without reference t o grammatical function. By this strict definition the word toy would be a noun in the sentence "The toy is under the tree" and in the sentence "It is a toy dog." However, an alternate method of defining parts of speech is in terms of the structural features and distribution patterns within a sentence. Thus toy would constitute a different part of speech in each of the above sentences since the word functions in different environments in each sentence, i.e., as a subject and as a modifier. Some English parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.) are productive classes allowing new members; others, with functional rather than lexical meaning (prepositions, articles, conjunctions) are nonproductive, having a limited number of members.
2.2 Type of Part of Speech
1.Verbs
A verb is a word which implies action or the doing of something, or it may be defined as a word which affirms, commands or asks a question. The simple form of the verb without inflection is called the root of the verb.
For examples:” love is the root of the verb “To Love”.
2.Nouns
Nouns are things we can touch,see, feel, hear or taste.
For examples: football, birds, ice-cream, baby, brooch, etc.
3.Adjectives
Adjectives are descriptive words. An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun, that is, shows or points out some distinguishing mark or feature of the noun.
For examples:
A black dog
An angry man
4.Adverbs
An adverb is a word that adds information to a verb, an adjective or an adverb. The commonest way to form an adverb is to add the letters 'ly' to the adjective.
For examples: brightly, very, quickly, beautifully, quietly, very soon, etc.
5.Conjunctions
A conjunction joins words, clauses and sentences; as "John and James." "My father and mother have come, but I have not seen them.". A conjunction is used to link words, phrases, and clauses. Conjunctions are so called because they are generally placed before the words whose connection or relation with other words they point out. Examples of common English Conjunctions: and, also; either, or; neither, nor; but, however.
6.Interjections
An interjection is a word used to express some sudden emotion of the mind. Examples: "Ah! there he comes" and "Alas! what shall I do?". The word 'ah' expresses surprise, and the word 'alas' expresses distress. Nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs become interjections when they are uttered as exclamations. Examples of interjections: nonsense! strange! hail! away! etc.
7.Pronoun
8.Preposition
A preposition connects words, clauses, and sentences together and shows the relation between them. "My hand is on the table" shows relation between hand and table.Prepositions are so called because they are generally placed before the words whose connection or relation with other words they point out.Examples of common English Prepositions: above, after, behind, during, from, toward and until.
3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH
3.1 Definition of Adverbs
Adverbs are descriptive words that add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a preposition.
For examples:
move silently silently describes the verb move
remarkably cool remarkably describes the adjective cool
very slowly very describes the adverb slowly
half-way cross half-way describes the preposition across
Here I will explain classifications of adverbs in English one by one.
3.2 Simple Adverbs
3.2.1 Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time is an adverb is used to show the time. Adverbs of time consists of: now, then, since, before, ago, already, soon, immediately, instantly, presently, late, lately, early, afterwards, to-day, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.
For examples:
• I did this before
• I went to Bali yesterday
• You must work it as soon as possible • You must go to the mosque now • I have never been seen him before
3.2.2 Adverbs of Number
Adverbs of number is an adverb is used to state the number. Adverbs of number consists of: once, twice, thrice, again, firstly, secondly, thirdly, always, never, often, seldom, sometimes, etc.
For examples:
• She never comes to campus • I did it twice
• I have ever been in Bali thrice • Sometimes, She likes look a bat man
3.2.3 Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place is an adverb is used to show the place. Adverbs of place consists of: here, there, thence, above, below, in, out, inside, outside, hither, within, without, far, near, etc.
For examples:
• You may sit here
• The shop is far from here • My mother is out
• I put money in my pocket
3.2.4 Adverbs of Manner, Quality, or State
Adverbs of manner, quality, or state is an adverb is used to state the manner, quality, or state. Adverbs of manner, quality, or state consists of: well, ill, badly, amiss, fluently, probably, thus, so, etc.
For examples:
3.2.5 Adverbs of Quantity, Extent, or Degree
Adverbs of quantity, extent, or degree is an adverb is used to state the quantity, extent, or degree. Adverbs of quantity, extent, or degree consists of: very, too, quite, much, almost, little, rather, so, half, partly, wholly, completely, entirely, totally, etc.
For examples:
• He is almost a heavy eater • You are quite right
3.2.6 Adverbs of Affirming or Denying
Adverbs of affiming or denying is an adverb is used to state the affirming or denying. Adverbs of affirming or denying consists of: yea, nay, yes, no, not, by all means, not at all, etc.
For examples:
• Yes, you are quite right
3.3 Interrogative Adverbs
Interrogative adverbs is adverbs is used to asking a question.
3.3.1 Time
For example:
• When did you come?
• How long will you stay here? 3.3.2 Place
For example:
• Where do you live? • Where are you going? • Whence have they come? • Whither are you going?
3.3.3 Number
For example:
• How often do you eat?
3.3.4 Manner, Quality, or State
For example:
• How did you do that? • How are you to-day?
3.3.5 Quantity or Degree
For example:
• How far was that news true?
• How long time you need to finished it?
3.3.6 Cause or Reason
For example:
• Why did he leave? • Wherefore did she cry?
3.4 Relative Adverbs
3.4.1 Antecedent Based on Word
For example:
• This is the house where we live
• Let me know the time when you will leave
3.4.2 Antecedent Based on Meaning.
For example:
• The more (wealth) we have, the more we desire
• The sooner you come, the better for me
3.5 Degrees of Comparison in Adverb
Table 1. Comparative – “er” and superlative – “est”
Positive Comparative Superlative
Late Later Latest
Long Longer Longest
Loud Louder Loudest
Near Nearer Nearest
Soon Sooner Soonest
Table 2. An irreguler adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlative
Well Better Best
Ill Worse Worst
Badly Worse Worst
Forth Further Furthest
Far Farther Farthest
Much More Most
3.6 Forming Adverbs
Table 3. Forming adverbs
Adjective Adverb
Early Early
Long Long
Loud Loud
Hard Hard
Late Late
Only Only
Fast Fast
b) Many adverb are modified by addition “ly” at the end of adjective.
[image:28.595.109.517.215.609.2]For examples:
Table 4. Forming Adverbs
Adjective Adverb
Happy Happily
Wise Wisely
Tender Tenderly
Clever Cleverly
Free Freely
Legal Legally
3.7 Position of Adverbs
3.7.1 Adverb Positions
Adverbs should come, if possible, next to the word or words they describe.
1. Adverbs which answer the question how are usually placed before or after the verb or after the object. The adverb is never placed between a verb and its object.
He worked carefully correct
He carefully injected the patient correct
He examined the patient carefully correct
He examined carefully the patient incorrect
2. Adverbs which tell how often are placed between the subject and the verb for the simple present tense:
“We always lock the gate”
If the verb has two or more words, the adverb is put after the first word of the verb:
“We have never been robbed”
If the verb is am/is/are/was/were, the adverb is put after the verb:
3. Adverbs which tell when or where usually come after the verb or after the object if there is one:
“They arrived early”
“Put the flower there”
4. Adverbs describing adjectives or other adverbs are placed before them: “This is a very interesting book”
Common mistakes
Incorrect
We never have been to Paris.
It is so hot, I cannot drink it.
It is very hot that I feel faint.
It is so hot to play outdoors.
Always you come late.
Correct
We have never been to Paris.
It is very hot , I cannot drink it.
It is so hot that I feel faint.
It is too hot to play outdoors.
3.7.2 Exceptions of the rule
Sometimes the positions of adverbs do not follow the general rule. The adverb enough always occurs after the adverb or adjective it modifies:
“This house is big enough for five people”
“She sang well enough to win”
Adverbs which tell us how can be placed before the subject for the dramatic effect:
Silently, the elephant approached their impending death.
Patiently, they waited for an answer.
In formal English, for special emphasis, we can place “how often” adverbs never, seldom, or rarely, at the beginning of a sentence. If we do this, we must use a question form verb, just as we do after not only.
Never have I left more sick!
Never would he give up his freedom!
Seldom is there an opportunity to get rich.
The word only is placed immediately before the word or phrase it stresses:
I only wanted a drink.
I wanted only a drink.
Only I wanted a drink.
4.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
From the explanation above, the writer makes the conclusion as follow:
1. There are eight parts of speech, They are: 1) Nouns, 2) Pronouns, 3) Verbs, 4) Adverbs, 5) Interjections, 6) Adjectives, 7) Conjunctions, and 8) Prepositions. 2. There are three classifications of adverb, They are: 1) Simple Adverbs, 2)
Interrogatives Adverbs, and 3) Relative Adverbs.
3. There are four positons of adverb, They are: 1) Adverbs which answer the question how are usually placed before or after the verb or after the object. The adverb is never placed between a verb and its object, 2) Adverbs which tell how often are placed between the subject and the verb for the simple present tense, 3) Adverbs which tell when or where usually come after the verb or after the object if there is one, and 4) Adverbs describing adjectivesor other adverbs are placed before them.
4.2 Suggestions
1. The students should do more exercise about advebs.
2. The lecturer and the teacher, especially who teaches English Grammar, should be able to explain about the form and positions of adverb.
3. The students or the readers do more further research to get more explanation and information about part of speech especially adverbs.
REFERENCES
Azar, Scharampher Bety. 1992.
Fundamental of English Grammar.
New
Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Gauadart, Hyacint.1996.
Towards better English Grammar.
Selangor: Fajar Bakti
Greenbaun, Sidney.1997.
A Students Grammar
.Surabaya:Indah.
Hartanto, S. Jhon,
Accurate, Brief, and Clear English Grammar
. Jakarta: PT.
Pustaka Rakyat.
http://www.Englishtheeasyway.com On April 23, 2010.
http://www.Englishclub.com On April 23, 2010
http://www.aboutgrammar.com On May 6, 2010
Schaums, Arnold and Geofreyy K. Zwick 2004.
English Grammar
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Jakarta:Erlangga
