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A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GERUND AND INFINITIVE IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A PAPER

BY :

YULISKA SELVINA 072202032

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

FAKULTAS SASTRA

PROGRAM STUDY BAHASA INGGRIS

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Approved by Supervisor,

NIP: 19600122 198601 1 001 Drs. Umar Mono, M. Hum.

Submitted to Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

NIP: 19510907 197902 2 001 Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III of Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on , 2010

Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara Dean,

NIP: 19650909 199403 1 004 Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D.

Board of Examiner and Reader

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AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I, YULISKA SELVINA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : YULISKA SELVINA

Title of Paper : A Brief Description of Gerund and Infinitive in Englih Grammar.

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Allah S. W .T., the Almighty, who has always blessed the writer, especially in completing this paper as one of requirements to finish the study in English Diploma Program, Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara.

Next, writer thanks are expressed to her dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D and to the head of Diploma III English Study Program, Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE. The writer sincere thanks are expressed her supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum who has spent his precious time to provide her with guidance and suggestion during the process of writing this paper and to Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A who is willing to read and evaluate this paper. The writer is also thank to Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as writer’s advisor lecturers, for all of her guidance, advice and support.

Her deep love and special thank are presented to her beloved parents, H. Mahmud Zulfikar and Hj. Nelwati for their pray, guidance and support in material and moral so the writer can accomplish her study. The deep love is also expressed to writer’s brothers and lovely sister who are always give spirit to her.

Then, the writer would like to thank to her friends in English study program, Fahmi, Wulan, Masyitah, Dini, Maya, Meli, Rubiatik, Pija, Putri, Sulis, Ricky, Iwan, Wawan, and kak Ika kajur and for all friends in class B and A.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDEMENT………...……….…...i

ABSTRACT………...…………...ii

TABLE OF CONTENT…………...………...………….…...iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………...1

1. 2 Scope of the Study………..…….1

1. 3 Purpose of the Study………...………...….2

1. 4 Significance of the Study………...………...…..2

1. 5 Method of the Study………..…..2

2. GERUNDS 2.1 Definition of Gerund………...…...……..3

2. 2 Form of Gerund……….………..…4

2. 3 Functions of Gerund……….….…..4

2. 4 Uses of Gerund……….…...6

2. 5 Common Verbs Followed by Gerund…………...11

3. INFINITIVES 3. 1 Definition of Infinitive………...……...13

3. 2 Form of Infinitive………...……….…..13

3. 3 Functions of Infinitive ………...…….…..16

3. 4 Uses of Infinitive………..……..……...17

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4. 1 Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with no Different in Meaning………..24 4. 2 Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with a Different in Meaning…….……...25 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background of the Study

Language is the most fundamental means of communication. By using language people can express their idea and feeling. As a universal language, English plays a great role in human communication to interact one with another. Understanding the grammar of a language is essential for those who use that language. Grammar is a part of structure in language which studies about the effective uses of parts of speech, noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection, for language users. An important aspect of English grammar is the use of verb forms, namely: gerunds and infinitives. One of the problems for learners is to know which verbs in English are followed by the infinitive and which verbs are take the –ing form. The problem is complicated by the fact that there is a number of verbs that can take both forms, but with a different in meaning. This paper describes about Gerund and Infinitive in English Grammar.

1. 2 Scope of the Study

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1. 3 Purpose of the Study

There are two purposes of the study, namely:

1. To give a brief description, what, and when the Gerund and Infinitive are used correctly.

2. To fulfill the requirements for getting Diploma degree from The English Study Program of The Faculty of Letter, University of Sumatera Utara.

1.4 Significance of the Study

1. The study will be useful for students who learn English, especially Gerund and Infinitive, so that they have a better understanding to apply it in English structure.

2. The paper can enrich student’s knowledge about grammar, especially about Gerund and Infinitive in English.

3. As a source of information for students who are interested in structure of English.

1.5 Method of the Study

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CHAPTER II GERUNDS

2.1 Definition of Gerund

Kaplan (1989: 141) defines gerunds are verbal nouns, meaning that they are nouns derived from verb roots by suffixing –ing. Furthermore, Burch (2003: 94) states gerunds are verb forms that end in –ing form and function as nouns. Then, Warner (1990: 104) describes gerunds are verb forms that may be used in a place of a noun or pronoun. Besides that, (Dokme: 115) defines a gerund is a noun formed from a verb by add –ing at the end of a verb. Next, Allen (1973: 177) explains gerund is the part of verb that end in –ing form and it can have the force of a noun as well as that of a verb. And Azar (1989: 150) says a gerund is the –ing form of a verb.

Traditionally, gerunds are verbal nouns, meaning that they are noun derived from a verb that retains verb characteristics. They have the same form as Present Participle. They always end in the verb suffix –ing. But gerunds are different from present participles. Present participles are used to form in progress or incomplete action. But gerunds are used as nouns.

Look at these examples: Present Participle

1. She was baking cookies Baking takes a lot of time Gerund

2. I am living alone I don’t like living alone

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2. 2. Form of Gerund

Gerund can be formed by attaching suffix –ing to the verb stem and function as noun of the sentence.

For example: 1. Her hobby is

→ The word ‘dancing’ is gerund. It is formed by verb stem dance + -ing suffix. dancing.

2. Swimming

→ The word ‘swimming’ is gerund. It is formed by verb stem swim + -ing suffix. is good for our health

3. Walking

→ The word ‘walking’ is gerund. It is formed by verb stem walk + -ing suffix. all the way home made us tired.

2. 3 Function of Gerund

Gerund always functions or works as nouns. Therefore, it will be found in places where nouns are typically found: as subject, compliment, object of the sentence, and apposition.

2. 3. 1 Gerund as a Subject of Sentence

A gerund can be used as the subject of a sentence, just a noun can be a subject. If a gerund is placed in the beginning of a sentence it functions as the subject of sentence.

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The verb fishing, smoking, jogging, public speaking, and reading are gerund used as the subject of the sentences above.

2. 3. 2 Gerunds as a Compliment of Sentence

Gerund can be used as the compliment. As the compliment it places on the verb at the end of sentence that explains the statement.

For example:

1. One of her hobbies is collecting 2. My mother profession is

foreign stamps.

The verb collecting, teaching, cycling, and playing in the sentences above are gerund used as compliment.

tennis.

2. 3. 3 Gerunds as an Object of Sentence

Gerund can be used as the object. As the object it places on the verb after transitive verb.

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2. 3. 4 Apposition

Gerund also use as apposition. For example:

1. My sister hobby, painting 2. Her dream,

, is enjoyable for her. buying

3. His favorite exercise,

a big house, was never realized. swimming

4. My father really enjoys his favorite past time,

in the pool, make his body strong. shouting in the forest.

2. 4 Uses of Gerund

2. 4. 1 Gerund after the Preposition

There are some common verbs, adjectives, and nouns phrases with prepositions that are often followed by gerund, namely:

a) Verb + Preposition

There are some verbs followed by prepositions. The verb forms used after the prepositions are always gerunds.

For example:

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9. object to : Do you object to being treated like that?

b) Adjective + Preposition

There are some adjectives followed by a preposition. The verb forms used after the prepositions are always gerunds.

For example:

1. accustom to : John is accustom to coming late. 2. ashamed of : Aren’t you ashamed of being so cruel? 3. tired of : I’m tired of eating foreign food every day. 4. capable of : He is not capable of typing business letter. 5. interested in : I’m interested in seeing this film.

6. fond of : Bill is always fond of hunting in the forest. 7. afraid of : Anne is afraid of meeting her boss in the office. 8. intend on : She was so intend on dancing in the club.

c) Noun + Preposition

There are some nouns followed by a preposition. The verb forms used after the prepositions are always gerunds.

For example:

1. excuse for : Evan has no excuse for dropping out of school. 2. idea of : I don’t like the idea of spending much money.

3. method for : He has developed a method for evaluating a problem.

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6. reason for : I have no reason for leaving his village.

7. intention of : He went to the city with intention of becoming rich.

2. 4. 2 Gerund after Possessive Adjective

Gerund can be used after possessive adjective and it shows a person’s action.

Possessive Adjective: my your his her our their

For example:

1. I could hear her 2. His

crying. staring frightens me. 3. Your singing is beautiful. 4. Her leaving will make me sad.

5. My refusing to help made him disappointed.

The verb crying, staring, singing, leaving, and refusing in the sentences above are gerund used after possessive adjective.

2. 4. 4 Idiomatic Expressions Followed by the –ing Form of a Verb

There are some special expressions followed by the –ing form of a verb. 1. have fun + -ing

: We had fun playing 2. have a good time + -ing

basketball.

: They had a good time drinking 3. have trouble + -ing

a cup of tea in the evening.

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4. have difficulty + -ing : Jack had difficulty doing 5. have a difficult time + -ing

his assignment.

: He had a difficult time reporting 6. have a hard time + -ing

that sad news to his wife.

: He has a hard time making up

7. spend + expression of time or money + -ing:

his mind about anything.

: I spent almost all day surfing the internet. 8. waste + expression of time or money + -ing

: Sam waste a lot of time watching TV. 9. sit + expression of place + -ing

: Jane sat at her desk typing a report. 10.stand + expression of place + -ing

: I stood there wondering what to do next. 11.lie + expression of place + -ing

: She is lying in bed reading a novel. 12.find + (pro)noun + -ing

: When I walked into my office, I found Jim using my telephone. 13.catch + (pro)noun + -ing

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2. 4. 5 Gerund after ‘go’ Word in Showing Sport Activities or Physically Recreation.

Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to recreational

activities, namely:

go boating go fishing go running go skiing go bowling go hiking go sailing go sledding go camping go hunting go shopping go swimming

go canoeing go jogging go sightseeing go window shopping go dancing go mountain climbing go skating

For example:

1. father usually goes hunting on Sunday morning. 2. The children do not go swimming today.

3. How often does he go fishing with his friend. 4. Does your mother always go shopping with you? 5. My brother often goes bowling with his friend. 6. Will you go boating next week?

2. 4. 6 Gerunds to Show the Prohibition

Gerund is also used to show prohibitions. It used ‘no’ in short sentence and marked with exclamation point (!).

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4. No trespassing! 5. No camping! 6. No spitting!

2. 5 Common Verbs Followed by Gerund

Some verbs are commonly used with the Gerund that states as the objects of certain verbs.

1. admit : He admitted stealing the money. 2. advise : She advised waiting until tomorrow.

3. anticipate : I anticipate having a good time on vacation. 4. appreciate : We appreciate having a dinner with them. 5. avoid : We can’t avoid making mistakes.

6. complete : I finally completed writing my term paper. 7. consider : I will consider going with you.

8. delay : The Smiths delayed leaving on vacation this summer. 9. deny : John denied breaking the glass.

10.discuss : They discussed getting a new car. 11.dislike : Tom dislikes driving long distances.

12.enjoy : Bill enjoys reading newspaper every morning. 13.finish : He finished studying at midnight.

14.can’t help : I can’t help seeing their sufferings. 15.keep : I keep hoping he will come.

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19.postpone : You can’t postpone making that decision much longer. 20.practice : The athlete practiced throwing the ball.

21.quit : I quit collecting comic books when I was fourteen years old. 22.recall : Jane doesn’t recall meeting him before.

23.recommend : Sue recommend seeing the show. 24.regret : I regret telling her my secret.

25.resent : I resent her interfering in my business. 26.resist : I couldn’t resist eating the dessert. 27.risk : He risks losing all of his money.

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CHAPTER III INFINITIVES

3. 1 Definition of Infinitive

Dunham (1986: 49) defines an infinitive is a verb form to plus the base form. Furthermore, Azar (1989: 251) describes an infinitive is to plus the simple form of a verb. Then, Allen (1937: 180) explains the infinitive is consists of to plus a base form.

Next, Dokme (1998: 115) says the infinitive is a verb form. It is used with to or without to. And, Foresman (1997: 247) states an infinitive is the form of a verb used with to.

Based on the quotations above, it is concluded that, Infinitive is basic form in English used with to. The infinitive verbal is easy to recognize. Infinitives are generally used with the marker to plus a base form, though to may be dropped when the infinitive follows certain verb.

3. 2 Form of Infinitive

According to Michael Swan (1996: 259-260), there are some forms of infinitive in English. They are: infinitive with to, infinitive without to, progressive infinitive, perfect infinitive, passive infinitive and negative infinitive.

3. 2. 1 Infinitive with to

To + the simple verb of a verb makes up the simple infinitive.

For example:

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3. 2. 2 Infinitive without to

In some cases, we use infinitives without to. For example:

1. I must see her at her office. 2. His mother would not let him go. 3. We watched the boys play volleyball.

3. 2. 3 Progressive infinitive Form: to be + V.ing

Like other progressive forms, the progressive infinitive is used to suggest that actions and events are/ were/ will be continuing around the time we are talking about.

For example:

1. It is nice to be sitting 2. I noticed that he seemed

here with you. to be smoking 3. It is fun

a lot. to be meeting the new person like you.

3. 2. 4 Perfect or Past Infinitive

Form : to have + past participle

Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of meaning as perfect tenses or past tenses.

For example:

1. It is nice to have finished 2. I am sorry not

work. to have come 3. We hope

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We often use perfect infinitives to talk about ‘unreal’ past events: the things that did not happen or may not have happen.

For example:

to have been the new ambassador, but she fell ill.

3. 4. 5 Passive Infinitive

Form: to be + past participle

Passive infinitives have same kind of meaning as other passive forms. For example:

1. She asked to be dismissed 2. There is a lot of work

Sometimes active and passive infinitives can have similar meaning especially after a noun or be.

about it.

3. 4. 6 Negative Infinitive

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For example:

3. 3 Functions of Infinitive

The infinitive may function as nouns, adverbial, and adjectival. 3. 3. 1 Infinitive as nouns

When the infinitive placed in the subject of the sentence, it functions as a noun. Just a noun can be a subject. To learn another language is not easy.

3. 3. 1 Infinitive as Adverbial

Infinitive clauses are frequently adverbial. When they are, they represent the purpose or intention of an action and they are very easily tested by replacing to with in order to.

If the structure seems to retain its meaning with in order to, the infinitive clause is adverbial.

For example:

1a. She went to the store to buy 1b. She went to the store

bread.

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2a. Paul worked two jobs to support 2b. Paul worked two jobs

his growing family

in order to support his growing family

3a. My cousin went to college to please 3b. My cousin went to college

her parents

in order to please her parents

Like most adverbial, these can easily move to sentence opening position for thematic emphasis.

1. To buy bread 2.

, she went to the sore To support his growing family 3.

, Paul worked two jobs To please her parents, my cousin went to college.

3. 3. 2 Infinitive as Adjectival

Adjectival infinitive clauses will almost always be restrictive. A number of very abstract nouns are routinely followed by infinitive clauses that limit their meaning.

to forget his troubled past.

3. 4 Uses of Infinitive

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3. 4. 1 The Infinitive in Subject Position 1. Infinitive in Initial Position

An infinitive can be used as the subject or as part of the subject of sentence. The infinitive as subject requires a singular verb.

For example:

in an apartment is expensive To ride

5.

with a drunk driver is dangerous To learn a second language takes a long time

2. Displacement of the Infinitive by the “Empty It

- The Infinitive is very often used with the “empty It” in the following pattern:

adjective

- A common pattern with the “empty It” is the following: adjective

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For example:

1. It is unusual for Mary to come 2. It is fun for Jim

English than speak it to take computer courses

3. 4. 2 The Infinitive in Object Position

The Infinitive is used in numerous patterns as object of the verb. 1. Verb + Infinitive

The verb form used after the following verbs are the infinitive. 1. Afford : I can’t afford to buy it.

2. Agree : They agree to help us. 3. Appear : She appears to be tired.

4. Arrange : I’ll arrange to meet you at the airport. 5. Beg : Bill begged to lend some money. 6. Care : I don’t care to see that show.

7. Claim : Jane claims to know a famous movie star. 8. Consent : She finally consented to marry him. 9. Decide : I have decided to leave on Monday. 10.Demand : We demand to know who is responsible. 11.Deserve : John deserves to win the prize.

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15. Hope :Jack hopes to arrive next week. 16. Learn : Billy learned to play the piano. 17. Manage : She manage to finish her work early. 18. Mean : He didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. 19. Offer : They offered to help us.

20. Plan : I am planning to have a party. 21. Prepare : We prepared to welcome them. 22. Pretend : She pretends not to understand. 23. Promise : Sam promise not to be late. 24. Refuse : Jack refuses to believe her story. 25. Regret : I regret to tell you that you failed. 26. Remember : I remember to lock the door. 27. Seem : That cat seems to be friendly. 28. Struggle : I struggle to stay awake. 29. Swear : He swore to tell the truth.

30. Threaten : John threatened to tell my parents. 31. Volunteer : He volunteered to help us.

32. Wait : I will wait to hear from you. 33. Wish : She wishes to come with us.

2. Verbs Followed by a (Pro) Noun + an Infinitive

The following verbs followed by a (Pro) Noun plus infinitive. 1. Advise : She advised me to wait until tomorrow. 2. Allow : He allowed me to use his car.

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4. Cause : His laziness cause his to fail.

5. Challenge : She challenged me to race her to the corner. 6. Convince : I couldn’t convince him to accept our help. 7. Dare : He dare me to do better than he had done. 8. Encourage : He encourage me to try again.

9. Forbid : I forbid you to tell my secret. 10. Force : They force him to do better. 11. Hire : Kate hired a boy to mow the lawn. 12. Instruct : He instructed them to be careful.

13. Invite : George invited the Johnson to come to his party. 14. Order : The judge ordered me to pay a fine.

15. Permit : She permitted the children to stay up late. 16. Persuade : I persuaded him to come for a visit. 17. Remind : She remind me to lock the door. 18. Require : Our teacher requires us to be on time. 19. Teach : My brother taught me to swim.

20. Tell : The doctor told him to take these pills. 21. Urge : I urged her to apply for the job.

22. Warn : I warned you not to drive too fast.

3. Verb + Object (Optional) + Infinitive

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Pattern 1: verb + infinitive

graduate school in the fall. to have

4. I want

your opinion. to tell

5. The lecturer would like you something.

to give the lecture on the Napoleonic wars.

Pattern 2: verb + (pro) noun + infinitive

For example:

us figure out the solution. to be

5. The professor would like his colleague patient.

to give the lecture on World War I.

3. 5 Common Adjectives Followed by Infinitive

Certain adjective can be immediately followed by infinitive. Many of these adjectives describe a person’s feeling or attitudes.

1. Afraid : Mary was afraid to walk alone on the dark street. 2. Anxious : Helen is anxious to see her family.

3. Ashamed : He was ashamed to admit his guilt.

4. Content : They were content to spend their day at carnival. 5. Careful : Be careful not to walk on the icy sidewalks! 6. Delighted : We are delighted to meet the mayor.

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9. Fortune : I was fortune to have a lot of good friends. 10.Glad : We were glad to get a letter from you.

11.Hesitant : I was hesitant to ask him about personal que stion. 12.Lucky : He is lucky to stay alive after the accident.

13.Motivated : The students are motivated to study English. 14.Pleased : She is pleased to be a lecturer.

15.Prepared : Bill is prepared to take a test tomorrow. 16.Proud : Anne is proud to be a top student in the class. 17.Ready : We are ready to pass the test.

18.Relieve : I was relieved to find out that I had won the first prize. 19.Sad : She was sad to see that accident.

20.Sorry : We were sorry to hear the bad news.

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CHAPTER IV

VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

Both gerund and infinitive are part of verb. Gerunds are formed attaching suffix – ing to the verb stem (study → studying). Infinitives are the simple form of the verb

with the word ‘to’ in front on it (study → to study). Gerund and infinitives are usually followed by another verb. Some verbs can only be followed by a gerund and some verbs can only followed by infinitive. On the other hand, there are some verbs which can be followed by either gerund or infinitive without changing the meaning, but in some cases, there are some verbs which change the meaning of the sentence.

4. 1 Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with no Different in Meaning

Following are some verbs after which both the infinitive and the gerund can be used. Usually there is no different in meaning.

+ gerund 1a: It began snowing 1. Begin

+ infinitive 1b: It began to snow

+ gerund 2a: John continue working after midnight 2. Continue

+ infinitive 2b: John continued to work after midnight

+ gerund 3a: Frank hates riding his bicycle to school 3. Hate

+ infinitive 3b: Frank hates to ride his bicycle to school

+ gerund 4a: We like going to the zoo every weekend 4. Like

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+ gerund 5a: I love watching basketball games on TV 5. Love

+ infinitive 5b: I love to watch basketball games on TV

+ gerund 6a: She prefer staying at home on Sunday 6. Prefer

+ infinitive 6b: She prefer to stay at home on Sunday

+ gerund 7a: Susan started talking about her problem 7. Start

+ infinitive 7b: Susan started to talk about her problem

4. 2 Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with Different in Meaning

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive and indicate different meaning. Using the gerund or infinitive after the verbs depends on the meaning.

+ gerund 1a: Forget something that happened in the past.

Example : We will certainly never forget visiting Singapore for the first time.

1. Forget

+ infinitive 1b: forget to perform a responsibility, a duty or a task. Example : Mary often forgets putting the files in the correct

order.

+ gerund 2a: Regret something that happened in the past.

Example : I regret lending her some money. She never paid it back.

2. Regret

+ infinitive 2b: Regret to tell someone, to inform someone of a bad news.

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+ gerund 3a: Remember to do something that might easily forget. Example : Grandpa doesn’t remember putting his glasses in the

shirt pocket 3. Remember

+ infinitive 3b: Recall something from the past

Example : Do you remember to go to Malaysia four years ago?

+ gerund 4a: To stop an action.

Example : She stop swimming a month ago because she broke her leg.

4. Stop

+ infinitive 4b: To stop in order to do something else.

Example : Jane was swimming a few minutes ago but now she has stopped to have an ice-cream.

+ gerund 5a: Do something as an experiment or test

Example : I’m glad I tried all that spicy Indian food. It was delicious

5. Try

+ infinitive 5b: Make an effort to do something difficult

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5. 1 Conclusion

After having discussion about the usage of gerund and infinitive in English grammar, it can be concluded that:

1. Gerund is the –ing form of the verb used as nouns. It is formed by attaching –ing suffix to the verb stem. The function of gerund as nouns and it will be found in places where noun are typically found as subject, complement, object, and apposition of sentence. Gerund is used after the preposition, after possessive adjective ‘my, his, her, you, our, their’, after some common verbs, after some common idiomatic expression, after ‘go’ word in showing sport activities or physically recreations, and to show short prohibitions.

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5. 2 Suggestion

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REFERENCES

Azar, Betty Schramfer. 1992. Fundamental of English Grammar Second Ed, Jakarta Binarupa Aksara.

Azar, Betty Schramfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Ed, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Burch, C. Beth. 2003. A writer’s Grammar, United States: Pearson Education. Djuhari, Otong Setiawan. 2002. Bimbingan Pemantapan Bahasa Inggris, Bandung: Yrama Widya.

Dokme, Abdulkadir.1998.Doors to English Grammar 2. Jakarta: Yudhistira. Dunham, Henrieta. 1986. English Integrated. Massachusetts: Heinle & Heinle Foresman, Scoot.1997. Reading, Writing, and Grammar Skill Book, Illynois: Foresman and Company.

Foresman, Scoot. 1997. Literature and Integrated Studies, Illynois: Foresman and Company.

Hancock, Craig. 2005. Meaning Center Grammar. London: Equinox.

Hewings, Martin. 1999. Advance Grammar in Use, England: Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, Jeffrey P. 1989. English Grammar Principles and Facts, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Knapp, Peter. 2005. Genre, Text, Grammar, Sydney: UNSW Press.

Raymond, Murphy. 2001. English Grammar in Use, England: Cambridge University Press.

Swan, Michael. 1996. Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomson A.J. and Martinet.1995. A Practical English Grammar, London: Oxford University Press.

Thornbury, Scoot. 1999. How to Teach Grammar, England: Cambridge University Press.

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