THE TRANSLATION OF GERUND IN CAROLINE PLAISTED’S NOVEL E-LOVE AND ITS TRANLATION BY SUTANTY LESMANA
Universitas Islam Negeri
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
MOHAMMAD RIDHO KHOLID 2040260027
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
APPROVEMENT
THE TRANSLATION OF GERUND IN CAROLINE PLAISTED’S NOVEL E-LOVE AND ITS
TRANLATION BY SUTANTY LESMANA
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
By:
Mohammad Ridho Kholid 204026002786
Approved By: Advisor,
Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd NIP. 150261902
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled “The Translation of Gerund in Caroline Plaisted’s Novel E-Love and its Tranlation by Sutanty Lesmana”.has been defended before the Adab and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on march 18 2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Strata One degree.
Jakarta, March 18, 2010
Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd (Chair Person) 19650919 200003 1 002
2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin M.pd (Secretary) 19640710 199303 1 006
3. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd (Advisor) 19650919 200003 1 002
4. Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd, MM., M.Hum (Examiner I) 19731220 199903 004
ABSTRACT
Mohammad Ridho Kholid, “The Translation of Gerund in Caroline Plaisted’s Novel E-Love and its Tranlation by Sutanty Lesmana”. Skripsi Jakarta : Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010
One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text into Indonesian language is gerund because there is no gerund system in Indonesian. Gerund has a noun form but it may have a verbal meaning. In fact, mostly gerund has a verbal meaning. This system does not exist in Indonesian language.
The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of gerund from English into Indonesian language and to describe the procedures used by the translator in translating gerund into Indonesian language in E-love by Caroline Plaisted bilingual edition. The method of this research is descriptive analysis because it gives a description of the gerund and its translation into Indonesian. After analyzing the data, the writer’s first conclusion is that gerund is usually translated into either a verb or a noun. Mostly gerunds are translated into a verb with the prefix Me+V. The writer’s second conclusion is that gerunds are translated either by shift or non shift. Mostly gerunds are translated by class shift.
Gerunds are mostly translated into a verb by class shift procedure because mostly gerund has a verbal meaning and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning from the source language to the target language. Based on the data, 101 data are translated using shift procedure, and 25 data are translated using non-shift procedure. Out of 126 data, there are 90 data which are translated by using class shift. There are 11 data which are translated by using unit shift. There are 13 data which are translated by non class shift. There are 10 data which are translated by omission. There are 2 data which are translated by loan word. This shows that most of the time in translating gerunds, we can not maintain the formal equivalence or the form of gerund which is a noun. The translator uses class shift procedure or in this case the procedure of changing the gerund which is a noun into a verb more often than the other procedure in translating gerunds in the E-Love novel by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, if contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where do acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, March 2010
Acknowledgement
In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful.
All the praises be to Allah SWT because of his blessings, his help, his mercy this paper have been completed. Next, Shalawat and salam are upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, his companion and all his followers.
Writing this paper is not an easy work. So many helps that the writer has received from many people. The great thanks dedicated to his lovely parents, Prof. Dr. Idham Kholid, M.Ag and Lela Sukmawati S.pd I, Dr. Mahmudah Fitriyah ZA. M. pd who have never stop praying, give their support and teach his so many valuable things. They are always best ‘teacher’ in his life.
A special thanks, the writer also dedicated to his advisor Drs. Asep Saefudin M.pd who always gives his time, guides and suggest the writer to make a good paper may Allah SWT always be with him.
The writer also would like to express his gratitude to those who have given so many helps to do this research, they are:
1. Drs. Abdul Choir as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd, as the chief of English Letters Department 3. My two brothers, Mohammad Agung Laksono Kholid, Mohammad Fikri
Nugraha Kholid and my sister Riris Kharisma Kholid. 4. My beloved Raisa Shahrestani
Santoso, Abdurahman, Aditya Apriansyah, Mohammad Dodo Ridho, Yusuf Hendra Permana, Even Apriansyah, Saiful Bahri, Crismantion, and for all personnel of ‘Kops n’ Roks’ that can not be mentioned.
6. Ahmad Dhani, Will Smith ‘Pursuit of the Happyness’ for the great inspiration ever.
May Allah SWT always bless and protect them. Finally the writer realized that this paper far from perfect. Therefore, his hands are open to receive any criticism and advice to make this paper better.
Jakarta, March 18, 2010
4. Gerund’s Time Relationship to The Main Verb ... 28
5. Affixation... 30
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDING... 34
A. Gerund as an Object of Preposition ... 37
1. Class Shift ... 37
2. Unit Shift Translated Into Phrase... 58
3. Non Class Shift ... 61
4. Translation by Omission ... 65
B. Gerund as an Object of Verb ... 68
1. Class Shift ... 68
2. Unit Shift (Translated into a Phrase) ... 83
3. Non Class Shift ... 85
4. Omission ... 86
5. Loan Word ... 87
C. Gerund as a Subject... 87
1. Class Shift ... 88
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 99
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1: Different Term Used by Marcella Frank and Randolph Quirk... 33 Table 2: The Translation of Gerunds ... 90
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text is the gerund because there is no gerund system in the Indonesian language. According to W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is defined as the part of a verb that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb.1 The reason why the gerund system does not exist in the Indonesian language is that the concept of gerund is different from nominalization in the Indonesian language. According to Gorys Keraf in Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, nominalization is derived from a verb or an adjective by adding affixes such as pe+V, pe-+V+ -an, ke-+V+ -an and V+ -an.2 A Gerund is derived from a verb by adding the participle -ing. Besides that, nominalization only has a substantival meaning. The gerund, however, has a verbal meaning or a substantival meaning. According to Wiliting in The Gerund, the gerund has a force of a noun if the gerund has a substantival feature such as having an article in front of it and having a plural noun. When a gerund has a force of a noun, it has a substantival meaning. Substantive is a word that can function as a noun such as a gerund, an infinitive and a noun.
1
Allen, W. Stannard, Living English Structure, (London: Longman, 1991), p. 177 2
The gerund has a force of a verb if the gerund has a verbal feature such as having its own object, and having inflected in the perfect and the passive. When a gerund has a force of a verb, it has a verbal meaning.3 When this is the case, gerund becomes a hybrid because it has a noun form but it has a verbal meaning.
The translator may try to maintain the form of a gerund which is a noun by adding affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe- and -an. This is one of the procedures in translating the gerund into the Indonesian language. However, in practice, a translator has to use other procedures to achieve a dynamic equivalence where the meaning is the most important factor to transfer and not the noun form. The translator may use a class shift by adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di- and ter- because he or she finds that using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe- and -an is not possible or it will make the translation sounds unnatural. The example is that the sentence “I could not bear thinking about it.” is translated “Aku tidak tahan memikirkannya.” The translator can not replace the affix me-+V+-kan with the affix pe- an, ke-an, pe- and –an. The sentence will sound unnatural if the translator replaces it. This is because there is not a noun that has a verbal meaning in Indonesian. This system does not exist in Indonesian language. According to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, unnatural translation is marked by interference, primarily from the SL text, possibly from a third language known to the translator including his own, if it is not the target
3
language. He also states that one of the things that we must pay attention to is the gerund.4
Accroding to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, translating a gerund often uses transpositions.5 Transposition illustrates a frequent tension between grammar and stress. According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, writers choose gerunds when no abstract noun phrases exist or to express movement and activity in some kind of process. Gerunds have stronger verbal force than noun clauses, infinitives, or abstract noun phrases. That means they put an emphasis on some kind of action.6 This shows that the purpose of using the gerund is to emphasize some kind of action that the writer of the SL wants the reader to take special notice. A translator must try to make a good translation so that the TL reader gives the same response as the SL reader in reading the text containing a gerund in their own language.
In translating gerund, translators may use a different procedure such as shift, modulation, or omission. Even so, translator must keep in mind to achieve a dynamic equivalence because experts agree that translators must make the translation natural by putting the meaning as a top priority. Nida and Taber agree that translators have to make the message as a priority in translating a text.
4
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London : Prentice Hall, 1984), p. 27 5Ibid
, p. 88 6
Eugene A. Nida and Charles Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation, make the definition of translation more accurate. According to them: "Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style"7.
As mentioned above, the writer chooses gerund because there is no gerund in the Indonesian language system. The writer chooses E-Love novel as the source of data because the writer finds many gerunds in the book and because the book is a serial of Teenlit which is popular among teenagers nowadays. In E-love Caroline Plaisted has given us a 21st century take on teenage love and heartache. Sam is a bright, middle-class 15 year old who chats away with her friends on the Internet, exchanging gossip and homework tips. The focus on the reliance on the Internet, e-mail and text messaging services over the telephone reflects the evolution of teenage communication, and Plaisted has written a story pertinent to these new forms of communicating. Parts of the text are set out as e-mail or chat-room conversations, and it is these which make the story progress the most.
Sam meets 17 year old Dan in a chat room despite that she's been expressly forbidden from talking to anyone other than her girlfriends. Dan proves to be who he says he is, and Sam manages to conduct a successful relationship, first online, then by mobile phone and then eventually in person, when they go to tennis camp
7
together. Plaisted successfully explores the highs and lows of teenage love envy from friends but admiration at her success; jealousy from Sam towards other girls Dan knows; hopes that despite the geographical distance they will stay together.
Despite or maybe because of the emphasis on the many forms of communication available to teenagers today, Sam suffers, as every girl from Juliet onwards has, from miscommunication problems. Praise to Plaisted for making the ending realistic, for placing heartache beside first love, but perhaps some criticism for portraying the online search for love as easy, safe and successful.
B. Statement of the Problem
A question to answer in this thesis is:
What procedure does the translator use to translate the gerund into Indonesian in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition?
C. Research Objectives
The aims of this research is as follows:
To describe the procedures used by the translator to translate gerund from English into Indonesian language in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition.
The writer only analyzes the gerunds found in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted and its translation by analayzing the equivalence of gerunds and the procedures in translating gerunds. The writer will not analyze the gerund time relationship to the main verb.
E. Methodology of Research 1. Method
This research uses a descriptive method because it gives a description of the gerund and its translation into Indonesian. The writer will analyze the data by describing what affixes the translator uses in translating gerunds and what kind of shift the translator uses in translating gerunds.
2. Data
This research analyzes 126 data in sentences, comprising gerunds and its translation from E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition. Indonesia language as a Target language and English language as a source language.5
3. Data Source
After reading the material comprehensively, the writer underlines the sentences that contain gerunds and its translations into Indonesian. Those sentences are entered into data cards. One data card contains a sentence in the source language and the translation in the target language.
5. Data Analysis
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the text from the SL to the TL. In Approaches to Translation, Newmark said that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in another language.8 Newmark conveys his idea in A Textbook of Translation that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.9
According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, translation is basically a change of form. The form of a language is the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language. Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language.10 The main goal of translating is finding the equivalence of the words and makes the sentences of the text sound natural in the TL.
8
Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1981), p.7 9
Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1984), p.5 10
A. Formal Correspondence versus Dynamic Equivalence
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation, dynamic equivalance is prior to formal correspondence.11 This means that translators should remember that transferring the message is their top priority. 1. Formal Correspondence
Formal correspondence is an effort to maintain the formal consistenty. According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation, Formal correspondence is produced by combining the formal consistenty of the length of the sentence, the classes of words and the order of word, phrase, and clause.12 According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, formal correspondent is any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the `same' place in the `economy' of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.13
2. Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic equivalence is an effort of translator to send the same message of the SL into TL so the reader in TL has the same response as the reader in SL. According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of
Translation, dynamic equivalence is defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language. This response can never be identical, for the cultural and historical settings are too different, but there should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will have failed to accomplish its purpose.14
If the translator intends to produce the same response from the readers in the SL and the readers in the TL, the translator has to put a greater emphasis on the dynamic equivalence concept over the formal correspondence. To achieve this, sometimes the translator has use shift.
B. Procedure of Translating
A procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process. According to Rochayah Machali in Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, the translation procedures only focus on the translation of word, phrase, clause, sentences not the whole text.15 The procedures that will be used in this thesis are shift and modulation.
1. Shift
One of the translation procedures is shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, By `shifts' we mean departures from formal
14
Nida, E.A. and Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, (Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1974), p.24
15
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are two major types of `shift'. They are level shifts and category shifts.16
a. Category Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, category-shifts, which are departures from formal correspondence in translation, consist of structure-shift, class-shift, unit-shift (rank-changes), and intra system-shift.17
a) Structure Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, A structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between the source language and the target language.18
Example: White house - 'Gedung putih '
b) Class Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.19
(1) SL: The neighbours were hostile to the family. Adj.
TL: Para tetangga memusuhi keluarga tersebut. ' Verb
16
c) Unit Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures
from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.20. Example: These days translated into sekarang (from phrase to word).
d) Intra-system Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, we use the term intra-system shift for those cases where the shift occurs internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL possess systems which approximately corres-pond formally as to their constitution, but when the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.21 For example: Cans translated into kaleng-kaleng. Plural word in English may be translated into reduplication in Indonesian language. b. Level Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by a shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.22
20
J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965), p.79
21Ibid., p.80 22
Meanwhile, accroding to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, A `shift' (Catford's term) or `transposition' (Vinay and
Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. Transposition is the only translation procedure concerned with grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively.
One type, the change from singular to plural, e.g. `furniture'; des meubles; `applause', des applaudissements; `advice', des conseils; or in the
position of the adjective: la maison blanche, `the white house' is automatic and offers the translator no choice. A second type of shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. Here there are always options. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL. The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure
formal style), or an infinitive. Peter Newmark thinks that the gerund is the most neglected of all translator's transpositions.23
2. Modulation
In this shift theory, there is also modulation. Modulation has to do with the changes related to the meaning shift, which happens because the perspective or point of view changes. According to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, the modulation procedures are active for passive,
abstract for concrete, cause for effect, one part for another, reversal of terms, space for time, intervals and limits and change of symbols. Of these procedures, `active for passive' (and vice versa) is a common transposition.24
C. Gerund
According to W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is defined as the part of the verbs that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb.25 According to Marcella Frank in Modern English Part II, gerund is defined as participial forms used in noun function.26
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, gerunds mean fulfilled actions (fulfilled before the action of the preceding verb).
2nd action 1st action
23
Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1981), pp.85-88 24Ibid.,
p.89 25
W. Stannard Allen, Living English Structure, (London:Longman, 1991), p. 177 26
(2) The manager remembered paying the bill.
(the action was fulfilled before the action of the first, main verb)
1st action 2nd action The manager remembered to pay the bill.
(the action happened after the action of the first, main verb)27
1. Function
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, the gerund has several functions:
Gerund phrases may perform all the functions that nouns do. Subject of verb
(3) Her cleaning the house every day is not necessary. Object of verb
(4) Her husband appreciates her cleaning the house every day. Object of preposition:
In prepositional object
(5) Her husband insists on her cleaning the house every day. In adverbial phrase
(6) By cleaning the house every day she is pleasing her husband.
27
Subjective complement
(7) What her husband insists on is her cleaning the house every day. (predicate noun)
Appositive
(8) Her husband insists on one thing-her cleaning the house every day.28
a. Gerund Phrases as a Subject
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, a gerund phrase does not occur frequently as a subject. One of its common uses as a subject is in general statements with “be” as the main verb.
(9) Eating a good breakfast is very wise.
(10) Taking a long walk every day is good exercise.
The gerund phrase may also function as the subject of a verb, expressing:
1. Cause-effect relationship
(11) Seeing her every day made him realize how wonderful she was.
28
(12) His finding the error quickly saved him (=caused him to save) many hours of extra work.
(13) The punishing of a man known to be innocent of any crime shocks our moral consciousness and is seen as a grave injustice.
A gerund phrase subject with such a verb may have conditional meaning.
(14) Doing such a thing now (=If you do such a thing now, it) will cause you much trouble later on.
2. Emotion
(15) Being overcharged for anything enrages her. (16) Seeing her so thin and pale shocked him.
(17) Seeing her going out with another man shocked him.
It should be noted that such verbs of emotion often also denote some degree of cause; thus “enrages her”, “shocked him” in the above sentences may be interpreted as “causes her to become enraged”, “caused him to be shocked.”
Gerund phrases may also function as subjects of passive verbs. (18)His keeping accurate records has never been questioned.
(19)It's very embarrassing (,) not remembering your name.
(20)It's incredible (,) meeting an old schoolmate so far from home.
A comma is required if the "subject" is included in the gerund phrase-It's strange, his doing that.
Sometimes a noun is used rather than an adjective in this construction after anticipatory “it”.
(21) It will be a sad thing, not seeing her any more. (22)It's been a pleasure meeting you.
(23)It's no use (or no good) crying over spilled milk.
No use and no need may also be preceded by expletive “there”-There's no use (or no need) crying over spilled milk.
Gerund phrase subjects after anticipatory “it” often have alternate forms with infinitive phrases.
(24) It's very embarrassing not to remember your name. (25)It's been a pleasure to meet you.
(26) It's no use to cry over spilled milk.29
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, gerunds as Subjects-Gerunds emphasize the action, the continuous nature of an activity, and often imply something already in progress.
29
(action emphasis)
(27)Running down small game was probably one of the earliest methods of obtaining meat.
b. Gerund Phrases as Objects of Verbs
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, certain verbs in English are followed by verbals-either gerunds or infinitives-which are considered as the objects of these verbs. Most of these verbs denote mental activity or indirect speech and therefore require subjects that refer to human beings. Others have little semantic content outside of indicating aspect-the beginning, duration, end or repetition of an action; these verbs may or may not be used with subjects denoting persons. There is less agreement that a verbal following one of these aspect-denoting verbs is its object; actually, there is some justification for considering a verb that expresses aspect as a quasi-auxiliary rather than as a verb that takes an object.30
c. Gerund as Object of Prepositions
1) Nominal Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, Any verb used as the object in a prepositional phrase takes the form of a gerund. Most gerund phrases after
prepositions are subjectless, especially those in adverbial prepositional phrases. Such gerund phrases function as prepositional objects of verbs. A great many of the verbs listed under prepositional objects in the chapter on prepositions take such gerund objects.
(28) He insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner.
(29) She often dreams about having a lot of money to spend on luxuries.
The word “to” after the following verbs is a preposition rather than the sign of the infinitive and therefore requires a gerund after it: accustom oneself, allude, confess, confine oneself, dedicate oneself, limit oneself, look forward, object, plead guilty, reconcile oneself, resign oneself, resort, and revert.
(30)He objected to their entering the factory without permission.
(31)We look forward to seeing you again.31
2) Adjectival Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, these adjectival constructions appearing after nouns begin mostly with of or for. There are two main types:
a) Those prepositional gerund phrases that follow nouns derived from verbs or adjectives.
(32) His pretense of being rich didn't fool anyone.
(33)Their preparations for traveling abroad were very time-consuming.
(34)He spoke of the necessity of hiring more men.
b) Those prepositional gerund phrases appearing after nouns that are non- derivational. Such adjectival constructions are mostly adjective clause equivalents. These phrases are sometimes interpreted as appositives to the nouns that precede them.
(35)The money for traveling around the country (= with which they could travel around the country) was soon used up. (36)This is not a good way of doing it (=in which you can
do it).
(37)The time for making excuses (=in which you can make excuses) is past.
Both types of prepositional gerund phrases may have alternate infinitive forms.
(38) He spoke of the necessity to hire more men. (39) This is not a good way to do it.
3) Adverbial Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases a) Prepositional Gerund Phrases Modifying Verbs
These phrases may express almost all adverbial relationships except place.
(41) After listening to the news, she started to prepare dinner.
(42) He earned the money for his tuition by working as a waiter during the summer months.
(43) I passed him in the street without his recognizing me.
(44) In spite of traveling alone, she enjoyed her vacation very much.
A prepositional gerund phrase may appear in all three adverbial positions, but most frequently in initial or final position. In initial position the "subject" of the phrase is rarely expressed, since it is understood as the subject of the sentence. If the agent of an ‘introductory gerund' phrase is other than the subject of the sentence, the phrase is considered an unacceptable "dangling" element-
(45)On looking out the window, a beautiful scene met his eyes.
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, at introduces most prepositional gerund phrases after adjectives, especially -ed participial adjectives.
He was embarrassed at hearing himself praised. I'm disappointed at your doing such a thing. He's very quick at adding figures.
Other prepositions introducing gerund phrases after adjectives are: about
(46) He's very careless about keeping appointments. for
(47) Their funds are adequate for meeting their moderate needs. of
(48) He's afraid of displeasing his parents. with
(49) They must be content with seeing each other at infrequent intervals.
by
(50) I was annoyed by the dog's barking all night.
(This prepositional gerund phrase may also be interpreted as a modifier of the passive verb be annoyed.)32
2. The Usage of Gerund
There are some verbs that follow gerunds. According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, we often use gerunds after:
a. Factive verbs (express something that really happened): admit, appreciate, finish, legalize, miss, regret, stop
b. Two-word verbs: insist on, consist of 33
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, the following infinitives and gerund patterns are arranged in order of the most common to the least common.*
Pattern 1
subject verb infinitive object
(51)The upper-middle class aspired to join upper-class prestige clubs.
Pattern 2
subject verb direct object infinitive
(52) People have used power and wealth to maintain their position. (subject of infinitive)
Pattern 3
33
subject verb gerund object
(53) The second step involves making sure no major changes are made.
Pattern 4
subject verb possessive gerund object
(54) We resent their social typing of (object of gerund) students.
Note that noun clauses ("that" clauses) are used more than infinitives and gerunds. They occur 46 percent of the time.
Knowledge of sentence patterns can help a writer determine the choice of a gerund or infinitive object. Although noun clauses and infinitive objects are used most of the time, you will see gerunds used in your academic reading assignments from time to time.34
3. Feature of Gerund
Gerund has some features. According to Knud Schibsbye in A Modern English Grammar with an Appendix on Semantically Related Prepositions, the forms of the gerund have both substantival and verbal features; both aspects of the content are often apparent in the same context.
a. The gerund's Substantival Features are as Follows: (1) it may have a plural -s:
(55)Judge Jeffreys watches the hangings of those he has con-demned.
(2) it may have a genitive -s:
(56)We are walking for walking's sake. (3) it may be provided with articles:
(57) There was a gentle tapping on the door.
(58) The cream of the batting had already been skimmed on Saturday.
(4) it may be combined with words in the attributive-adjectival function:
(59) There was much coming and going between the embassies.
(60) He infuses the story with a warm spontaneous power that prevents its being obvious.
(61) The b e s t g r o u p i n g of canvases is put in the front of the store.
(62) No complaint was made about the judge's summi ng u p ;
(63) The house was locked up and there was no answer to one's ringing.
(5) it may form part of compounds in the same way as a substantive: (64) a walking-st ick/ blotting paper;
of:
(65) Mrs 0.’s leaving of her life was as unobtrusive as her liv ing of it.
(66) The killing of the pig lasted an unconscionable time; (7) it may be co-ordinate with substantives:
(67) T r a n s p o r t a t io n o r b a n g i n g, that's what he deserves.
(68) Travelling and ho t e l accommodation is always first class.
(8) it may be subject, object, predicative complement, and the com-plement of a preposition:
(69) Speaking seemed painful to him.
(70) You must give up travelling. (71) This is playing with fire.
(72) He used to earn coppers by lighting fires for Orthodox neighbours on the Sabbath. (60)
b. The Verbal Character of The Gerund Can be seen From The Fact that this Form May
(1) be combined with adverbial members:
(74) Our chance of ever knowing the truth is very slight; (2) have an object or predicative complement:
(75) After r e c e i vi n g t he last sacra me nt s, he died peacefully at 12.52 a.m.
(76) She was proud of being his daug ht er. (3) have a subject:
( 7 7 ) She got a sense of it being her duty to do something ( 7 8 ) I hate the idea of my cousin i n t e r f e r i n g.
(9) be inflected in the perfect and the passive:
(79) There is a possibility of his having arrived by now. (80) This saved him from b eing burt. (60 – 61)
4. Gerunds Time Relationships to the Main Verb
Gerund has a time relationship to the main verb. According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, the participial forms used in gerund phrases indicate the same kind of time as they do in participial phrases. The –ing form is neutral with respect to time; the time that is intended often depends on the tense or the meaning of the main verb.35
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar : a. General Time Form-Gerunds used as objects of the verb express the same
time or a time future to the main verb.
Subject verb active gerund object of the gerund (81) The president considered changing the rules.
(Gerund = object of main verb)
subject verb passive gerund (82) The president anticipated being elected. (Action of gerund affects the subject.)
(83) The candidate was last seen being attacked by the press.
(Action of the verb and the gerund affect the subject.)
b. General Time Form-Gerunds used as subjects or complements of the verb express the same time or a time earlier than the main verb.
Active gerund subject verb active gerund complement (84) Seeing is believing. (same time) subject gerund object verb object
(85) Lowering the interest rates had two effects. (Action of the gerund is earlier than the main verb.)
passive gerund subject verb passive gerund complement
(86) Being seen meant becoming recognized. (same time)
c. Past Time-Perfect Gerund Form expresses an action, earlier than the main verb.
Subject verb active gerund object of gerund (87) The president forgot having changed the rules. (perfect gerund = object of main verb)
subject verb passive: perfect gerund
(88) The candidate ,understood not having been elected as president. (Action of gerund affects the subject.) (305)
5. Affixation
Affixation is very useful in translating gerund. According to Gorys Keraf in Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, there are two kinds of affixes.
a. Inflectional Affix
Inflectional Affix does not change the class of the word after the word is given affixes such as me-, di- and ter-.
b. Derivational Affixes
Derivational affixes changes the class of the word after the word is given affixes such as ke- -an, pe- -an, pe- and -an.36
In conclusion, the features and the usage of the gerund help us to identify the gerund or to distinguish between gerund and the other suffix -ing such as present participle and adjective in the process of identify-ing
36
gerund in the book. According to Knud Schibsbye in A Modern English Grammar with an Appendix on Semantically Related Prepositions, a word with suffix -ing can act as:
1. a substantive (noun or others that functions as a noun) (89) I gave him my blessing
(90) a street of silent-looking dwellings; 2. a gerund
(91) Banging criminals is no cure. (92) I am proud of being your wife. (93) Talking so rudely is provoking. 3. the present participle
(94) A girl smiling her sweetest
(95) coming up to me he said, `Good morning' (96) What are you looking at?
4. an adjective
(97) he is always willing (98) He is a strapping fellow
(99) He is the cunninger of the two. 5. a preposition
(100) I will communicate with you concerning your friend.
(102) Your facts are very valuable, specially as touching (this is archaic) your own stay in Crete. (57)
In addition to distinguish between gerund and the other suffix -ing, we must remember that the gerunds will always answer the noun question, what? (since they name an action or a fact, they don't answer to who?). fact:
(103) Your driving a car to New York in your condition disturbs me greatly.
action:
(104) Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.
The writer shall doublecheck the gerunds by testing other nouns or pronouns in its place. Then in the analysis, the writer will divide the gerunds based on the function of the gerund. According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, gerund has several functions: subject of verb, object of verb, object of preposition (In prepositional object or in adverbial phrase), subjective complement, and appositive.
clauses (or more fully, nominal -ing participle clauses) and sometimes are called gerundive which has a function as:
1. subject:
(105) Watching television keeps them out of mischief. 2. direct object:
(106) He enjoys playing practical jokes. 3. subject complement:
(107) Her first job had been selling computers. 4. appositive:
(108) His current research, investigating attitudes to racial stereotypes, takes up most of his time.
5. adjectival complementation:
(109) They are busy preparing a barbecue. 6. prepositional complement:
(110) I'm responsible for drawing up the budget. (1063)
The difference between the two is that most of the terms that Marcella Frank and Randolph Quirk uses are different which can be seen from the table.
Table 1
subject of verb object of verb object of preposition In prepositional object In adverbial phrase subjective complement appositive
Subject direct object
prepositional complement -
subject complement appositive
After that, the gerunds will be analyzed by their translating procedure.
The procedures in translating gerunds are divided into: Shift which consists of class shift and unit shift
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
In translating a gerund, one may find difficulty because there is no gerund system in Indonesian. A gerund can be a hybrid. It may have a noun form and a verbal meaning. The Indonesian language system distinguishes between noun and verb and there is no hybrid. According to Marcella Frank in Modern English Part II, a gerund is defined as a participial form used in noun function.37 According to W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is defined as the part of a verb that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb.38 However there are translating procedures that the translator can use in translating gerund.
The procedures in translating gerunds are divided into: 1. A shift which consists of class shift and unit shift;
Class Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.
Unit Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures
37
Marcella Frank, Modern English Part II, (New Jersey: Prentince Hall, 1972), p.97 38
from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.39.
2. A non shift which consists of non-class shift and omission
By using non-class shift, the gerund form, which is a noun, is maintained. According to Mona Baker in In Other Word, translation by omission may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question.40
In translating a gerund, a translator is given the option to use the shift or non-shift procedure. The translator may choose the non-non-shift and maintain the form of the gerund, which is a noun. However, if it is not possible or if it makes the translation sound unnatural, the translator may choose the second procedure, which is the shift procedure. The form of the gerund may be changed into a verb or an adjective. The
39
J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965), p.79
40
Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, (London: Routledge, 1995),
translator must keep in mind that his/her main responsibility is to transfer the meaning or to find a dynamic equivalence.
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, writers choose gerunds when no abstract noun phrases exist or to express movement and activity in some kind of process. Gerunds have a stronger verbal force than noun clauses, infinitives, or abstract noun phrases. That means they put an emphasis on some kind of action.41 This shows that the purpose of using a gerund is to emphasize some kind of action that the writer of the SL wants the reader to take special notice. According to Amran Tasai in Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia Untuk Perguruan Tinggi, in Indonesian language, there
are five ways to emphasize a word or a phrase.
The first way is putting the word which wants to be emphasized in the beginning of the sentence. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Harapan Presiden ialah agar rakyat membangun bangsa dan negaranya. The phrase “Harapan Presiden” is emphasized in the sentence above.
The second way is ordering a sequence of word. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Bukan seratus, seribu, atau sejuta, tetapi berjuta juta rupiah, telah disumbangkan kepada anak-anak terlantar.
The third way is repeating the same word. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Saya suka akan kecantikan mereka, saya suka akan kelembutan mereka.
41
The fourth way is contrasting the idea. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Anak itu tidak malas dan curang, tetapi rajin dan jujur.
The fifth way is using the particle –lah. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Saudaralah yang bertanggung jawab. (93)
A translator must try to emphasize the same action to make a good translation so that the TL reader will give the same response as the SL reader in reading the text containing gerunds in their own language.
The underlined word below is the gerund and its translation. The italized word indicates the object of the gerund’s translation.
A. Gerund as an Object of Preposition
According to Betty Azar in Understanding and Using English Grammar, gerund is frequently used as the object of preposition.42
1. Class Shift
Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class. Class shift procedures in translating a gerund includes adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di- and ter-. A translator uses class shift because he/she finds that maintaining
42
a gerund form which is a noun or using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke- and -an is not possible or it may make the translations sounds unnatural. By
using the class shift, the form of the gerund is mostly change into a verb. a. Translated into Me-+V (22) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, as a transitive verb, me- commonly means doing an action (melakukan tindakan) or using something (menggunakan or memakai). As an intransitive verb, the affix me- has the meaning of
becoming (menjadi), living as something (hidup sebagai), having a profession of (berprofesi), eating/drinking/sipping something
(minum/makan/isap sesuatu), moving to somewhere (menuju/bergerak
ke), finding or collecting something (mencari atau mengumpulkan),
making something (membuat), pretending or doing a mimic of something (berlaku seperti atau menyerupai), and making a noise (mengeluarkan bunyi) (70-72)
1) SL : He was going to ring me again tonight and I was no closer to having sorted it. E-Love, 2001, 194
TL : Dia akan meneleponku lagi nanti malam, dan aku belum membuat keputusan. E-Love, 2001, 72
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of having sorted it (melakukan tindakan membuat)
2) SL : At least I didn't have hours of travelling to get there and back. E-Love, 2001, 139
TL : Setidaknya aku tidak perlu menempuh jarak jauh pulang-pergi. E-Love, 2001, 17
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is jarak jauh. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of traveling (melakukan tindakan menempuh)
3) SL : It didn't take too long to get home and then we had the fun of opening all the carrier bags of things that Mum had bought. E-Love, 2001, 207
The translation of the three sentences above have the same pattern which is the auxiliary verb in Source Language is omitted and the gerund is translated into a verb to replace the auxiliary verb
4) SL : It was so ridiculous that even I started to laugh at the thought of keeping anything a secret from that lot. E-Love, 2001, 171 TL : Menggelikan sekali urusan ini, sampai-sampai aku mulai
tertawa membayangkan aku menyimpan rahasia dari sobat-sobatku ini. E-Love, 2001, 49
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is rahasia. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of keeping something a secret (melakukan tindakan menyimpan rahasia)
5) SL : I can't bear the thought of not seeing you after tomorrow morning. E-Love, 2001, 221
TL : Aku juga tidak tahan membayangkan tidak melihatmu lagi setelah besok pagi. E-Love, 2001, 99
Two sentences with their translation above have the same pattern. The pattern is that the preposition is omitted and the gerund is translated into a verb and there is a double verb (verba berderet). 6) SL : Debs has set her heart on getting into it, but she's got to wait
two more years before she'll be old enough to audition. E-Love, 2001, 172
TL : Debs setengah mati ingin menjadi anggota paduan suara ini, tapi dia mesti menunggu dua tahun lagi, barulah dia cukup umur untuk ikut audisi. E-Love, 2001, 50
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anggota paduan suara. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a member of a choir (melakukan tindakan menjadi paduan suara).
7) SL : I was about to go off-line, feeling miserable about not speaking to Dan, when a new message appeared: Hi, Sam! You there. E-Love, 2001, 177
TL : Aku berniat keluar saja, merasa kecewa karena tidak bisa mengobrol dengan Dan, tapi tiba-tiba muncul pesan baru: Hai, Sam! Ada di situ? E-Love, 2001, 55
above has the meaning of doing the action of not speaking (melakukan tindakan tidak mengobrol). It has a negative meaning because the negation “not”.
8) SL : I just thought it might be a way of building on what I’ll learn if I get into the school tennis squad this summer, that's all. E-Love, 2001, 180
TL : Kupikir mungkin dengan ikut kamp tenis itu aku bisa memperbaiki teknikku untuk nanti kalau aku masuk tim tenis sekolah pada musim panas ini. Itu saja. E-Love, 2001, 58 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is teknikku. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan tindakan mengirim).
9) SL : I found myself constantly thinking about Dan: supposing he thought I was a complete geek for sending that e-mail to him? E-Love, 2001, 182
TL : Aku terus-menerus memikirkan Dan gimana kalau dia pikir aku kuper abis gara-gara aku mengirim e-mail itu padanya? E-Love, 2001, 60
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan tindakan mengirim).
10)SL : And, of course, my big mistake about sending the e-mail. E-Love, 2001, 183
TL : Juga, tentu saja, kesalahan besarku karena telah mengirim e-mail-itu. E-Love, 2001, 61
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is e-mail. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan tindakan mengirim). The translation of gerund above is given a time mark which is telah.
11)SL : Even sadder though, was that, Mrs Jay never got back to being a concert pianist. E-Love, 2001, 140
TL : Tapi yang lebih menyedihkan, Mrs. Jay tidak pernah lagi menjadi pianis konser. E-Love, 2001, 18
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert pianist (melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis).
TL : Begitu berada di kamarku, aku jadi sangat gelisah memikirkan akan menelepon Dan sampai-sampai aku benar-benar merasa tidak enak badan. E-Love, 2001, 64
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert pianist (melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis).
13)SL : 'spk 2u 18r' was our own code for getting on-to net to chat and I sent them both the same message back: gr8thnx. E-Love, 2001, 141
TL : Isinya hampir sama "smpi nanti" adalah kode rahasia kami, yang artinya mengajak chatting . Kukirimkan balasan yang sama pada mereka: sip thx E-Love, 2001, 19
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is chatting. The translator uses chatting because the affix me- needs a noun to complete the sentence. Chatting in the translation is a loan word. It is not translated because it is a computer terminology. In this case, chatting means to chat by typing the sentence through a chat program in a computer through the Internet. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of phoning (melakukan tindakan menelpon).
TL : Percuma mencoba ngobrol dengan mereka. E-Love, 2001, 71 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mereka. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of trying (melakukan tindakan mencoba).
15)SL : When I got home from school that afternoon I went straight to the piano (after saying hello to Charly, of course). E-Love, 2001, 194
TL : Sepulang sekolah siang itu, aku langsung beranjak ke piano (tentu saja setelah menyapa Charly). E-Love, 2001, 72
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Charly. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of saying hello(melakukan tindakan menyapa).
16)SL : Still, as Butter's dad said when he opened a huge phone-bill one day, he'd rather we were chatting via the net, because it was cheaper than using the phone. E-Love, 2001, 153
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is telepon. The affix me- above has the meaning of using the phone (menggunakan telepon).
17)SL : Definitely one of the benefits of being an only child with parents who work so hard: they give you your space. E-Love, 2001, 227
TL : Satu keuntungan menjadi anak tunggal dengan orangtua yang bekerja begitu keras adalah: mereka memberikan banyak kesempatan untuk sendirian. E-Love, 2001, 105
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anak tunggal. The affix me- above has the meaning of action of being an only child (melakukan tindakan menjadi anak tunggal).
18)SL : I'd better go and get in a spot of howling outside the window before supper. E-Love, 2001, 200
TL : Sekarang aku mau melolong-lolong dulu di luar jendela, sebelum makan malam. E-Love, 2001, 78
19)SL : Debs butted in first – I could tell because we all identified ourselves by giving our initials at the end of the chat. E-Love, 2001, 152
TL : Debs yang pertama-tama-aku bisa tahu karena kami memberi tanda dengan menaruh inisial kami masing-masing pada akhir chat. E-Love, 2001, 31
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial kami. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of giving our initials (melakukan tindakan menaruh inisial kami).
20)SL : She was telling me of gently, for making her jump too. E-Love, 2001, 160
TL : Dia memprotesku rupanya, karena membuat dia kaget juga. E-Love, 2001, 38
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial dia. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of making her jump (melakukan tindakan membuat).
TL : Tapi dia terus mengetuk-ngetuk, dan akhirnya kubuka juga pintu. Kukatakan tadi aku tidak mendengar. E-Love, 2001, 97 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of making a false statement (membuat suatu kebohongan). The gerund below is translated into me-+V and there is a reduplication of the translation of the gerund
22)SL : As if somehow, by repeating myself what he'd said, it was going to change things. E-Love, 2001, 240
TL : Seolah-olah dengan mengulang-ulang apa yang dikatakannya bisa mengubah keadaan. E-Love, 2001, 118
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa yang dikatakannya. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of repeating something (melakukan tindakan mengulang-ulang). 23)SL : So what's all this rubbish about waiting for Mr. E-mail to come
to you, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 184
TL : Nah, apa sih masalahmu, soal menunggu-nunggu si Mr. E-mail membalasmu, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 62
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of waiting (melakukan tindakan menunggu-nunggu).
The verb of the gerund below is Two-word verbs and translated into Me-+V
24)SL : Yes. I'll be able to catch up with my howling, won't I? E-Love, 2001, 210
TL : Ya, aku jadi bisa bebas melolong-lolong, iya kan? E-Love, 2001, 88
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb where there is no object after the verb melolong-lolong. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of howling (melakukan tindakan melolong-lolong).
25)SL : I just carried on with my peeling and chopping. E-Love, 2001, 196
TL : Aku meneruskan mengupas dan mengiris-iris sayuran. E-Love, 2001, 73
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is sayuran. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of peeling and chopping (melakukan tindakan mengupas dan mengiris-iris).
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the meaning of the affix me- -kan depends on the verb one. If the the verb one is a verb, an adjective, it has the meaning of doing an action (melakukan tindakan) or to do something to the object (menyebabkan sesuatu/seseorang /objek menjadi). If the the verb one is a noun, it has the meaning of making or presuming the object as something (menjadikan atau menganggap objek sebagai).43
1) SL : She’s so good, Mrs. Sutton our sport teacher is thinking of putting her forward for the national team this year. E-Love, 2001, 130
TL : Permainannya bagus sekali, sampai-sampai Mrs. Sutton guru olahraga kami berniat mencalonkannya masuk tim nasional tahun ini. E-Love, 2001, 8
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of causing someone to be a candidate (menyebabkan seseorang menjadi calon).
2) SL : For a second I thought about leaving a message myself but then I changed my mind. E-Love, 2001, 174
43
Amalia Candrayani, Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, (Jakarta: Wedatama Widya
TL : Sesaat aku menimbang-nimbang untuk meninggalkan pesan, tapi lalu mengurungkannya E-Love, 2001, 52
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving (melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).
3) SL : But I think Mum had an idea of how I felt because she leaned back and squeezed my hand without saying anything. E-Love, 2001, 223
TL : Tapi kurasa Mum bisa menebak perasanku, sebab Mum mengulurkan tangan ke belakang dan meremas tanganku tanpa mengatakan apa-apa. E-Love, 2001, 101
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa-apa. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving (melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).
4) SL : I only just about had time to tell her my worries about telling Mum when we arrived at assembly. E-Love, 2001, 192
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is hal ini. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of telling (melakukan tindakan menyampaikan).
5) SL : I protested at first, but then I began to see the sense of getting it over with. E-Love, 2001, 240
TL : Mulanya aku protes, tapi lalu aku mulai menyadari perlunya membereskan masalah ini sampai tuntas. E-Love, 2001, 119 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is masalah ini. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of finishing (melakukan tindakan membereskan).
6) SL : I had to admit that I felt better for talking to someone about it. E-Love, 2001, 184
TL : Mesti kuakui, perasaanku jadi lebih enak setelah membicarakan ini. E-Love, 2001, 62
c. Translated into Me-+Verb+-i (1) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix me- -i has the meaning of making a decision how to reponse (berlaku/bersikap - terhadap objek)44 (91-94)
1) SL : In the end, they bullied me into saying yes. E-Love, 2001, 243 TL: Akhirnya mereka berhasil juga memaksaku menyangupi untuk
datang. E-Love, 2001, 121
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of willing to go (bersikap menerima ajakan)
d. Translated into Ber- +V (1) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix Ber- has the meaning of having something (mempunyai), having a relation with (mempunyai hubungan), using (menggunakan atau memakai), to creating (menghasilkan), handing out (mengeluarkan), doing an activity (mengerjakan atau mengadakan kegiatan), an activity involving more than one peope (tindakan yang melibatkan
44Ibid,
