The Perception of Beef Cattle’s Farmers on Implementation of
Artificial Insemination in Three Central Areas of
Beef Cattle in Indonesia
Mursyid Ma’sum* & Amiruddin Saleh**
*Directorate of Animal Feed, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services
** Bogor Agricultural University; e-mail: amiruddin_ipb@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
The general objective of the research is to describe and analyze implementation of adopted artificial insemination (AI) innovation on slaughter cattle’s farmers. Specifically, is to describe and analyze the perception of slaughter cattle’s farmers on AI. The locations of the research are Geger District of Bangkalan Regency and Mantup District of Lamongan Regency in East Java Province and Penebel District of Tabanan Regency in Bali Province. This research was designed as a correlation descriptive survey by both quantitative and qualitative approach. The number of sample is 240 respondents -who are the acceptors of AI- and by approach of purposive sampling method. Data collection was completed with questionnaires, interview and field observation. Kruskal-Wallis Test and U Mann-Whitney Test were applied to analyze the data sample. The result of the research showed that the perception of the farmers on most of AI’s aspects are significantly different among locations of the research, with the exception of the phenotype (physical appearance) of breed cattle and the artificial insemination services by inseminators. To be suggested that socialization or extension on AI should be conducted by different approaches to fit the characteristic of internal and external and AI’s perception of the farmers.
Keywords: perception, artificial insemination
Introducton
Artfcal nsemnaton (AI) had been ntroduced to Indonesa snce year 1950s. The technology have been tested and appled wdely n year 1969, however, the polcy of mplementaton just have frst been enforced by Indonesan government on year 1976. At that tme, the mplementaton of AI was meant to mprove dary and beef cattle’s producton and productvty.
and became the most applcable and mportant reproducton technology snce twenteth decade. It was so because the AI technology was relatvely affordable and applcable. Accordng to Skjervold (1982), durng the last two decade, the AI technology had become the most mportant breedng technque and ths technque has gven a new dmenson to cattle breedng actvty. In general, the AI was amed at: 1) to mprove genetc qualty of offsprng; 2) to faster the dstrbuton of hgh breed gene among ts offsprng; and 3) to mprove effcency of hgh performance bull utlzaton (Foote 1981; Gordon 2004).
The AI technology have replaced natural matng method whch were appled by the farmers for centures. Natural matng method have became a major part of socal and culture of Indonesan farmer. Therefore, the farmer responses to the AI technology transformaton process were not as smply. It was nfluenced by several factors and the process took tmes. Accordng Lonberger and Gwn (1982:5), fac-tors that nfluenced farmer response to an ntroducton of nnovaton were (1) n-dvdual, (2) stuaton and (3) characterstc of the nnovaton factors. Furthermore, the response to each nnovaton was dfferent between person to person and between communtes to communty, so to ts measures was also dfferent. So far, accordng to van den Ban and Hawkns (1999:140), n most dffuson nnovaton research, only a few concerns have been gven to a massve changng n socal structure or communty’s way of lfe. Insttutonal and communty changng were also rarely been nvestgated. In fact, such socal changng were very mportant, especally to vlage communty. Accordng to Rogers (2003:11), nnovaton was an dea, conduct, or object whch were consdered new to an ndvdu or a group. Innovaton charac-terstc, as they meant, wll explan the dfferent speed of the nnovaton adopton processed. The nnovaton characterstcs were 1) relatve advantages, 2) compa-tblty, 3) complexty, 4) tralablty and 5) observablty (Nasuton 2002:125). After almost 4 decades of the AI ntroducton, phenomena of communty respons to the technology were stll vary. The farmer were grouped nto AI- :1) mnded; 2) ac-cepted; 3) tred, and 4) rejected.
Research problem whch was become focus of observatons were how the beef cattle farmer percepton on AI. In general, objectves of ths research were to get the nformaton rate of adopton on AI nnovaton, partcularly to know: 1) nternal and external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer and 2) beef cattle farmer percepton on AI.
Materals and Methods
represented area of Indonesan ndgenous cattle breed namely Bal Cattle. Research populaton were taken from all beef cattle farmers of AI acceptors from Mantub Dstrct of Lamongan Regency, Geger Dstrct of Bangkalan Regency and Penebel Dstrct of Tabanan Regency. The total amount of 240 farmer samples were taken from the three locatons (80 samples from each locaton). Prmary data were collected through respondens ntervew based on qusonare that have been prepared and tested earler as well as from other sources. Statstcal data analyses were conducted usng 1) descrptve statstc and 2) Kruskal-Wallis Test and U Mann-WhitneyTest to test the dfferent means of samples (Santoso 2004).
Results and Dscussons
Internal characteristics of beef cattle farmer
Internal characterstcs of beef cattle farmer parameters ncluded several nd-cators as shown n Table 1. Result of Kruskal-Wallis Test of the samples showed that n general, nternal characterstcs of beef cattle farmer were sgnfcantly dfferent between dfferent locatons, except for the motvaton to use the AI.
External characteristics of beef cattle farmer
External characterstcs of beef cattle farmer parameters ncluded ndcator as shown n Table 2. Kruskal-Wallis Test result showed that n general, ndcator of external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer were sgnfcantly dfferent between the locatons, except for the nformaton avalablty.
Beef cattle farmer perception on the AI
Percepton of beef cattle farmer on the AI was the means were gven to accept or rejected the AI based on process of self observaton or experence by ndvdual farmer. The farmer percepton on AI nnovaton ncluded techncal (type of cattle breed, physcal characterstcs, goal of breedng/AI, goal of breedng/AI, nsemna-tor servces, oestrus symptoms), soco-cultural (socal norm system, cattle farmer nsttuton, socal structure), economc (producton mprovement by AI, relatve proft) and government regulaton (cross, pure-breed, cross and pure-breed/mx) as-pects of beef cattle breedng.
Evaluaton results on the relablty perceptons whch constructed all the ndcators showed a coeffecent of VE = 0.21. Based on ther degree of probablty, several percepton ndcators were more domnant to form percepton parameters. They were type of cattle breed (39%; R2=0,20), nsemnator servces (13%; R2=0.20),
oestrus symptoms (11%; R2=0.32), socal structure (20%; R2=0.32), producton
mprovement by the AI (7%; R2=0.61), relatve proft (19%; R2=0.54) and
Table 1. Indcator dstrbuton of nternal characterstc of beef cattle farmer
Internal characterstcs Bangkalan Lamongan Tabanan Total
total
Farmer experence of beef cattle keepng (years)
· less experenced (1-11) 9 11.3 21 26.3 10 12.5 40 16.7
· experenced (12-33) 71 88.7 38 47.5 40 50.0 149 62.1
· hghly experenced (34-55) 0 0.0 21 26.2 30 37.5 51 21.2
Number of cattle owned (AU)
· external factor (extrncsc) 47 58.7 42 52.5 56 70.0 145 60.4
· self motvaton (ntrncsc) 33 41.3 38 47.5 24 30.0 95 39.6
Based on Kruskal-Wallis test, the results showed that there was sgnfcant dfferent of farmer percepton among locaton except for the ndcators of physcal characterstc of cattle replacement stock and nsemnator servces. To know whch locaton were dfferent from others, Mann Whitney U test have been conducted. The test were run between Bangkalan and Lamongan regency, Bangkalan and Tabanan regency as well as Lamongan and Tabanan regency. The result showed that the percepton of the farmer among locaton were sgnfcantly dfferent about the AI.
On physcal characterstc of cattle breed, the result showed that 71.2% of respondents at least agreed that the cattle breed should have great body score wth great physcal performance and 84.6% respondens agreed that the cattle should have deal or proporsonal body condton. Hgh percepton were shown by respondens
Table 2. Indcator dstrbuton of external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer
External characterstcs
agreement on statement that physcally, stock cattle should have great condton wth heavy body weght (90.8%). The physcal characterstcs whch can easly be seen and deal condton of cattle body part mght be the caused of why respondens percepton on physcal characterstcs of the cattle dd not show sgnfcant dfferent among research locatons.
In gvng nsemnaton servces, 97.5% of respondens stated that nsemnator always ready to gve servces anytme. To the AI charge or cost should be pad by the farmer, about 93.3% of the respondens sad that the charges were equvalent to the beneft they receved. Insgnfcant dfferents among research locatons n the nsemnator servce qualtes explaned that nsemnaton servces were part of the AI system that operated natonally. Regulaton of the AI applcaton natonally were equpped wth mnmum techncal standard of servces that should be provded by an nsemnator n gvng the AI servces.
The farmer perceptons on the AI between: 1) Bangkalan and Lamongan Re-gences were statstcally dfferent, except for nsemnator servces and regulaton of cross breed ndcators; 2) Bangkalan and Tabanan Regences n general also showed statstcally dfferent, except for the nsemnator servces, oestrus symptom and so-cal norm system ndcators; 3) Lamongan and Tabanan Regences n general also showed sgnfcantly dfferent, except on physcal characterstc of stock, breedng goal, nsemnator servces, socal structure and regulaton of pure and cross breed, whch were not sgnfcantly dfferent between the two locaton.
Conclusons
In general, nternal and external characterstc of beef cattle farmer were dffer, except for ther motvaton to use the AI and the avalablty of AI nformaton.
The sgnfcant ndcators to contruct beef cattle farmer percepton on the AI were type of stock, physcal characterstc of the stock, nsemnator servces, oestrus symptom of cows, socal norm system, socal structure, mprovement of producton, relatve ncome, regulaton toward cross and pure breed program. The domnan factors as percepton constructon to the AI were mprovement of producton, relatve ncome/proft, oestrus symptom, socal structure, regulaton toward pure breed, type of stock breed and nsemnator servces, respectvely.
In general, the farmer percepton about the AI showed dfferent respons between locatons of the research, except for ndcator of physcal characterstc of stock breed and ndcator of nsemnator servces.
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