CLAUSE USED IN TESTIMONIALS DUOLINGO APPLICATION:
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Inpartial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Literature Degree
at English Literature Departement
by
AURORA HORINZA NIM: AI 160774
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2020
i
Jambi, August th2020
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum Supervisor II : Chandri Febri Santi, M. Pd
Address : Adab and Huminities Faculty The State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
To
Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty The State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
APPROVAL Assalamu’alaikum wr.wb
After reading and revising everything extended necessary, so we agree that the thesis with the tittle “CLAUSE USED IN TESTIMONIALS DUOLINGO APPLICATION: SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS”
can be submitted to Munaqasyah (Thesis Examination) in partial fulfillment to the requipment for the degree of humanities scholar. So we submit it in order be received well. Thus, we hope it can be useful for all.
Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum Chandri Febri Santi, M. Pd NIP.197604282005012004 NIP.19890203201801200
ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION
This thesis had been examined by the session of Adab and Humanities Faculty The State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi on November th 2020 and accepted as a part of requirement have to be fulfilled for obtaining Undergraduate Degree (S1) in English Literature Department.
Jambi, November th 2020
Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
Dr. Halimah Dja’far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I NIP: 19601211 198803 2001
Secretary Chairwoman
Bawaihi, S.Ag Dr. Alfian, M.Ed
NIP.196312311994021022 NIP. 197401031999031006
Examiner I Supervisor I
Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd., MA Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum NIP. 198808112015032006 NIP. 197604282005012004
Examiner II Supervisor II
Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Chandri Febri Santi, M. Pd NIP.1984112720110120 NIP.198902032018012002
iii
iv MOTTO
And tell My servants to say that which is best. Indeed, Satan induces [dissension]
among them. Indeed Satan is ever, to mankind, a clear enemy.
(QS. Al-Isra: 53)1
Dan katakanlah kepada hamba-hamba-Ku, “Hendaklah mereka mengucapkan perkataan yang lebih baik (benar). Sungguh, setan itu (selalu) menimbulkan perselisihan di antara mereka. Sungguh, setan adalah musuh yang nyata bagi
manusia. (QS. Al-Isra: 53)2
1 The Noble Quran. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also known as the Noble Quran, Al Quran, The Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://quran.com/17 accessed on August, 18th2020 on 11.55 am
2 Q.S Al-Isra: 53. Retrieved fromhttps://quran.kemenag.go.id/sura/17 accessed on August, 18th2019 on 11:57 am
v
DEDICATION to Father and Mother
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘aalamiin.
All praises be to Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful who has given me the mercy, strength, health, and guidance in accomplishing the thesis entitled Clause Used In Testimonials Duolingo Application: Systemic Functional Linguistics Analysis which is submitted to fulfill the requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in English Literature, Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Shalawat and Salam are upon our Prophet and last Messenger, Muhammad SAW, who has brought has from the darkness to a bright and better life.
I would like to thank those who have assisted me in writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:
1. Dr. H. Su’adi, MA., Ph.D. The Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Dr. Rofiqoh Ferawati, S.E., M.EI; Dr.
As’ad, M.Pd; and Dr. Bahrul Ulum, MA, The Vices of Rector.
2. Dr. Halimah Dja’far, M. Fil, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty. Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag; Dr. Alfian, M. Ed; and Dr. Raudhoh, M. Pd. I, The Vices of the Dean.
3. Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd., MA., The Chairwoman of English Literature Department and Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd., The Secretary of English Literature Department, and all the lecturers in Adab and Humanities Faculty.
4. All the Lecturers and staff of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then contribution and assistant during studying in State Islamic University of Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
5. Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum and Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd. My
vii
advisors, mentors, and life coach. Their astute advice helped me through my journey here, technical and otherwise. Suggestions and constructive criticism from them helped improve this thesis immensely, making the work more interesting and engaging than what I had initially envisioned. I am sure the lesson learnt will significantly enable my future endeavors.
6. My beloved parent, “Elmison and Wardanita” for their love, praying, supported and their struggle for my future. I am nothing without their love. My beloved sister “Feila Deo Ferty” for her support. Words don't do justice to everything you've done for me and also My beloved family.
7. All of my beloved classmates; ELITE 16 B. Proud to be in this part, no words cand describe it.
8. For best part of me; Volunteer FIM Jambi and KOPOPEL, thank you for always support and cares that are given to me. I learnt a lot and great memories!
9. For beloved friends, E-Boys and Traveloka squad, who always make my mood more better when I feel down in writing this thesis. I love you!
Hopefully, this research will be beneficial for all the readers.
Jambi, Agustus th, 2020 The writer
Aurora Horinza AI.160774
viii ABSTRACT
Horinza, Aurora. 2020. Clause Used in Testimonial Duolingo Application:
Systemic Functional Linguistics Analysis. English Literature Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Supervisor II : Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd
The study examines Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as a tool of examining text, and perhaps, text of any dimension as long as it falls within the grammatical organs of the clause. Systemic-functional linguistics is a linguistic framework for the analysis of grammatical and semantic information in text, with a potential role in automated text mining. Halliday’s insight seems prominent and upon which Systemic Functional Linguistics receives a global status that it has assumed today.
In addition to that, the three metafunctions are characterized as its core operational concepts. The language system consists of three macro-functions known as meta- functional components: the interpersonal function, the ideational function, and the textual function, all of which make a contribution to the structure of a text.
Although the clauses fall within the profile of the indicative and imperative, the study reveals that some of the structures are inverted in order to propagate the intended messages. The aims of this research are: (1) to find out the types of mood in testimonials Duolingo app, (2) to know the structure mood in testimonials Duolingo app, (3) to find out the types of topical theme in testimonials Duolingo app. In this research, the writer applies the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics by M. K. Halliday. This research is qualitative research that focused on qualitative research by Creswell in and uses descriptive method by Denzin and Lincoln. The writer used documentation technique for collecting data. The writer used content analysis for technique of analysis. The writer found on the research that: First, there are three types of mood that found in testimonial Duolingo app, which are: Declarative Mood, Imperative Mood and Interrogative Mood. Second, the structure of Mood are the clause that found indicates as the form of Mood element and Residue Element. Third, the writer found two the types of topical theme in testimonial Duolingo app, which are: Unmarked Topical and Marked Topical, Marked topical theme is mostly appear in testimonial Duolingo app.
Keyword: Testimony, Systemic Functional Linguistics, Duolingo application.
ix ABSTRAK
Horinza, Aurora. 2020. Clause Used in Testimonial Duolingo Application:
Systemic Functional Linguistics Analysis. Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Supervisor II : Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd
Studi ini meneliti Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik (SFL) sebagai alat untuk memeriksa teks, dan mungkin, teks dari dimensi apa pun selama itu termasuk dalam organ gramatikal klausa. Linguistik fungsional sistemik adalah kerangka kerja linguistik untuk analisis informasi tata bahasa dan semantik dalam teks, dengan peran potensial dalam penambangan teks otomatis. Wawasan Halliday tampak menonjol dan yang menjadi dasar Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik menerima status global yang dimilikinya saat ini. Selain itu, ketiga metafungsi tersebut dicirikan sebagai konsep operasional inti. Sistem bahasa terdiri dari tiga fungsi makro yang dikenal sebagai komponen meta-fungsional: fungsi interpersonal, fungsi ideasional, dan fungsi tekstual, yang kesemuanya memberikan kontribusi pada struktur teks. Meskipun klausa termasuk dalam profil indikatif dan imperatif, penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa beberapa struktur dibalik untuk menyebarkan pesan yang dimaksudkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis mood pada testimonial aplikasi Duolingo, (2) mengetahui struktur mood pada testimonial aplikasi Duolingo, (3) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tema topikal pada aplikasi testimonial Duolingo . Dalam penelitian ini penulis menerapkan teori Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik oleh M. K. Halliday. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang difokuskan pada penelitian kualitatif oleh Creswell dan menggunakan metode deskriptif oleh Denzin dan Lincoln. Penulis menggunakan teknik dokumentasi untuk mengumpulkan data. Penulis menggunakan analisis isi untuk teknik analisis. Dari hasil penelitian penulis menemukan bahwa: Pertama, ada tiga jenis mood yang ditemukan pada aplikasi testimonial Duolingo, yaitu:
Declarative Mood, Imperative Mood dan Interrogative Mood. Kedua, Struktur Mood adalah klausa yang ditemukan menunjukkan wujud dari unsur Suasana Hati dan Unsur Residu. Ketiga, penulis menemukan dua jenis tema topikal pada aplikasi testimonial Duolingo, yaitu: Unmarked Topical dan Marked Topical, Tema bertanda topikal paling banyak muncul pada aplikasi testimonial Duolingo.
Kata Kunci: Testimoni, Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Aplikasi Duolingo.
x
ABBREVATION
SWT : SubhanahuWata’ala
SAW : ShallallahuAlaihiWasallam SFL : Systemic Functional Linguistics LSF : Linguistik Fungsional Linguistik S : Subject
F : Finite P : Predicator C : Complement
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF TITLE
APPROVAL ... i
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ... ii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION ... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
ABSTRAK ... ix
ABBREVIATION ... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of Problem ... 1
B. Formulation of Problem ... 4
C. Limitation of the Research ... 4
D. Purpose of the Research ... 4
E. Significance of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 6
B. Clause ... 8
C. Type of Mood ... 10
1. Indicative Mood ... 11
2. Imperative Mood ... 12
D. Mood Structure ... 12
E. Mood Element ... 13
F. Residue Element... 13
1. Predicator ... 14
2. Complement ... 14
xii
3. Modal Adjunct... 15
G. Theme ... 16
H. Types of Theme ... 16
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE RESEARCH A. Design of Research ... 23
B. Source of Data ... 24
C. Technique of Data Collection ... 25
D. Technique of Data Analysis ... 26
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS A. Finding ...29
B. Analysis ...30
CHAPTER V: CONSLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 43
B. Suggestion ... 43 REFERENCES
APPENDIX I APPENDIX 2
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
Human language, that unique characteristic of our species, has been of interest throughout history. The scientific study of human language is called linguistics. A linguist, then, is not someone who speaks many languages (although many linguists do); such individuals are polyglots.3 A linguist is a scientist who investigates human language in all its facets, its structure, its use, its history, its place in society. Language is an organized communication tool in the form of units, like words, groups of words, clauses, and sentences expressed both verbally and in writing.4 A language is a communication tool whose purpose is to guarantee social activities. It is very important for us to understand and explore the meaning and function of language. Language as a medium of communication which is done verbally and in writing can be implemented in a variety of expressing thoughts, feelings between one another in interaction.
Therefore, language becomes a very essential thing in revealing a reality between the existing text and the context of communication both verbally and in writing in the testimony.
The internet today is not only a medium of information and communication, but the internet is able to increase one's income in the economy.
The development of technology is very rapid, especially in the telecommunications field, one example is the mobile phone. Previously mobile phones could only be used to carry out communications such as making incoming or outgoing calls and sending or receiving messages. Now cell phones can perform almost the same functions as computers, they are known as smartphones. In the digital era like now, almost everyone uses smartphones every day. The number of smartphone users in Indonesia is increasing in terms of sales, so it can be said that the development of mobile sales themselves has
3Framkin, A. Victoria. 2000. Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic. United States of America. p.3.
4Wiratno, Santosa. 2011. Pengantar Linguistik Umum. p. 1.
2
grown rapidly. In line with the development of the mobile sales market, supporting applications in these mobile devices have also developed. Mobile application developers also continue to experience an increase. The high needs of the community for mobile applications certainly affect the mobile application developers to compete in creating applications that most attract users. At present, there are at least 1.8 million free and paid applications available in the play store. Various mobile applications now accompany the daily activities of the community, among others, online shopping applications, traveling applications, entertainment and much more. Based on the report, there are an average of 10 applications being used every day. In Indonesia smartphone users on average download 78 applications every month. However, only about 40 applications are used in each month with an average of 11 applications per day.
Duolingo is a world famous app that saves you time and money when learning a language. It was created by Guatemalan Luis von Ahn back in 2012.
Duolingo is downloadable for both iOS and Android mobile devices, free and easy to recognize. Recommended for curious beginners or advanced polyglots.
Based on Techcrunch.com, Duolingo hires its first chief marketing officer as active user numbers stagnate but revenue grows. Duolingo, the popular language learning service, today announced that it has now hit more than 300 million users worldwide. A year ago, Duolingo reported 200 million total users.5
Testimonial is a written declaration certifying to a person's character, conduct, or qualifications, or to the value, excellence, etc., of a thing; a letter or written statement of recommendation.6 In testimonials, the values and culture of a corporate entity are represented by individual employees, each with a story conveying experiences and qualities of the human beings who constitute the company. Testimonials therefore personalize organizations and serve strategic communicative functions — both the overt function of providing career
5s://techcrunch.com/2018/08/01/duolingo-hires-its-first-chief-marketing-officer-as-active- user-numbers-stagnate/ accessed on May, 24th 2020 on 10.01 AM
6https://www.dictionary.com/browse/testimonial accessed on May, 24th 2020 on 10:11 AM
3
information for recruitment, and the more covert function of managing image and countering negative publicity.
Testimonials are persuasive texts used to convey values, evaluations in them help reveal what is valued by the thinking, feeling individuals within the organization, indicating what matters enough for employees to tell about.
Employees’ stories have a point of departure in particular situa-tions and people, they can matter to receivers in particular, personal ways. The author argues for the overall benefits of the systemic functional approach, in particular with respect to its role in the examination of literary texts, emphasizing the significance of pragmatic factors in SFL: ‘‘In contrast to formal linguistics, which tends to focus introspectively on the syntax of sentences in isolation and thus basically ignores the relationship between language and context, Systemic Functional Linguistics is largely context-oriented’’.7
In a systemic functional linguistic perspective (SFL) language is a system of meanings and systems expression to realize that meaning. Study This is based on two fundamental concepts can distinguish SFL from other linguistic streams.
Namely language is a social phenomenon existed as social and linguistic semiotics is a text that is contextualized social. A language is a resource for making meaning, and meaning resides in systemic patterns of choice.8 This theory is a language theory that studies the function of language in its use (context). The theory put language as the main element. As such, SFL is a linguistic that questions the choice of forms language in the context of using language as text. Systemic Functional Linguistics could assist us to produce analyse and understand various characters kinds of text.
This writer focuses on mood structure and theme of the clause in testimonials Duolingo app. The researcher will analyze a clause of testimonial Duolingo app. The Writer chooses testimonial on Duolingo app because
7Nørgaard Nona,. 2003. Systemic Functional Linguistics and Literary Theory: A Hallidayan Approach to Joyce/A Joycean Approach to Halliday. Journal of Pragmatics. p.38.
8Halliday, M.A.K Revised by Matthiessen, C. 2014. Introduction to Functional Grammar : Fouth Edition. London and New York. P.23.
4
testimonial give something given or done as an expression of esteem, admiration, or gratitude.
Therefore, the writer was interested in further study of the form is then continued by studying linguistics definition with scientific studies and research entitles: “Clause Used in Testimonials Duolingo Application:
Systemic Functional Linguistics”.
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problems and the topic that the writer takes above, the writer make the formulation of the problems are arranged as follows :
1. What are the types of mood that appear on testimonals of Duolingo app?
2. How the mood structure on the testimonials of Duolingo app?
3. What are the types of topical theme on testimonials of Duolingo app?
C. Limitation of the Problem
In this research, The research will focus only with users with verified accounts. This research will discuss elements of mood structure and type of mood. Because of richness of data and limitation of researcher’s energy and time, the researcher will analyze 84 testimonials from 2015-2020. The data will be analyzed by using the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistic.
D. Purpose of the Research
Relating to the research questions, the purposes of the research are:
1. To find out the types of mood on testimonals Duolingo app.
2. To know the mood strucuture on testimonials Duolingo app.
3. To find out the types of topical theme on testimonials Duolingo app.
E. Significance of the Research
5
Hopefully, the result of the study is expected to give contribution for the following person or institution:
1. The Writer
The writer is able to know about Systemic Functional Linguistics especially about mood and theme of mood and the writer could develop more knowledge about it.
2. Reader of the thesis
The writer is expected to make the reader know about SFL, especially about mood and types of mood. The writer also gives references for further study and helps the readers to understand more about SFL analysis.
3. Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
To provide additional references for the library of Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, especially for the student who are going to study SFL.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) was developed by Michael Halliday during the 1960s in the UK and then in Australia. SFL is considered a chief force in world linguistics, although it has only a short history. SFL is also considered as an influential tradition to linguistic study because it reflects the trend in linguistics development. In addition, it provides an innovative value from functionalism and a useful tool for those who wish to analyze texts.
SFL is a widespread approach to analyze language with respect to its functional meaning.9 Systemic functional linguistics (often abbreviated to SFL) is increasingly recognized as a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.10 According to Systemic theory, a clause can be viewed as realizing several layers of meaning into a single linguistic constituent. The most important way to classify these layers is by referring to three metafunctions that language satisfies:
ideational, interpersonal and textual. Each of the three metafunctions is about different aspects of the world, and is concerned with a different mode of meaning of clauses.11 Significance is the effort of Michael Halliday in the constructs of linguistics terminology and applications. Halliday’s insightful thoughts motivate Ravelli to argue that,
9Noor, Mehwis, Moazzam Ali, Fakhrah Muhabat, Bahram Kazemian. 2015. Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Adress of the Holy Prophet. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. Vol.3 No. 5.p.1
10Eggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics: Second Edition. p.1-2
11Najim, K. Hala. 2008. A Systemic Aprroach to the Study of the Clause as Exchange in Imperative and Exclamative Clauses in English and Arabic. Academic Scientific Journal. Iraqi.
p.8
One of the most exciting features of the systemic functional theory (henceforth: SFT), is the extent to which one can actually say relevant and useful things about what is happening in language, that is,the extent to which you can do something with analysis’.12
The ideational metafunction is about the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness and is concerned with clauses as representations. Meaning, here, is most clearly related to the transitivity systems.
The interpersonal metafunction is about the social world especially the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and concerned with clauses as exchange. Mood in this sense, concerned with the speaker's roles (questioning, stating, commanding), and related to the mood system. The textual metafunction. However, about the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text, and concerned with clauses as messages. Message, in this sense, concerned with the distribution of information points and clearly related to the theme system.
Each function of the clause belongs to one of these three metafunctions.
Transitivity system belongs to ideational metafunction. Mood system belongs to interpersonal metafunction, and Theme system belongs to textual metafunction.
In fact, this explains why each function can be independently studied of the other. Systemic functional linguistics (SFL), as its name implies, focuses on the functions of language. The system part of the name has to do with the way in which these functions are organized. The theory of SFL was developed originally by Michael Halliday in the late 1950s and early 1960s.13
Furthermore, Eggins (2004:58-59) describes the SFL model proposes that human language has evolved to make three generalized kinds of meanings; they
12Dalamu, Taofeek. 2017. Systemic Functional Theory: A Pickax of Textual
Investigation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature. Vol 6 No. 3.
P.187
13Fontaine, Lise. 2013. Analysing English Grammar : A Systemic-Functional Introduction . Cardiff University. p. 4-5
are: Experiential meanings (clause as representation), Interpersonal meanings (clause as exchange), and Textual meanings (clause as message).14
B. Clause
The central unit of analysis in SFL is the clause. Three main functional components to the grammar and these are integral to understanding the types of meaning identified in the clause. The components are referred to as metafunctions within SFL.15 The experiential component (or metafunction), the clause is seen as representation: the speaker’s representation of a particular situation involving particular processes and participants. The interpersonal component sees the clause as exchange: the speaker’s action and interaction with the addressee. Finally, with the textual component, the clause is seen as message: the speaker’s means of organizing the message and creating text. Each type of meaning expressed in the clause has associated to it specific systems which express the meaning potential of the grammar. The clause, as an instance of language, therefore holds traces of these meanings, which are recoverable through analysis.
Clause is the highest constituent at rank scale that is further classified into SFPCA {subject, Finite (negative/positive), Predicator, complement and Adjunct} elements. Final classification contains the main two elements of Mood analysis: Mood block and Residue. A brief descriptive discussion, according to the clausal Mood, has been presented at the end of the paper.16 Traditionally, clauses and sentences are distinguished. Distinction based on the fact that clauses are part from the sentence. In compound sentences: Farmers plant rice When the rainy season comes, there are two clauses, namely farmers planting rice and the rainy season coming. The first clause which is the main clause is
14 Eggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic : Second Edition. London. p.58-59
15 Fontaine, Lise. 2013. Analysing English Grammar : A Systemic-Functional Introduction . p. 10
16Noor, Mehwis, Moazzam Ali, Fakhrah Muhabat, Bahram Kazemian. 2015. Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Adress of the Holy Prophet. International Journal of Language and Linguistics. Vol.3 No. 5.p.2
usually called the free clause or parent sentence. Clause the second is dependent clauses or clauses. Clause the first is considered more important than the second clause, because the second clause has a dependent position in the main clause.
Both the main clause and the clause dependent is part of the sentence as a whole.
Some terms will be capitalized just like personal names and place names.
In principle, functional elements of the clause (such as Subject or Actor) will take a capital letter, which is standard practice in systemic functional linguistics.
This is to remind us that these terms refer to a specific use of the term rather than the general meaning of the word in everyday use. It would be distracting to write every term with an initial capital letter, but hopefully this practice will help to reduce the potential for confusion between general words and specific terms for clausal elements. A clause can stand alone as a sentence. Such a sentence is called single sentence. In the SFL tradition, sentences contain more than one clause is called a complex clause, and if clause single stand-alone, the clause is called the simplex clause. In comparison, single words are called simplex words, and groups of words are called complex words.
In SFL, clauses and sentences can be considered the same, because both occupy the same level of grammar. Halliday tend to use clause terms, not sentences. Sentence terms only used to refer to the group of words that begins with capital letters and ending with a period. The term sentence is also used in that sense that way. In that case, the language is graphologically speaking (write), sentences can be easily identified, because the beginning and finally it can be seen through uppercase and dot.
In SFL the relationship between meaning and form is one of realization.
The various potential meanings in the language are represented as connected (or networked) systems.17 A system is simply a representation of a set of options.
Clause is seen as a source of meaning. In a clause contained three dimensions of
17Fontaine, Lise. 2013. Analysing English Grammar : A Systemic-Functional Introduction .Cardiff University. p. 4-5
meaning at once, namely textual meaning, interpersonal meaning, and ideational meaning. Third dimension of meaning these are included in a single meaning called meaning metafunctional. As a source of meaning, according to each dimensions of the meaning, successively the clause is a tool to convey a message, a tool to do exchange meaning, and tools to represent experiences.
On the dimension of textual meaning, clause is seen as a source the meaning used to organize information or message about clause as message. If communication occurs between someone and other people, what is communicated on information. In communicate, both parties convey inside information. A clause is a unit in which three meanings are combined to produce a single wording. We'll startlooking at them by the meaning that gives the clause its message character: thematic structure. In all languages clauses constitute messages and make themselves recognizable as such by granting adistinct status to the thematic structure.
C. Types of Mood
Mood types in English depend on the position of the subject like the doer, and the finite which is used in the clause. The mood used to realize the meaning of linguistic experience exposure is in form clauses, because clauses are the most complete unit of linguistic experience because they have elements process, participant and circumstance. These Mood types function differently to produce different meanings in particular situations. The types of mood majorly could be categorized into indicative and imperative. The indicative itself is categorized into declarative, and interrogative while exclamative is a part of interrogative mood. Those types of mood are applied to indicate the mood type of the testimonials Duolingo applications in the data.
According to Halliday,
‘language itself defines the roles which people may take in situations in which they are communicating with one another; and every language incorporates options whereby the speaker can vary his (or her) own
communication role, making assertions, asking questions, giving orders, expressing doubts and so on’.18
1. Indicative mood
Indicative mood is realized by the features Subject + Finite. Indicative mood can be subdivided into two kinds: Declarative Mood and Interrogative Mood. Interrogative mood is also subdivided into two kinds: Polar (yes/no question) and Wh-questions.
a. Declarative mood
Declarative mood is a statement that tells about something to express an idea from the speaker or listener. Meanwhile, it can be used as a statement that functions to provide information about something.
Example :
Clause: we(s) can’t(f) learn(p) English with English interface…(c)
b. Interrogative Mood
Interrogative mood is the characteristic expression of a question. The declarative clause are realized by the subject precedes the finite structure, while interrogative clause are realize by finite precedes subject structure.
WH-element is always linked to one or another of the three functions Subject, Complement, Adjunct.
Example:
Clause : why(Wh) the app(s) very(p) slow and always available(cir)
2. Imperative Mood
Imperative mood is used to exchange goods and services. In imperative the Mood element may consist of Subject + Finite, Subject only, Finite only, or they may have no Mood element. There will always be a Predicator.
Imperative mood can be in the form of command or offer; however, there is no any grammatical rule restricted respectively. The imperative mood
18 Fontaine, Lise. 2013. Analysing English Grammar : A Systemic-Functional Introduction .Cardiff University. p. 135
expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. the principle is the same as with yes/no interrogatives
Example:
Clause : Really(p) helpful(cir)
D. Mood Structure
The mood structure consists of the Mood and the Residue. Mood is the constituent formed by Subject and Finite, and the main verb falls in the Residue.
The mood structure of absolute clauses comprises the Subject and the Residue, there being no Finite. There is no mood in a clause without Subject and Finite, the Finite playing the decisive part. This is to say that absolute clauses are clauses without mood. Based on the clause as exchange, every clause has mood and residue.
Mood and Residue are two main elements of the analysis.19 The Mood element comprises Subject and Finite sub-elements whereas Predicator, Complement and Adjunct are sub-elements of Residue. Subject (the nominal group) determines the Mood of the entire clause. Finite expresses tense and the view of the speaker or writer. The part of the verb that shows event is called Predicator.
Example :
Most of The words Doesn’t have Sound
C S F P C
Residue Mood Residue
E. Mood Elements
19 Noor, Mehwis, Moazzam Ali, Fakhrah Muhabat, Bahram Kazemian. 2015. Vol 3.
Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Adress of the Holy Prophet.
International Journal of Language and Linguistics. p.1
In traditional terms, the Subject is the entity of which something is predicated in the rest of the clause.20 In this system, clauses are structured to enable us to exchange information. The mood element makes the clause
‘negotiable’. Mood element, and it consists of two parts: (1) the Subject, which is a nominal group, and (2) the Finite operator, which is part of a verbal group.21 Example:
He wasn’t a psychologist Was he?
Subject Finite Finite Subject
Mood Residue Moodtag
F. Residue Elements
The Residue consists of functional elements of three kinds: Predicator, Complement and Adjunct. There can be only one Predicator, one or two Complements, and an indefinite number of Adjuncts up to, in principle, about seven.
Example:
I can hear to voice in the app
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue
1. Predicator
The Predicator is present in all major clauses, except those where it is displaced through ellipsis.22 Predicator is realized by a verbal group minus the temporal or modal operator. It fills the role of specifying the actual event, action or process being discussed.
20 Thompson, G. 2014. Introducing Functional Grammar (3rd Ed): Newyork.Routledge.
p. 54
21 Halliday,M. A. K.,& Matthiessen, C. 2014. Halliday,s Introduction to Functional Grammar: Fourth Edition. London and New York. p. 140
22 Halliday,M. A. K.,& Matthiessen, C. 2014. Halliday,s Introduction to Functional Grammar: Fourth Edition. London and New York. p. 151
2. Complement
A second component of the residue is the complement. A complement is defined as non-essential participant in the clause. It can be identified as an element within the residue that has a potential of being Subject. It can be subject through the process of making the clause passive. The complement is typically a nominal group. It can also be a whole clause. There is a particular sub-class of complements which are called attributive complements, where the complement is realized by an adjectival element to describe the Subject. Attributive complements cannot become subject.
3. Modal Adjunct
The second group of Modal Adjuncts are a little more difficult to identify, because most of them appear to be modifying the verb and may thus look like circumstantial Adjuncts. However, they are in fact most closely related not to the Predicator in the verbal group but to the Finite: they express meanings associated with tense, polarity and modality. Because of this link with the meanings associated with the Mood, they are called Mood Adjuncts.23 Generally, Mood Adjuncts feel intuitively more ‘grammatical’ than circumstantial Adjuncts, although in some cases it is, admittedly, diffi cult to see the diff erence. To take some clear examples, ‘already’ is related to tense,
‘never’ is related to polarity, and ‘maybe’ is related to modality. Examples where the link with Mood meanings is perhaps less obvious include ‘regularly’
(related to temporal meanings) and ‘at all costs’ (related to modal meanings of obligation).
A third component of the Residue is the Adjunct. It is a clause element which contributes some additional information to the clause. Adjuncts can be identified as elements which do not have the potential to become Subject. They are not nominal elements, but adverbial, or prepositional.
An Adjunct is an element that has not got the potential of being Subject;
that is, it cannot be elevated to the interpersonal status of modal responsibility.
23 Thompson, G. 2014. Introducing Functional Grammar (3rd Ed): Newyork.Routledge.
p. 67
This means that arguments cannot be constructed around those elements that serve as Adjuncts; in experiential terms, they cannot be constructed around circumstances, but they can be constructed around participants, either actually, as Subject, or potentially, as Complement. Adjuncts are divided into four types ; Mood Adjuncts, Circumstantial Adjuncts, Comment Adjuncts, and Conjunctive Adjuncts.
Example:
He We Lying On his back
Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct
Mood Residue
Conjunctive adjuct have the function of signaling how the clause as a whole fits in with the preceding text.
unfortunatelly All too often The amounts paid
Aren’t Reasonable
Comment adjunct
Mood adjunct S F C
Mood Residue
G. Theme
Theme is ‘what the clause is about’ – and indeed Halliday (1985a: 39) originally suggested that this was the meaning of Theme.24 According Halliday, The Theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message.
It is concerned with the organization of information within individual clauses.
Theme can be identified as that element which comes in first position in the clause. The rest of the message where the clause moves after the point of departure is called Rheme. The clause as message is organized into Theme + Rheme. The Theme is not necessarily a nominal group, but it can be an adverbial group or prepositional phrase like the following examples:
24 Thompson, G. 2014. Introducing Functional Grammar (3rd Ed). Newyork:Routledge.
p. 147
H. Types of Theme
Based on its type, Theme can be classified into topical, interpersonal, and textual, but in this research the writer will analyze topical theme. The explanation about Theme is presented in following section:
1. Topical Theme
The topical Theme is an element occupying first position to which a transitivity function can be assigned. Every clause contains one and only one topical Theme, which in declarative clauses is typically realised in the subject.25 Theme is identified by default as the first functional element of the clause (e.g.
Subject) and any other items which may occur before it. It is known that The subject is a grammatical function filled in by the noun category whose presence is related to the Predicator, whereas the Predicator is a function that is usually filled in by the verb category, which is reveal something about the subject. Besides the terms Subject and Predicators, also known as Finite, are grammatical functions which can be used to determine:
a) polarity (positive or negative) b) question form
c) tense, especially in English.
Topical themes are classified as Unmarked topical theme and Marked topical theme. Unmarked topical them in a fusion clause (joining) the Subject, while the Topical Theme is Signed can be determined by identifying whether in front of the subject there is other information in the form of circumstance (circumstance, that is, around the event in the clause, for example Place Information, Time Information, or Method Information).
25 Martinez, A. Iliana. 2013. Aspect of theme in the method and discussion sections of biology journal articles in English. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. p. 106
A poisonous bite the captured- beetle was given by the redback
Theme Rheme
Information in front of the subject may function as a theme Topical Bookmark or other themes. Said to be an unmarked Topical Theme, because the arrangement of such clauses is that arrangement as naturally as possible. The arrangement of the clause becomes special, if it is on In front of the subject there is other information. Such information is possible becomes more important than the subject. Information up front the subject becomes meaningful, and the resulting theme is called Topical Archive Themes.
Example:
The lecturer Wrote in the board
Unmarked topical theme/ subject
Rheme
Yesterday the lecturer Wrote
Subject Marked topical
theme
Rheme
2. Textual Theme
Halliday and Matthienssen stated that:
Textual Theme is a theme that includes any combination of Continuative (yes, no, well, oh, now), Conjuction (and, because, who), Conjuctive Adjuct (for instance, in addition, likewise). 26
Textual Theme is useful in identifying clause boundaries since a clause which expresses a textual Theme will be explicitly marking its initial boundary.
Of course, this doesn’t provide any information about how the clause ends. The final boundary of the clause is more challenging. Another feature of Theme is that if there are no textual or interpersonal Themes the clause will begin with
26 Halliday,M. A. K.,& Matthiessen, C. 2014. Halliday,s Introduction to Functional Grammar: Fourth Edition. London and New York. P. 107-108
either the Subject element or an adjunct element with the exception of imperative clauses.
The textual Theme in these dependent clauses links the clause so strongly that it is seen as binding it to the other clause. This use of textual Theme subordinates one clause in relation to the other, effectively binding it.
Example:
3. Interpesonal Theme
According to Halliday, The interpersonal Theme is the element to which a mood label can be assigned. In its expected, or congruent, form it may be realised in vocatives, modal adjuncts and a mood-marking element, that is, the finite verbal operator or the WH-interrogative.27 Interpersonal Theme includes one or more of the following: The Finite, typically realized by an auxiliary verb and its presence in thematic position, signals that a response is expected. In a yes-no question, the element that functions as Theme is the finite verbal operator, which expresses positive or negative: is, isn’t; do, don’t; does, doesn’t;
can, can’t; etc. The finite operator is put first before the subject.
Example:
My friend, When Did The Lecturer write?
Vocative Wh-element Finite Subject Predicator
Interpersonal theme 1
Interpersonal 2 Unmarked topical theme
Rheme
Rheme
27Martinez, A. Iliana. 2013. Aspect of theme in the method and discussion sections of biology journal articles in English. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. p. 106
Rina read, And Lina Wrote
Subject Finite/predicator Conjuction Subject Finite/predicator Umarked
topical theme
Rheme Textual
theme
Unmarked topical
theme
Rheme
I. Review Related Research
In completing this thesis, the writer consult some related analysis based on the SFL to support this research. There are some researches that have discussed about SFL.
Novita, Ivo. 2014. “Theme and Rheme in Selected Advertisement in People Magazine at University of Sumatra Utara.” The researcher analysis of Textual Function, especially the Thematic Structure found in several selected advertisements in PEOPLE Magazine. The objective of this study is to determine the Theme and Rheme in the advertisements, to determine the types of Themes used, and to find out how the Themes Development in the advertisements in People Magazine. In this thesis used Halliday’s theory which defines 4 types of Themes. They are: Topical Theme, Interpersonal Theme, Textual Theme and Multiple Theme. To analyze the Theme development, it is used Enggins’ theory which defines the Theme Development into 3 types:
Reiteration Pattern, Zigzag Pattern, and Multiple Rheme Pattern. This thesis applies descriptive qualitative method. The data source is obtained by randomly selecting the advertisements. From the 12 advertisements selected, there are found 102 clauses. It is also found that all of the advertisement texts analyzed are built by using the Reiteration Pattern. From these findings it is concluded that in the advertisement in People Magazine, the Topical Theme is used dominantly and all of the text which has been analyzed is built by using the Reiteration Pattern.
Rozeline, Diana. 2012. “Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional dalam Tajuk Wacana “Melihat dari Dekat Komunitas Adat Boti di Timor Tengah Selatan.”
Her research based on lexico grammar and context in the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics. This research uses descriptive qualitative type of study in investigating the problem. In the technique of collecting data, the writer uses observation and documentation. The writer finds 38 clauses Functional Systemic Linguistics has correlation with discourse. Fairclough, is
one of the expert of Critical Discourse Analysis; tried to develop this field through social and language, example mass media. The finding of this research was: all of clause in this discourse include to Indicative-Declarative Clause;
Proposition-Giving. Transitivity aspects that found in this analysis were:
process, circumstance, definite article, indefinite article, actor, token, value and target.
Esti Pradipta Kusnadi, Rika. 2018. “An Analysis of Mood System in Utterances Between Poppy and Branch in Trolls Movie (Based on Systemic Functional Grammar) at State Islamic Institute of Surakarta” Her research examined systemic functional grammar study of mood system in the utterances between Poppy and Branch in Trolls movie. The research used descriptive qualitative. The main research instrument was the researcher herself. The sources of the data in this research was the Trolls movie. The data of this research was the utterances between Poppy and Branch in Trolls movie.
Meanwhile, the technique of collecting data was documentation. Then, the researcher used face validity to make the data is credible. The researcher found there are 3 types of mood in the utterances of the main characters that accur in the movie. They were 107 major and 7 minor clauses. In the major clauses, it is categorized into three types of mood namely 103 indicative (81 declaratives and 22 interrogatives) and 4 imperatives. In Poppy’s utterances, the most dominant of speech function was statement, the second position was question, the third was offer, and the least was command.
Sebayang, Theodoric. 2018. “An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’S Speech at University of Sumatra Utara.” In his researcher, This study mainly involves the analysis of mood type, value of modality and personal pronoun system. This study employs a qualitative technique. The theory applied in this study is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by M.A.K. Halliday and supported by other Systemic Functional Linguists‟ theory. There are 519 data of clauses which are investigated in this study. This study finds that the prominent mood type, value of modality and personal pronoun are declarative mood, median value of modality and first
personal pronoun system respectively. The use of the median value of modality also dominates the modality realized in the speeches with 80 occurrences and the first personal pronoun system is the most prominent one with 301 occurrences.
Different uses of mood type, value of modality, and personal pronoun system can convey different levels of interpersonal meaning: different status, purpose, meaning and relationship between the speaker and the audience.Based on four researches the writer has concluded several point of differences and the similarities between this thesis examined and four researches above, as follows:
Firstly, from the preview related research the significance different in four researches above, in this research the writer would like to analyse clause about kind of clause into two classified: Clause as Message and Clause as Change to analyse clause in testimonials Duolingo app. Clause as Message consist of kinds of theme and Clause Of exchange consist of Mood-Residue The writer used theory from Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday.
Secondly, the similarities of this analysis all of the researches use theory halliday and the writer also used qualitative methods. Then the differences of this analysis with four preview of related is the different in choosing object of analysis, which in selected testimonials of Duolingo app.
22 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH A. Design of Research
In this research, the writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method appropriate for this research. It means that the research is based on the characteristics of phenomena and the data were analyzed using the describe th numerical. Descriptive method is done by describing in the fact then follows with the further analysis. Research is a scientific work that must be done systematically, regularly and in an orderly manner, both regarding the procedure and in the process of thinking about the material.28
According to Denzin and Lincoln define:
Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study thing in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.29 Based on that statement, Qualitative research is a multi-method that relies on perception, which is a subject matter, and qualitative research includes the studied that uses and compiles of a range of observational case studies, personal experiences, interviews, observations, historical, lifestyle, introspective, and visual texts that illustrate daily and troublesome moments and meanings in the lives of individuals. It can be concluded that qualitative research is analysing about descriptive data which is collected in the form of the object, where descriptive data such as writer or spoken.
Qualitative research is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning of individuals or groups describe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and producres, data typically collected in the participants setting, data analysis inductively building from particular to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the
28 Irina, Fristiana.2017. Metode Penelitian Terapan. Yogyakarta: Parama Ilmu. p.1.
29 Denzin and Lincoln in John W. Creswell. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design.
(United Stated of America: California, 1997). p.15
meaning of the data. The final written report has a flexible structure. Those who engage in this from inquiry support a way of long at research that honors an inductive style, a focus on individual meaning, and the importance of rendering the complexity of a situation.30
The result of the research contained quotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. Descriptive research is a research which aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research.31 Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interest in process, meaning and understanding gained through words or pictures.32 The conclusion in the descriptive method is conducted without making generalizing. Sutrisno Hadi in Metodologi Research I, state that the qualitative method is kind of method which is conducted by collecting the data, and drawing without making generalizing.33
The objective is to describe phenomena from the data analysis in which a research conclusion will be drawn. From some previous statement, it can be pointed out that in the descriptive qualitative method, the researcher just collects the data, organize the data, classifies and make the interpretation of the data and draws the conclusion based on the data. By using these methods research, the writer can answer the questions in analyzing of SFL in testimonial Duolingo app.
B. Source of Data
The information or facts is called the data. 34 Data is important tools in the research which are in the form phenomenom in the field and number. From the data, the researcher will know the result of the research. Collecting the data must be relevant with the problem research. The data in this research will be in
30 Creswell, W John. 2014. Research Design: Qualitive, Quantitatve and Mixed Method Approache., E.. 4th. United States of America: Stage. p.32.
31 Creswell, W John. 1997. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. United States of America: California. p. 15.
32 Creswell, W John. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitave Approaches.
New Delhi: SAGE publications. p. 145.
33 Hadi, Sutrisno. 1983. Metodologi Research I. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. p.3.
34 Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary .2008. fourth edition. p.113
form of descriptive qualitative data and use qualitative data produce for the data analysis in taking data, the researcher needs to get the available data.
According to Arikunto, source data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained.35 Data themselves may appear in the form of discourse, sentences, clauses, phrases or words which can be obtained from magazines, newspaper, books, etc.36 The source of the data in this research the writer took data from the Duolingo App. The writer took the testimonials from www.appstore.com/. The writer used the text testimonial and the pictures from the app to find out the clause function used by user Duolingo app.
C. Technique of Collecting Data
There are some activities of the writer in collection the data in this research because technique of data collection is the way that writer to collect the data. In an effort to get the data and fact. Sugiyono stated that Techniques of Data Collecting are the most important step in a research, because the main purpose of the research is to get the data.37 In technique of data collection, there are three kinds of technique. Such as; interview, observation. And documents. In this research, the writer uses documentation method.
Documentation technique is used to look for data about things or variables in the form of notes, transcript, boks, newspapers, magazines, inscription, agenda for information embodied data relating to clients under investigation.38It means that in qualitative research, the writer uses some documents that have correlation or support the problem of the research, because this research is descriptive that is why the writer describes and analyzes the data that has been found in Duolingo app. And then, the writer use purposive sampling to get the data. Purposive sampling is determination technique samples with certain
35 Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2002. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta:
PT. Rineka Cipta.p.31-32
36 Subroto, Edi D. 1992, Pengantar Penelitian Struktural, Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, p.7
37 Sugiyono,. 2017.Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung:
Alfabeta. p.240
38 Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2020. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu PendekatanPraktik. Jakarta:
PT. Rineka Cipta.p. 107
considerations.39 Purposive sampling can be seen as an early link between our assumptions and the data to be collected. Purposive sampling is classified into types non-probability sampling which means that it does not provide the same opportunities from every population. The criteria set in this research are to be used sample namely testimonials from 5 years ago and the writer took the largest sample population for analysis. According to Babbie considers it as “a pretest, however, rather than a final study.”40
In this research, the writer has some steps in collecting the data, in order to make this research more specific. The steps in collecting data:
1. Reading
The researcher read some testimonials are found in Duolingo app 2. Identifying
The next step, the researcher identifying same testimonials on Duolingo app.
3. Classifying
The next step in collecting the data was classifying. Classifying is an activity all data into their category or classification. The researcher classified the data and the classified mood-residue, theme, process transitivity realized in testimonials on Duolingo app.
4. Displaying
The last step in data collecting the data was displaying. Displaying is an activity to display the data which were collected by the researcher. The collected data were ready to be analyzed.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data. In qualitative research, technique analysis data are used to answer the formulation of the problem. Technique of data analysis is a way to process into data information so that the characteristics of data are easy to understand and useful to find the
39 Sugiyono,(2014), Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D, Bansung:Alfabeta, p.124
40 Earl, Bibbie, (2003), The practice of social research. Beijing: Qinghua University Press.p.179
answer the problem of research. According to Bogdan and Biklen, Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and organizing the results of records and materials collected and allowing presentations to be found.41 It means data analysis is the process of evaluating data check the data which have been collected. Then, they should be reviewed and analyzed, in order to be concluded and delivered to other people.
Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative.42 For technique of analyzing data, the writer uses content analysis technique because this research is looks directly at communication via texts or transcripts, and hence gets at the central aspect of social interaction. Miles and Huberman stated three phases of analyzing data in qualitative research,43 They are:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction is an activity and summarizing, choosing the subject matter and focusing on the important thing and looking for theme and pattern of the problem. Data reduction is process of selecting, focusing on the importan things, simplifying, abstracting and transforming the data that appear in transcription.
The writer segmenting the sentences into clauses and identified mood, residue and theme on testimonials.
2. Data Display
Miles and Huberman stated, date display is an organized, compressedassembly of information that permits conclusion drawing. A display can beextended piece of text or diagram, chart, or matrix provides a new way ofarranging and thinking about more textually embedded data. The writer will makethe narrative display by retrieving data from the text which has correlation with the problems of research.
41 Sudaryono.2006. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. p.210
42 Hsieh, H.F. and Shannon, S.E., 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), pp.1277-1288.
43 Gunawan Imam. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta:Bumi Aksara. p.210
3. Conclusion/Veryfying
Conclusion of veryfying is the result of analyzing that answers the research problem based on data analysis. The conclusion is presented in descriptive or in the form of sentences. This phase is last phase of research. The researcher concludes the result of analysis and the answer the formulation of the problem ih the form of descriptive data.44
44 Miles, Matthew B. and A. Michael Huberman. 2007. Qualitative Data Analysis (terjemahan). Jakarta:UI Press. p.34
