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SPEECH FUNCTION AND MOOD IN THE 2014 INDONESIAN

PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DEBATE

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By :

JUNI ARTA SARI TAMBUNAN

Registration Number: 2113220022

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

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DECLARATION

I have familiarized myself with the University’s policy on Academic

integrity. Except what appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,

has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for

assessment.

I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise

for plagiarism.

Medan, August 2015

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ABSTRACT

Tambunan, Juni Arta. Speech Function and Mood in The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2015

This study deals with Speech Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of Speech Function and Mood used in the debate based on Halliday’s theory. The data of this study were the utterances of both President Candidates, namely Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo Subianto. The findings show that both President candidates used all metaphorical realization of Declarative are 7 utterances (1.24%), Intterogative are 2 utterances (0.36%) and Imperative only 1 utterance (0.18%). Statement as the most dominant type of speech function in this debate shows that Jokowi and Prabowo are mostly giving information in order to deliver their future plans and ideas in the form of proposition, promise and persuasion, to strengthen the arguments and to convey messages logically in a limited time, so that the hearer/ people of Indonesia interested in choosing him as the next President. And the use of congruent or metaphorical realization in this debate implies that both Jokowi and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically in different ways.

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iv

E. The Significance of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7

A. Theoretical Framework ... 7

1. Functional Grammar ... 7

2. Metafunction ... 7

3. Interpersonal Function ... 9

4. Speech Function ... 9

a. Statement ... 11

b. Question ... 11

c. Offer ... 12

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e. System Network of Speech Function ... 12

5. Mood ... 14

6. Realization of Speech Function in Mood ... 16

7. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate ... 19

a. Biography of Jokowi ... 21

b. Biography of Prabowo ... 22

B. Previous Relevant Studies ... 23

C. Conceptual Framework ... 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ... 26

A. Research Design ... 26

B. The Source of Data ... 26

C. Technique of Data Collection ... 27

D. The Data Analysis ... 27

CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 28

A. The Data ... 28

B. The Analysis of Data ... 28

1. Types of Speech Function ... 29

2. Mood ... 31

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vi

A. Conclusion ... 39

B. Suggestion ... 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Pages

Table 2.1 Types of Speech Function ... 10

Table 2.2 Realization of Speech Function in Mood ... 17

Table 2.3 Unmarked Realization of Speech Function ... 17

Table 4.1 The Total Number of Types and Percentages of Speech Function

of Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo Subianto ... 29

Table 4.2 The example of clauses exist in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential

Candidates debate ... 30

Table 4.3 The Calculation of the Congruent and Metaphorical Realization

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viii

LIST OF PICTURES

Pages

Picture 2.1 System Network of Speech Function Diagram ... 13

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages

APPENDIX A ... 43

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

Communication is a vital part of human personal life and it is also important

in any other situation where people encounter one another. By using language,

people communicate each other in their interaction in order to express their

thought, feelings, desires, and intentions both in written or spoken forms.

In communication, language is a system that contains what is called speech

functions. Speech functions are action or performance done by language users.

Halliday (1994:69) defined the four primary Speech Functions namely Statement,

Question, Offer, and Command. Statement is a way of giving information that can

be either positive or negative. Question is a way of demanding information in

form of interrogative statement of the Yes/No questions and information questions

(WH questions). Offer is an expression of willingness to give or to do something.

And command is a way to receive some information, goods or service by forcing

the listener to give them.

The four types of speech functions are congruently expressed in Mood. Mood

here doesn’t mean the temporary state of mind or feeling, but Mood means the

role that speaker selects in the conversation and the role he/she assigns to the

addressee. The speech function of statement is realized by declarative Mood,

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imperative Mood. Speech function of offer does not have an unmarked

representation of Mood.

As a collegian who has studied Speech function and Mood, the writer saw that

sometimes people unconsciously used speech function incongruently in daily

communication both among friends, parents and also at college. For example,

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A: I wonder whether you met my aunt yesterday. (Q: incongruent/declarative) B: Yes, I did.

In this conversation, the speaker asked the listener whether she meet her aunt

yesterday. If we came back to Halliday’s theory stated that questions are most

congruently associated with interrogative Mood, so the first conversation should

be,

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A : Did you meet my aunt yesterday? (Q: Congruent/interrogative) B : Yes, I did.

However, the first conversation shows that people also ask questions with a

declarative Mood by their own reason. This is essentially the fact that mood

choices and speech roles do not always coincide. There are situations in which a

speech function is not congruently realized.

Related to this study, Ayoola (2013) studied “An Interpersonal Metafunction

Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian

Newspapers” found the interpersonal meaning of a structure does not always

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readers. The differences in the distribution of mood types in the adverts are

determined by contextual factors such as the need to reflect the economic and

socio-political context/situation of the country.

Based on the explanation above, the writer’s interested to analyze the Speech

Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate.

The writer took debate as the source of this study because as we know debate is an

art. Debate gives a skill of speaking especially ways of expressing and respecting

ideas, thinking fast and critically. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates

Debate is recently held in Indonesia and certainly the President and Vice

President candidates has their own techniques and analytical thinking to convince

other people in order to accept their own arguments.

Following examples taken from a text of debate will give some clarification of

Speech Function and Mood:

a. ‘Artinya, yang ingin saya sampaikan bahwa visi misi mengenai anggaran

desa 1 milyar itu berasal dari Undang-Undang, bukan dari visi misi bapak

Prabowo.’

(That is, I want to say that the vision and mission of 1 billion village

budget was derived from the Act, instead of the vision and mission of Mr.

Prabowo)

b. Saya berikan contoh, seni pertunjukan.

(I give an example, the art show.)

In the situation of example (a) the speaker interacts with the hearers. The

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team and he gives other alternatives to reject it. Example (b) can be interpreted

that the speaker would offer some information in the form of example to the

hearers in hope that his statement is accepted by them.

In this study, the writer aims to find out the type of speech functions and

Mood that usually used by the President Candidates, Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo

Subianto in answering the question and convince other people to accept their own

arguments. Analyzing Speech function and Mood is interesting to be conducted

since it deals to find out whether the President Candidates used Speech function

congruently or metaphorically in The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates

Debate.

B. The Problem of the Study

Based on the explanation on the background of the study, the problems of the

study are formulated as the following.

1. What types of Speech function are used by President Candidates in the

second debate of the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate?

2. How are the speech functions realized in Mood?

3. In what context did the President Candidates use one type of Speech

Function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates

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C. The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study deal with the problems that have been

formulated, they are

1. to analyze the types of speech function existing in the second debate in the

2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate,

2. to describe the ways speech functions coded in Moods, and

3. to elaborate the reason of President Candidates used one type of speech

function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates

Debate.

D. The Scope of the Study

Human beings use language in order to fulfill the main three functions

namely ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The focus of this study

limited to the interpersonal meaning which includes the Speech functions and

Mood. The source of the data is the second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential

Candidates Debate with the topic is Economic Development and Social Welfare.

E. The significance of the Study

This study hopefully will give significant to the readers both practically and

theoretically. Practically, by referring to Speech functions and Mood a better

understanding of verbal interaction can be obtained. Specifically, it can be

obtained whether the speech functions is congruently or metaphorically realized.

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the society. Theoretically, this study can be useful in learning Functional

Grammar especially to analyze speech function and Mood in debates and of

course to help the reader who interested in writing papers about interpersonal

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data of second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential

Candidates Debate, conclusions are drawn as follows:

1. A language consists of a set of systems, which offer the speaker an

unlimited choice of ways of creating meanings. In the 2014 Indonesian

Presidential Candidates debate, both President candidates used all types of

Speech Function. The most dominant type of Speech function used is in

the form of Statement, and then followed by Question, Command, and

Offer. In the debates, Jokowi dominates Prabowo, though Prabowo made

attempts to rebut and to attack the arguments, Jokowi are capable of giving

strong arguments to ruin it.

2. It is found that congruent and metaphorical realizations of Speech function

in Mood are used by Jokowi and Prabowo in this debate. The types of

Speech function realized by Mood is dominantly expressed in congruent

declarative. The dominant declarative is coded by S^F in which it is

formed by subject followed by finite. The metaphorical forms of Mood

functioning to beautify expressions are also found though not as much as

the use of congruent forms. This implies that linguistic choice is available

to speakers not only with regard to interrogatives, imperatives and

declaratives; it operates at every point in the production of speech. Both

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in different ways and this indicates that their performance are considered

to be good enough because they are able to use metaphorical clauses in the

context of debate.

information to deliver their future plans and ideas when chosen as the next

President in the form of proposition, promise, and persuasion, and to

convey the messages logically in a limited time, 3 up to 4 minutes for each

with the purpose that the hearer/ people of Indonesia interested in choosing

him as the next President.

B. Suggestion

In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are staged as follows:

1. It is suggested that a comparative study of the same approach between

English and Indonesian debate should be conducted.

2. For trainers and debaters, it is suggested that metaphorical realization of

Mood in the debates should be applied more frequently in order to

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REFERENCES

Arta Rosaen and Lidiman Sinaga. 2012. Speech Function in Feature Stories in Reader’s Digest. Medan.

Ayoola. 2013. An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspaper. Nigeria.

Birshan, M. 2000. Debating Handbook: Debating Competition (Unpublished).

Bloor, Thomas & Bloor, Mariel. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English. London: Oxford University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Hasibuan. 2010. Speech Function in Detective Conan Comic. Medan

Grolier, A. 1992. New Webster’s Dictionary, Connecticut: Grolier.

Nazir, M. 2003. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

Saragih, A. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A study on Discourse Based on Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory. Medan: Unpublished.

Thompson, G. 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar. China: Edward Arnold.

Taverniers, M. 2003. Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam.

http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/24/1359426/Ini.Jadwal.Debat.Capres.d an.Cawapres.di.Televisi. Accessed on January 26,2015.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo. Accessed on February 23, 2015.

Gambar

Table 2.1 Types of Speech Function  ...................................................................

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