Kegagalan Tiga Demokrasi
di Indonesia
Referensi: Dr. Daniel Dhakidae,”The Long and Winding Road: Constraints to Democracy
in Indonesia, dalam R. William Liddle, ed., Crafting Indonesian Democracy, Bandung: PPW-LIPI, The Ford Foundation and Mizan,
Characteristic of Constitutional
Democracy (Herbert Feith)
1. Civilian played a dominant role;
2. Parties were of great importance;
3. The contenders for power showed respect for
“rules of the game” which were closely related
to the existing constitution;
4. Most members of political elite had some sort
of commitment to symbols connected with
constitutional democracy;
5. Civil liberties were rarely infringed;
Six examples where the
constitutional democracy fails
1. Natsir cabinet was too short-lived (from september 1950 to
July 1953);
2. The split of the army brought the country to the brink of civil war;
3. Consensus on the purposes of the state was undermined with the president appearing as a partisan opponent of Islam due to the direct confrontation between Soekarno and the islamic leader Isa Anshary;
4. A long election campaign split the country into socioreligious and ethnic conflict;
5. Election interests of PNI allowed economic policies that brought the country into high inflation; politicization of the bureaucracy;
The failure of the Liberal
Democracy as the result of:
The Idealist camp see the failure as the result of the
lack of sufficient institutional backup for
democracy:
•
Lack of education;
•
Lack of democratic culture;
•
Insufficient economic base for democracy.
According to realists camp: Liberal democracy did
not fail, it was killed. If there is a failure, then it
is a logical consequence of a power game
Kegagalan Demokrasi Terpimpin
What had been achieved by Guided Democracy
was the growing power of President Soekarno
and the growing political strength of the Army.
“The systemic and planned democracy” failed to
achieve a healthy economic system.Indonesian
economy broke down. The murder of six army
generals capped the whole political and
economic chaos and the whole process led to
the Army coup d’etat in March of 1966 to bring
Sukarno and the whole Guided Democracy
Kegagalan Demokrasi Pancasila
• One of the easiest ways of looking at the New Order is to conceive it as the alliance of bureaucrats, the middle class, or the bourgeoisie in general, and the military of all ranks, especially its hundreds of Generals. All are united in doing business of some sort. It comes to such a
degree that only two hundred of the conglomerates are responsible for 58% of the GDP.
• All end up in encapsulating the New Order as a regime, in and for itself, requiring no legitimacy. The only source of legitimacy is the development success and it has no need of any hetero-legitimacy coming from the society. However, once its economy collapses the whole
