PENGERUKAN
PENGERUKAN D
DAN
AN
REKLAMASI
REKLAMASI
KELOMPOK V
KELOMPOK V
TR
TRY WIR
Y WIRA WIGR
A WIGRAHA SAU SOMALINGGI
AHA SAU SOMALINGGI
IRWANSYAH
IRWANSYAH
Y
YAFET ROMBE
AFET ROMBE
MUH. IQBAL JS
MUH. IQBAL JS
TSUMIR
5. The barge
5. The barge unloading/reclamation Dredgerunloading/reclamation Dredger
5.The
5.The ba!e "#$%a&'#!(e)$a*a+'%#ba!e "#$%a&'#!(e)$a*a+'%#
De&!e... De&!e... 5.,. Ge#ea$ 5.,. Ge#ea$ )%#-'&ea+'%#-... )%#-'&ea+'%#-... ... ... 5.,.,. 5.,.,. haa)+e'-+')-... haa)+e'-+')-... ... ... 5.,./. The aea- %0 5.,./. The aea- %0 a11$')a+'%#... a11$')a+'%#... 5.,.2. The 5.,.2. The h'-+%3... h'-+%3... ... ... 5.,.4. W% 5.,.4. W% *e+h%&... *e+h%&... ... ... 5./. The 5./. The &e-'!#... &e-'!#... ... ... 5./.,. The 1%&")+'%# 5./.,. The 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3... )a1a)'+3... 5././. The +a#-1%+ 5././. The +a#-1%+ &'-+a#)e... &'-+a#)e... 5./.2. The &e&!e 5./.2. The &e&!e '#-+a$$a+'%#... '#-+a$$a+'%#... 5.2. Ma'# 5.2. Ma'# $a3%"+... $a3%"+... ... ... 5.4. 5.4. TTe)h#')e)h#')a$a$ )%#-+")+'%#... )%#-+")+'%#... ... ... 5.4.,. The 5.4.,. The h"$$... h"$$... ... ...
5.4./. The 5.4./. The 1'1e$'#e-... 1'1e$'#e-... ... ... 5.4.2. The -h%e 5.4.2. The -h%e )%##e)+'%#... )%##e)+'%#... . . 5.5. The &e&!'#! 5.5. The &e&!'#! 1%)e--... 1%)e--... Ga*ba 56, Ba!e "#$a&'#!
Ga*ba 56, Ba!e "#$a&'#! e" 7HOLLAND7e" 7HOLLAND7
A -1e)'a$'8e& &e&!'#! +%%$ +ha+ )a# be
A -1e)'a$'8e& &e&!'#! +%%$ +ha+ )a# be )a+e!%'8e& '# +he -e)+'%# %0)a+e!%'8e& '# +he -e)+'%# %0 -+a+'%#a3 1$a#e -")+'%#
-+a+'%#a3 1$a#e -")+'%# &e&!e- '- +he ba!e &e&!e- '- +he ba!e "#$%a&'#!(e)$a*"#$%a&'#!(e)$a*a+'%#a+'%# -")+'%# &e&!e.
-")+'%# &e&!e.
Seb"ah a$a+ 1e#!e"a# h"-"- 3a#! &a1a+ &'a+e!%'a# &a$a* ba!'a# Seb"ah a$a+ 1e#!e"a# h"-"- 3a#! &a1a+ &'a+e!%'a# &a$a* ba!'a# -+a-'%#e a1a$ e" 1e-a9a+ h'-a1 a&a$ah
-+a-'%#e a1a$ e" 1e-a9a+ h'-a1 a&a$ah +%#!a#! b%#!a ( e$a*a-'+%#!a#! b%#!a ( e$a*a-' h'-a1 a1a$ e".
h'-a1 a1a$ e".
5.,. Ge#ea$
5.,. Ge#ea$
)%#-'&ea+'%#-Ba!e- +ha+ ae "-e& 0% +he +a#-1%+ %0 &e&!e& *a+e'a$ )a# be &':'&e& Ba!e- +ha+ ae "-e& 0% +he +a#-1%+ %0 &e&!e& *a+e'a$ )a# be &':'&e& '# -e$06"#$%a&'#! a#& #%#6-e$06"#$%a&'#!. The -e$06"#$%a&'#! ba!e-; )a$$e& '# -e$06"#$%a&'#! a#& #%#6-e$06"#$%a&'#!. The -e$06"#$%a&'#! ba!e-; )a$$e& h%1
h%11e 1e &"*&"*1 1 baba!e- !e- % % b%+b%++%* +%* "#$"#$%a&%a&ee-; -; aae e "-""-"a$$a$$3 3 e<"e<"'11'11e& e& 9'+9'+hh &%%- =:a$:e-> +ha+ %#e 9a3 % +he %+he )a# be %1e#e& +% &"*1 +he &%%- =:a$:e-> +ha+ %#e 9a3 % +he %+he )a# be %1e#e& +% &"*1 +he &e&!e& *a+e'a$ "#&e 9a+e.
&e&!e& *a+e'a$ "#&e 9a+e. N%#6-e$0
N%#6-e$06"#$%a&'#! ba!e- #ee& +% be 6"#$%a&'#! ba!e- #ee& +% be "#$%a&e& e'+he *e)ha#')a$$3 %"#$%a&e& e'+he *e)ha#')a$$3 % h3&a"$')a$$3
h3&a"$')a$$3. Me)ha#')a$ "#$%a&'#! )a# . Me)ha#')a$ "#$%a&'#! )a# be &%#e 9'+h be &%#e 9'+h a !ab; ba)h%e;a !ab; ba)h%e; e?)a:a+'#! 9hee$ % b")e+ e$e:a+%. N%#6-e$06"#$%a&'#! ba!e- ae e?)a:a+'#! 9hee$ % b")e+ e$e:a+%. N%#6-e$06"#$%a&'#! ba!e- ae +hee0%
+hee0%e %0+e# e %0+e# )a$$e& e$e:a+% )a$$e& e$e:a+% ba!e-.ba!e-. 5.,. Pe+'*ba#!a# U*"*
5.,. Pe+'*ba#!a# U*"* T
T%#!a#! 3a#! &'!%#!a#! 3a#! &'!"#aa# "#+" 1"#aa# "#+" 1e#!a#!"+a# e#!a#!"+a# *a+e'a$ *a+e'a$ e"a# &a1a+e"a# &a1a+ &'ba!' &a$a* &'' b%#!a &a# #%#6-e$06b%#!a. T%#!a#! &'' b%#!a; &'ba!' &a$a* &'' b%#!a &a# #%#6-e$06b%#!a. T%#!a#! &'' b%#!a; &'-eb"+ +%#!a#! 1e*b"a#!a# h%11e a+a" "#$%a&e- ba9ah; b'a-a#3a &'-eb"+ +%#!a#! 1e*b"a#!a# h%11e a+a" "#$%a&e- ba9ah; b'a-a#3a &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# 1'#+" =a+"1> bah9a -a$ah -a+" )aa a+a" 3a#! $a'# &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# 1'#+" =a+"1> bah9a -a$ah -a+" )aa a+a" 3a#! $a'# &a1a+ &'b"a "#+" *e*b"a#! baha# &'e" &' ba9ah a'. T%#!a#!6 &a1a+ &'b"a "#+" *e*b"a#! baha# &'e" &' ba9ah a'. T%#!a#!6 #%#6-e$0 b%#!a ha"- &'b%#!a ba'
#%#6-e$0 b%#!a ha"- &'b%#!a ba' -e)aa *ea#'- a+a"-e)aa *ea#'- a+a" h'&%$'.B%#!
h'&%$'.B%#!a *ea#' &a1a+ a *ea#' &a1a+ &'$a"&'$a"a# &e#!a# a# &e#!a# a*b'$; ba)h%e;a*b'$; ba)h%e; *e#!!a$' %&a a+a" e*be
*e#!!a$' %&a a+a" e*be $'0+.N%#6&'' +%#!a#! b%#!a a$'0+.N%#6&'' +%#!a#! b%#!a ae#a '+" e#a '+" -e'#!-e'#! &'-eb"+ +%#!a#! $'0+.
&'-eb"+ +%#!a#! $'0+.
Ga*ba 56/ A BUD Je1a#! &e#!a# ba)h%e &a# -ab" %#:e3%. Ga*ba 56/ A BUD Je1a#! &e#!a# ba)h%e &a# -ab" %#:e3%.
H3&a"$') "#$%a&'#! )a# be &%#e "-'#! a -h%e 1"*1 &'-)ha!e -3-+e*; "-"a$$3 '#-+a$$e& '# +a'$'#! -")+'%# h%11e &e&!e- % b3 *ea#- %0 a ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e.
F% +he $a-+ /@ 3ea- +he +a#-1%+ 9'+h ba!e- '- -+%#!$3 e&")e& a#& be)a"-e; a- *e#+'%#e&; +he ba!e "#$%a&e '- a -1e)'a$'8e& &e&!e +%%$; '+ '- ha& +% "-e +he +%%$ 0% %+he 1"1%-e-. He#)e +he a*%"#+ %0 ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e- ha- &e)ea-e& )%#-'&eab$3 '# +h'- 1e'%&. A+ 1e-e#+ *a#3 ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e- ae '# -e:')e +ha+ )a# a$-% be "-e& a- 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e % )"++e -")+'%# &e&!e.
B%#!a h'&%$' &a1a+ &'$a"a# &e#!a# *e#!!"#aa# -'-+e* &eb'+ 1%*1a 1a#+a'; b'a-a#3a &'1a-a#! &' *e*b"#+"+' a1a$ e" h'-a1 h%11e a+a" &e#!a# )aa &a' +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e".
Se$a*a /@ +ah"# +eah' +a#-1%+a-' &e#!a# +%#!a#! -a#!a+ be"a#! &a# ae#a; -e1e+' &'-eb"+a#; "#$%a&e +%#!a#! a&a$ah a$a+ *e#!e" h"-"-; -"$'+ "#+" *e#!!"#aa# a$a+ "#+" +""a# $a'#. Maa "*$ah +%#!a#! b%#!a a1a$ e" h'-a1 +e$ah be"a#! &a$a* 1e'%&e '#'. Saa+ '#' ba#3a a1a$ e" +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 &a$a* 1e$a3a#a# 3a#! "!a &a1a+ &'!"#aa# -eba!a' h'-a1 a1a$ e" b'a-a a+a" )"++e -")+'%# a1a$ e".
5.,.,. haa)+e'-+')-5.,.,. Kaa+e'-+'
The ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e '- a -+a+'%#a3 &e&!e +%%$; *%%e& a$%#! *%%'#! 1'$e- % a#)h%e& 9'+h -1"&-. => The ba!e- ae *%%e& a$%#! +he +%%$ 0% "#$%a&'#!. The +%%$ '- e<"'11e& 9'+h %#e % *%e -a#& 1"*1- a#& a e+ 1"*1. The -")+'%# 1'1e -+')- %"+ a+ +he -'&e %0 +he +%%$ a#& )a# be $%9ee& '# +he ba!e $3'#! #e?+ +% +he &e&!e. The 9a+e #ee&e& 0% +he *'?+"e a#& +he +a#-1%+ '- e++e& '#+% +he ba!e "-'#! %#e % *%e #%88$e-.
T%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" a&a$ah a$a+ *e#!e" -+a-'%#e; &'+a*ba+a# &' -e1a#a#! +"*1"a# *%%'#! a+a" be$ab"h &e#!a# e#+a#!.=> The +%#!a#! +e+a*ba+ &' -e1a#a#! a$a+ "#+" b%#!a.A$a+ '#' &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# -a+" a+a" $eb'h 1%*1a 1a-' &a# 1%*1a e+.H'-a1 1'1a *e#)"a+ &' -'-' a$a+ &a# &a1a+ &'+""#a# &a$a* +%#!a#! beba'#! &' -a*1'#! a1a$ e" +e-eb"+. A' 3a#! &'b"+"ha# "#+" )a*1"a# &a# +a#-1%+a-' 3a#! &'-e*1%+a# e &a$a* +%#!a#! *e#!!"#aa# -a+" a+a" $eb'h #%8e$
5.,./. The aea- %0 a11$')a+'%#
The ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e '- ab$e +% "#$%a&
ba!e-h3&a"$')a$$3. The-e ba!e- ae $$e& %#e 9a3 % +he %+he; 0% '#-+a#)e 9'+h a 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e % a b")e+ $a&&e &e&!e. The *a+e'a$ '# +he ba!e '- &'$"+e& 9'+h 9a+e a#& -")e& "1 =!"e 5.,>.
ha#&$e *a+e'a$- +ha+ C"'&'8e <"')$3 $'e -'$+ a#& -a#&. %he-':e
*a+e'a$-; %0 9h')h +he 0%*'#! %0 a *'?+"e '- +%% -$%9; 9'$$ )a"-e +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e a $%+ %0 1%b$e*-.
5.,./. B'&a#! A1$'a-'
+%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" *a*1" *e*b%#!a +%#!a#!
h'&%$'. T%#!a#! '#' &''-' -a+" )aa a+a" 3a#! $a'#; *'-a$#3a &e#!a# a1a$ e" h'-a1 1%$%- a+a" a1a$ e" +a#!!a e*be. Ma+e' &a$a* +%#!a#! &'e#)ea# &e#!a# a' &a# &'-e&%+ =!a*ba 5.,>. I#' -e!ea *e#3'a+a# bah9a +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" ha#3a &a1a+ *e#a#!a#'
baha# 3a#! C"'&'8e )e1a+ -e1e+' $"*1" &a# 1a-'. Baha# %he-'0; &'*a#a 1e*be#+"a# )a*1"a# +e$a$" $a*ba+; aa# *e#3ebaba# +%#!a#!
b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" ba#3a *a-a$ah.
5.,.2. The h'-+%3
The ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e '- a D"+)h &e:e$%1*e#+. D"'#! +he e?)a:a+'%# %0 +he N%+h Sea a#a$ a -+a+'%#a3 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e 9a-+a#-0%*e& +% a ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e = ,5>. Be0%e +he ba!e- 9ee "#$%a&e& "-'#! a b")e+ e$e:a+%. Ne?+ +he *a+e'a$ 9a-+a#-1%+e& +% +he &"*1 9'+h -*a$$ -a#& +a'#-. W'+h +he a':a$ %0 +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e +he-e +a'#-; 9h')h 9ee :e3 $ab%6 e?+e#-':e be)a*e e&"#&a#+. Be-'&e- '+ 9a- #%9 1%--'b$e +% +a#-1%+ 9ea -%'$- -'*1$3. The -+ 1e--"e 1'1e- 9ee *a& %0 9%%& b"+ -%%# +he-e 9ee e1$a)e& b3 '%# 1'1e-.
5.,.2. Seaah
a1a$ +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" a&a$ah 1e*ba#!"#a# Be$a#&a. Se$a*a 1e#!!a$'a# Te"-a# La"+ U+aa -+a-'%#e 1%$%- h'-a1 a1a$ e" be"bah e +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" = ,5>. Sebe$"*
+%#!a#! &'+""#a# *e#!!"#aa# $'0+ e*be. Be'"+#3a *a+e'a$ &'a#!"+ e +e*1a+ 1e*b"a#!a# &e#!a# ee+a 1a-' e)'$.De#!a#
e&a+a#!a# +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" ee+a '#'; 3a#! -a#!a+6 +e#a!a ea 3a#! $"a- *e#a&' be$eb'ha#.Se$a'# '+" -eaa#! *"#!'# "#+" *e#!a#!"+ +a#ah $e*ah -e&eha#a.P'1a61'1a +ea#a# 1e+a*a !'$a a3" +a1' -e!ea '#' &'!a#+' &e#!a# 1'1a be-'.
Ga*ba 564 Ua1 &'&%%#! BUD 7S$'e&e)h+ -a3a7
5.,.4. W% *e+h%&
I# +he 9%'#! *e+h%& '- -)he*a+')a$$3 e?1$a'#e&
A+ +he -+a+ %0 "#$%a&'#! 1%)e--; +he -")+'%# 1'1e '- $%9ee& +% +he -a#& $e:e$ '# +he ba!e; 9h'$e +he e+ 1"*1 '- )%##e)+e& +% +he -")+'%# 1'1e. The -1ee& %0 +he &e&!e 1"*1 %# b%a& %0 +he &e&!e- '- e&")e& '#
-")h a9a3 +ha+ +he e+ 9a+e C%9- :'a +he -")+'%# +"be %# +he -a#& '# +he ba!e; 9hee '+- e%&e- a 1'+ "#&e +he -")+'%# *%"+h. The &e&!e *a-+e
$%9e- +he -")+'%# *%"+h be$%9 +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +h 1'+. Whe# #% a' '-e$ea-e& :'a +he -")+'%# *%"+h; +he b"++eC3 :a$:e be+9ee# +he e+ 1"*1 a#& -")+'%# 1'1e$'#e '- -$%9$3 )$%-e&; )a"-'#! a# %"+C%9 %0 e+ 9a+e :'a +he e+ #%88$e. =.A.>. Mea#9h'$e +he -1ee& %0 +he &e&!e 1"*1 '- '#)ea-e& Whe# +he &e&!'#! 1%)e-- '- "##'#! 9e$$; +he e+ #%88$e e%&e- +he
bea)h 9h'$e +he -a#& '- e*%:e& :'a +he -")+'%# *%"+h. D"'#! +h'-1%)e-- +he 1'+ "#&e +he -")+'%# *%"+h be)%*e- $a!e a#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h '- $%9e'#! "#+'$ -he ea)he- +he b%++%* %0 +he ba!e. =.B>. Sa#& C%9e& beh'#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h ha- +% be e++e& ba) +% +he -")+'%# *%"+h e!"$a$3 =.>. Thee0%e *%&e# BUD- ha:e e'+he a e+
'#-+a$$a+'%# a%"#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h % a&&'+'%#a$ e+ 1'1e +% %:e)%*e +h'- 1%b$e* The )%#)e#+a+'%# '# +he &'-)ha!e $'#e '- )%#+%$$e& b3 ha"$'#! +he ba!e =.D>.
5.,.4. Me+%&e ea
Da$a* *e+%&e ea -e)aa -e*a+'- &'e$a-a# Ga*ba 56, Pa&a a9a$ 1%-e- b%#!a; 1'1a h'-a1 &'+""#a# e +'#!a+ 1a-' &' +%#!a#!; -e*e#+aa 1%*1a e+ +eh"b"#! e 1'1a h'-a1. Ke)e1a+a# 1%*1a
*e#!e" &' 1a1a# &a' a1a$ e" be"a#! -e&e*''a# "1a -eh'#!!a a' e+ *e#!a$' *e$a$"' +ab"#! h'-a1 &' 1a-' &' +%#!a#!; &' *a#a 3a#! *e#!''- $"ba#! &' ba9ah *"$"+ h'-a1. Ma-+e *e#!e" *e#""#a# *"$"+ h'-a1 ba9ah 1e*"aa# a' &' $"ba#! '#'. Ke+'a a&a "&aa
&'$e1a-a# *e$a$"' *"$"+ h'-a1; a+"1 "1"6"1" a#+aa 1%*1a e+ &a# 1'1a h'-a1 1e$aha#6$aha# &'+"+"1; *e#3ebaba# a"- e$"a a' e+ *e$a$"' #%88$e e+.= .SEBUAH.>. Se*e#+aa e)e1a+a# 1%*1a *e#!e" *e#'#!a+ Ga*ba 565
Ke+'a 1%-e- 1e#!e"a# bea$a# &e#!a# ba'; #%-e$ e+
*e#!''-1e$a#!!aa# -e*e#+aa 1a-' &'ha1"- *e$a$"' *"$"+ h'-a1. Se$a*a 1%-e-'#' $"ba#! &' ba9ah *"$"+ h'-a1 *e#a&' $eb'h be-a &a# *"$"+ h'-a1
a&a$ah *e#""#a# -a*1a' &'a *e#)a1a' ba!'a# ba9ah +%#!a#!. =.B>. Pa-' *e#!a$' &' be$aa#! *"$"+ h'-a1 ha"- a' &ea- e*ba$' e h'-a1 *"$"+ -e)aa +ea+" =.>. O$eh ae#a '+" BUD 3a#! *%&e# 7- *e*'$'' -eb"ah '#-+a$a-' e+ -e'+a *"$"+ h'-a1 a+a" 1'1a e+ +a*baha# "#+" *e#!a+a-' *a-a$ah '#' K%#-e#+a-' &' !a'- &eb'+ &'e#&a$'a# %$eh *e#!a#!"+ +%#!a#! =.D>.
Me+%&e Ga*ba 565 Kea +%#!a#! b%#!a
D"'#! +he e?)ha#!e %0 +he ba!e- +he 1e--"e -'&e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 '-)%##e)+e& 9'+h +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he -a#& 1"*1. Th'- ee1- +he -a#& 1"*1 *%:'#! '# +he &)ha!e $'#e. The *%e +he -a#&69a+e *'?+"e '-e?)ha#!e& 0% )$ea# 9a+e '# +he &'-)ha!e 1'1e$'#e; +he :e$%)'+3 '#)ea-e-a#& '0 #e)e--a3 +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -'#)ea-e-a#& 1"*1 )a# be e&")e&. A1a+ 0%* +he )%#+'#"a+'%# %0 +he &e&!'#! 1%)e--; +h'-)%#-+")+'%# '- #e)e--a3 +% 1e:e#+ +he -")+'%# '# %0 a' +h%"!h +he -")+'%# *%"+h %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e; 9'+h a$$ )%#-e<"e#)e- =+h'# %0 -"b*e!e& 1'1e$'#e->.
Whe# +he #e?+ ba!e '- *%%e& a$%#! +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%#
&e&!e; +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 '- &e)ea-e& -")h +ha+ '+ "-+ )a# ha#&$e +he C%9 a+e %0 +he e+ 1"*1. The -"1$"- 9a+e '-"# a9a3 +h%"!h +he e+ 1'1'#! a#& +he -")+'%# 1'1e a#& a #e9 &e&!e )3)$e )a# -+a+.
Se$a*a 1e+"aa# +%#!a#! -'-' +ea#a# &a' 1%*1a e+ +eh"b"#!
&e#!a# -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a 1a-'. Ha$ '#' *e*b"a+ 1%*1a 1a-' be!ea &' !a'- &eb'+. Se*a'# )a*1"a# 1a-'6a' &'1e+"aa# "#+" a' be-'h &' 1'1a 1e*b"a#!a#; *e#'#!a+ e)e1a+a# &a# 'a 1e$" "*$ah 1"+aa# &a' 1%*1a 1a-' &a1a+ &'"a#!'. Te$e1a- &a' e$a#"+a#
1%-e-1e#!e"a#; %#-+"-' '#' &'1e$"a# "#+" *e#)e!ah h'-a1 &' "&aa *e$a$"' *"$"+ h'-a1 1'1a h'-a1; &e#!a# -e!a$a %#-e"e#-' =*e*''a# 1'1a +ee#&a*>. Ke+'a +%#!a#! be'"+#3a &'+a*ba+a# &' -e1a#a#! +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e"; "*$ah 1"+aa# &a' 1%*1a 1a-' *e#""# -e&e*''a# "1a -eh'#!!a ha#3a &a1a+ *e#a#!a#' $a" a$' 1%*1a e+.A' -"1$"- $a' *e$a$"' 1'1a e+ &a# 1'1a h'-a1 &a# -'$"-*e#!e" ba" b'-a *"$a'.
Ga*ba 56 B%#!a +%#!a#!
5./. The &e-'!#
The ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e ha- +% 0"$$$ '# 1'#)'1a$ +9% 0"#)+'%#-
,. +he *a+e'a$ '# +he ba!e- *"-+ be &'$"+e& -")h +ha+ a *'?+"e &e:e$%1-+ha+ )a# be -")e& "1 '# h'!h )%#)e#+a+'%#-.
/. +he &e&!e 1"*1- '# +he &e&!e ha:e +% +ae )ae +ha+ +he -")e& "1 *a+e'a$ )a# be 1"*1e& +% +he e)$a*a+'%# aea 9'+h e#%"!h :e$%)'+3 a#& 1%&")+'%#.
5./. De-a'#
T%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" ha"- *e*e#"h' 1%% &"a 0"#!-' ,. baha# &a$a* +%#!a#! ha"- &'e#)ea# -eh'#!!a )a*1"a#
bee*ba#! 3a#! &a1a+ +e-e&%+ &a$a* %#-e#+a-' +'#!!'.
/. 1%*1a *e#!e" &' a1a$ e" 3a#! ha"- beha+'6ha+' bah9a baha# +e-e&%+ &a1a+ &'1%*1a e &aeah e$a*a-' &e#!a# )""1 e)e1a+a# &a# 1%&"-'.
5./.,. The 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3
L'e 9'+h +he %+he +%%$- +he e<"'e& 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3 1$a3- a )")'a$ %$e '# +he &e-'!#. The 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3 '- h%9e:e &e+e*'#e& b3 +he -"11$3 %0 +he -a#& b3 ba!e- a#& +hee0%e b3 +he +%%$ +ha+ $%a&- +he
ba!e-. Th'- )a# be; 0% '#-+a#)e; a ba!e $%a&'#! 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e; a ba)h%e &e&!e % a b")e+ &e&!e.
F% +he &e-'!# %0 +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e +he e<"'e&
1%&")+'%# 0% ea)h ba!e '- +he )'+e'%#; -% +he e<"'e& &'-)ha!e +'*e 0% ea)h ba!e. A0+e a$$ +he #%#61e-e#)e %0 ba!e- b3 e?+e#a$ )a"-e-ha- #%+h'#! +% &% 9'+h +he e<"'e& 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3. Be-'&e- +ha+ +he -'8e %0 +he ba!e- '- %0 )%"-e %0 '#C"e#)e %# +he e<"'e& 1%&")+'%# )a1a)'+3.
5./.,. P%&"-' a1a-'+a- Se1e+' &e#!a# a$a+6a$a+ $a'# a1a-'+a- 1%&"-' 3a#! &'1e$"a# *e*a'#a# 1ea# 1e#+'#! &a$a* &e-a'#.
Ka1a-'+a-1%&"-' #a*"# &'+e#+"a# %$eh 1a-%a# 1a-' %$eh +%#!a#! &a# ae#a '+" &e#!a# a$a+ 3a#! *e*"a+ +%#!a#!.Ha$ '#' &a1a+; *'-a$#3a; 1e*"a+a# +%#!a#! h'-a1 1%$%- a1a$ e"; a1a$ e" ba)h%e a+a" a1a$ e" e*be.
U#+" &e-a'# +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" 1%&"-' 3a#!
&'1e$"a# "#+" -e+'a1 +%#!a#! a&a$ah '+e'a; -eh'#!!a 9a+" &eb'+ 3a#! &'b"+"ha# "#+" -e+'a1 +%#!a#!.Se+e$ah -e*"a #%#6eha&'a# +%#!a#! %$eh 1e#3ebab e-+e#a$ +'&a a&a h"b"#!a##3a &e#!a#
a1a-'+a- 1%&"-' 3a#! &'1e$"a#.Se$a'# '+" ""a# +%#!a#! '#' +e#+" -aa be1e#!a"h 1a&a a1a-'+a- 1%&"-' 3a#! &'1e$"a#.
5././. The +a#-1%+ &'-+a#)e
The +a#-1%+ &'-+a#)e !':e- e<"'e*e#+- 0% +he '#-+a$$e& &e&!e 1"*1 1%9e a#& +he #e)e--'+3 0% +he '#-+a$$a+'%# %0 %#e % *%e 1"*1-. F% 0"+he &e+a'$- 9'+h e!a& +% +he )h%')e %0 +he 1"*1- -ee ha1+e 4 P$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e-.
5././. Jaa +a#-1%+a-' aa +a#-1%+a-' *e*be'a# 1e-3aa+a# "#+" &''#-+a$ &a3a 1%*1a *e#!e" &a# eb"+"ha# "#+" '#-+a$a-' -a+" a+a" $eb'h 1%*1a. U#+" '#0%*a-' $eb'h $a#"+ -eh"b"#!a# &e#!a# 1'$'ha# 1%*1a $'ha+ Bab 4 a1a$ e" h'-a1 P$a'#.
5./.2. The &e&!e '#-+a$$a+'%#. 5.1.1.1 General
Whe# +he &e&!e )a1a)'+3 '- #%9#; +h'- e<"'e*e#+; $'e 9'+h +he 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e; '- +a#-$a+e& '#
,. a -a#& C%9 a+e Q
/. a -a#& )%#)e#+a+'%# :& A0+e a$$ ,:&PQ#
Q C%9 a+e *2(-
:& +a#-1%+ )%#)e#+a+'%# 6 # 1%%-'+3 6
5./.2. I#-+a$a-' *e#!e".
5.,.,., U*"* Ke+'a a1a-'+a- *e#!e" &'e+ah"'; 1e-3aa+a# '#'; -e1e+' &e#!a# h'-a1 a1a$ e" 1%$%-; &'+ee*aha# &'
,. $a" a$'a# 1a-' Q /. VD %#-e#+a-' 1a-' A0+e a$$ P Q . Cvd 1−n 9'+h P 1%&")+'%# *2(- Q C%9 a+e *2(-
:& +a#-1%+ )%#)e#+a+'%# 6 # 1%%-'+3 6
The *'#'*"* C%9 a+e &e+e*'#e& b3 +he )'+')a$ :e$%)'+3 +ha+ '-e<"'e& +% ee1 +he *a+e'a$ '# *%+'%#. S% =>;/,)'+')a$$h-:F!S '# 9h')h +he :a$"e %0 F$;h '- &e+e*'#e& b3 +he +% be 1"*1e& *a+e'a$ =-ee 9b24,4; De&!'#! 1%)e--e->. D
The *a?'*"* )%#)e#+a+'%# +ha+ )a# be -")e& &e1e#&- %# *a#3 0a)+%-; $'e
+he bea)h beha:'% %0 +he -%'$.
+he &e-'!# %0 +he -")+'%# *%"+h '# )%*1a'-%# 9'+h +he 9'&+h %0 +he ba!e.
+he *a?'*"* *'?+"e 0%*'#! +ha+ )a# be ea)he& 9'+h +he 9a+e #%88$e- a#& +he e+- a+ +he -")+'%# *%"+h a#& +he C%9 a+e %0 +he e+ 1"*1.
+he he'!h+ %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e$'#e. Be)a"-e +he *a?'*"* "#&e 1e--"e '- )ea+e& hee; '+ &e+e*'#e- 0% a $a!e 1a+ +he *a?'*"* )%#)e#+a+'%#. A- a :a$"e a )%#)e#+a+'%# %0 ,4@@ !(*2 '- *a'#+a'#e&.
Th'- $a-+ 0a)+% )a# be )he)e& 9'+h +he :a)""* 0%*"$a =-ee a$-% > Figure 5-7
K%#-e#+a-' *a-'*"* 3a#! &a1a+ +e-e&%+ +e!a#+"#! 1a&a ba#3a 0a+%; -e1e+'
1e'$a" 1e$a#!!aa# +a#ah.
&e-a'# *"$"+ h'-a1 &'ba#&'#!a# &e#!a# $eba +%#!a#!.
)a*1"a# *a-'*"* *e*be#+" 3a#! &a1a+ &')a1a' &e#!a# #%8e$ a' &a# e+ &' *"$"+ h'-a1 &a# $a" a$' 1%*1a e+.
e+'#!!'a# 1'1a h'-a1. Kae#a *a-'*"* &' ba9ah +ea#a# &'b"a+ &' -'#'; '+" *e#e#+"a# "#+" -eba!'a# be-a %#-e#+a-'
*a-'*"*.Seba!a' #'$a' %#-e#+a-' ,.4@@ ! ( *2 &'1e+aha#a#. Fa+% +eah' '#' &a1a+ &'1e'-a &e#!a# "*"- :a"* =$'ha+ "!a> Ga*ba 56
Th'- !a1h -h%9- => +ha+ +he "11e -'&e %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e *a3 $a3 ha&$3 *%e +ha# 2 * ab%:e +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e +% *ee+ +he ea$'e
*e#+'%#e& e<"'e*e#+ %0 *,4@@ N(*2. Th'- he'!h+ #ee&- +ha# +% be -")'e#+ +% ha"$ +he ba!e "#&e#ea+h +he -")+'%# 1'1e.
Ga '#' *e#"#"a# => bah9a -'-' a+a- 1'1a h'-a1 *"#!'# beba'#! ha*1' +'&a $eb'h &a' 2 * &' a+a- 1e*"aa# a' &' a1a$ +%#!a#! "#+" *e*e#"h' eb"+"ha# &'-eb"+a# -ebe$"*#3a * ,4@@ N ( *2.
T'#!!' '#' 1e$" &a'1a&a )""1 "#+" *e#!a#!"+ +%#!a#! ba9ah 1'1a h'-a1.
The e?1e)+e& a:ea!e )%#)e#+a+'%# &"'#! +he -")+'%# %0 +he ba!e '-&e1e#&e#+ %#
+he +'*e #e)e--a3 +% -+a+ +he 1%)e--; -ee +he )ha1+e +he &e&!'#! 1%)e-- 5.4.
+he a:a'$ab'$'+3 %0 a ba!e ha"$'#! '#-+a$$a+'%#. The 1%&")+'%# '- *a'#$3 &e+e*'#e& b3 +he ha"$ -1ee& %0 +he ba!e.
+he 9he+he % #%+ 1e-e#+ %0 a&&'+'%#a$ b"$hea&- '# +he ba!e; 0% 9h')h e?+a bea'#! '# #e)e--a3.
Whe# b%+h +he )'+')a$ :e$%)'+3 a- +he a:ea!e a#& *a?'*a$ )%#)e#+a+'%# ae &e+e*'#e&; b%+h +he 1"*1 C%9 a+e a#& +he &'a*e+e %0 +he 1e--"e 1'1'#! ae a$-% ?e& =-ee )ha1+e 4./.,>.
K%#-e#+a-' a+a6a+a &'haa1a# -e$a*a h'-a1 a1a$ +%#!a#! +e!a#+"#! 1a&a
9a+" 3a#! &'1e$"a# "#+" *e*"$a' ; $'ha+ bab 1%-e-1e#!e"a# 5.4.
e+e-e&'aa# '#-+a$a-' +%#!a#! *e#!a#!"+. P%&"-' +e"+a*a &'+e#+"a# %$eh e)e1a+a# ha"$ &a' a1a$ +%#!a#!.
a1aah a+a" +'&a ha&' &a' b"$hea& +a*baha# &a$a* a1a$ +%#!a#!; 3a#! *e$a#!!a +a*baha# 3a#! &'1e$"a#.
Ke+'a e&"a e)e1a+a# '+'- ae#a %#-e#+a-' a+a6a+a &a# *a-'*a$ &'+e#+"a#; ba' $a" a$'a# 1%*1a &a# &'a*e+e 1'1a +ea#a# "!a
&'1eba'' =$'ha+ bab 4./.,>.
5.1.1.2 The suction mouth and pipe N%9a&a3- +he -")+'%# *%"+h %0 a BUD '- 1%:'&e& 9'+h e+- +% '*1%:e +he *'?+"e 0%*'#! a#& +% h'#&ee& +he -e++$'#! %0 *a+e'a$ beh'#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h =>
The 9'&+h %0 +he -")+'%# *%"+h '-ba-e& %# +he -*a$$e-+ h%11e 9'&+h %0 +he ba!e. Ae ba!e-"-e& 9'+h &'ee#+ -'8e- '+ '-a&:'-ab$e +% &e-'!# a Ce?'b$e -")+'%# 1'1e =>.
S%*e+'*e- +he -")+'%# *%"+h '-1%:'&e& 9'+h ba- +% a:%'& &eb'-a#& b%"$&e- e#+e'#! +he -")+'%# *%"+h.
5.,.,./ The h'-a1 *"$"+ &a# 1'1a
Saa+ *"$"+ h'-a1 &a' BUD &'-e&'aa# &e#!a# e+ "#+" *e#'#!a+a# )a*1"a# *e*be#+" &a# *e#!ha*ba+ 1e#!e#&a1a# *a+e'a$ be$aa#! *"$"+ h'-a1 =>
Ga*ba 56F'!"e 56
Leba *"$"+ h'-a1 &'&a-aa# 1a&a $eba h%11e +ee)'$ &a' a1a$ +%#!a#!. A1aah +%#!a#! &'!"#aa# &e#!a# ""a# 3a#! bebe&a &'-aa#a# "#+" *ea#)a#! 1'1a h'-a1 3a#! Ce-'be$ =>.
Ka&a#!6a&a#! *"$"+ h'-a1 '#' &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# ba "#+" *e#!h'#&a' 1"'#!61"'#! &a# ba+"6ba+" *e*a-"' *"$"+ h'-a1.
5.,.,.2 The e+
1"*1-A$$ +he 9a+e #e)e--a3 +% +a#-1%+ +he -a#& %:e +he e<"'e& &'-+a#)e *"-+ be -"11$'e& +% +he ba!e b3 +he e+ 1"*1.
The C%9 a+e %0 +he e+ 1"*1- &e1e#&- %# +he 0"#)+'%#- %0 +he-e 1"*1-. U-"a$$3 +9% 0"#)+'%#- ae )%#-'&ee&
,. The a)+':a+'%# %0 +he bea)h. B3 9a3 %0 a 9a+e #%88$e be0%e +he -")+'%# *%"+h +he bea)h a)+':a+e&. U-"a$$3 a -e)%#& 9a+e #%88$e 1e-e#+ +ha+ e+- $%%-e +he -a#& beh'#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h -% +ha+ '+ -+'$$ '--")e& "1 b3 +he -")+'%# *%"+h.
/. The *'?+"e 0%*'#!. The C%9 a+e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 *"-+ be e$a+e& +% +he a:ea!e )%#)e#+a+'%# +ha+ )a# be -")e&. Hee a$-% +ha+ +he
0%$$%9'#! )%#&'+'%# *"-+ be *e+ ,,:&*QQ#
I# +h'-
Q +he e+ C%9 a+e *2(- Q* +he -a#& C%9 a+e *2(-
:& +he +a#-1%+ )%#)e#+a+'%# 6 # 1%e 1e)e#+a!e 6
5.,.,.2 P%*1a e+
Se*"a a' 3a#! &'1e$"a# "#+" *e#!a#!"+ 1a-' a+a- aa 3a#! &'1e$"a# ha"- &'1a-% e +%#!a#! %$eh 1%*1a e+.
La" a$'a# &a' 1%*1a e+ +e!a#+"#! 1a&a 0"#!-' 1%*1a '#'. B'a-a#3a &"a 0"#!-' &'a#!!a1
,. A+':a-' 1e$a#!!aa#. De#!a# )aa #%88$e a' -ebe$"* *"$"+ h'-a1 1e$a#!!aa# &'a+'0a#. B'a-a#3a #%88$e a' e&"a ha&' bah9a e+ $e1a-1a-' &' be$aa#! *"$"+ h'-a1 -eh'#!!a *a-'h +e-e&%+ %$eh *"$"+ h'-a1. /. a*1"a# *e*be#+". La" a$'a# &a' 1%*1a e+ ha"- beh"b"#!a# &e#!a# %#-e#+a-' a+a6a+a 3a#! &a1a+ +e-e&%+. D' -'#' "!a bah9a %#&'-' be'"+ ha"- &'1e#"h'
,,:&*QQ# 6 D'&a$a*
Q $a" a$'a# e+ *2 ( - Q* $a" a$'a# 1a-' *2 ( - VD %#-e#+a-' +a#-1%+a-' 6 # 1e-e#+a-e 1%' 6
L%%'#! a+ +he ab%:e *e#+'%#e& b%"#&a3 )%#&'+'%#- => +he C%9 a+e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 #ee&- +% be @.4 +% @.5 +'*e- +he C%9 a+e %0 +he -a#& 1"*1. W'+h a &e)ea-e '# +he )%#)e#+a+'%#; $'e 9he# +he -")+'%# *%"+h ea)he-+he e#& %0 ea)he-+he ba!e; ea)he-+he C%9 a+e %0 ea)he-+he e+ 1"*1 9'$$ ha:e +% '#)ea-e +% *a'#+a'# +he &e-'e& :e$%)'+3 '# +he 1e--"e 1'1'#!. I0 +h'- '- #%+ 1%--'b$e +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e 9'$$ &%1. I0 +hee '- h%9e:e e#%"!h 9a+e '# +he ba!e +% *a'#+a'# +he :e$%)'+3 +hee '- #% 1%b$e*. I0 +h'- '- #%+ +he )a-e 9a+e ha:e be -"11$'e& '# a#%+he 9a3 +% *a'#+a'# +he :e$%)'+3 '# +he &'-)ha!e $'#e. F.'. a# a&&'+'%#a$ 9a+e '#$e+ )%##e)+e& +% +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he &'-)ha!e 1"*1
Me$'ha+ %#&'-' ba+a- 3a#! &'-eb"+a# &' a+a- => $a" a$'a# 1%*1a e+ 1e$" @;46@;5 a$' $a" a$'a# 1%*1a 1a-'. De#!a# 1e#""#a# %#-e#+a-';
-e1e+' e+'a *"$"+ h'-a1 *e#)a1a' ah' +%#!a#!; $a" a$'a# 1%*1a e+ ha"- *e#'#!a+a# "#+" *e#a!a e)e1a+a# 3a#! &''#!'#a# &a$a*
1'1a +ea#a#. J'a ha$ '#' +'&a *"#!'# +'#!a+ a' &' +%#!a#! aa# +""#. J'a a&a )""1 a' #a*"# &a$a* +%#!a#! "#+" *e*1e+aha#a#
e)e1a+a# +'&a a&a *a-a$ah. J'a ha$ '#' +'&a a' a-"- +e$ah &'be'a# &a$a* )aa $a'# "#+" *e*1e+aha#a# e)e1a+a# &' !a'- &eb'+. F.'. '#$e+ a' +a*baha# +eh"b"#! e -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a &eb'+
Th'- '- 1%--'b$e b3 '#-+a$$'#! a 1'1e 0%* +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he 1"*1 +% +he b%++%* %0 +he 1%#+%%# % +he -")+'%# -+a'#e % 9ee& b%? =>. I# -")h a &e-'!# e#%"!h 9a+e )a# be -")e& "1 a+ a$$ +'*e- +% *a'#+a'# +he &e&!e 1"*1 1%)e-- ; a$-% 9he# +he "#$%a&'#! %0 +he ba!e '- -+%11e&
)%*1$e+e$3
Ha$ '#' &'*"#!'#a# &e#!a# *e*a-a#! 1'1a &a' -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a e ba!'a# ba9ah 1%#+%# a+a" -a'#!a# h'-a1 a+a" %+a !"$*a =>. Da$a* &e-a'# -e1e+' a' 3a#! )""1 &a1a+ &'-e&%+ -e+'a1 -aa+ "#+" *e#a!a 1%-e- 1%*1a *e#!e"; "!a -aa+ b%#!a *"a+ +%#!a#! &'he#+'a# -e1e#"h#3a.
5.1.1.4 The jet pump drive
The &':e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 *a3 be e$e)+')a$ % &'e-e$ &':e#. The &e&!e *a-+e )%#+%$- +he 1%)e-- :'-"a$$3 b3 ee1 +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e a+ a )%#-+a#+ he'!h+. I#)ea-'#! % &e)ea-'#! %0 +he 9a+e $e:e$
&e+e*'#e- +ha+ +hee '- #% e<"'$'b'"* be+9ee# +he :%$"*e- 9a+e 1"*1 '#+% +he ba!e a#& +he *'?+"e 1"*1 %"+ %0 +he ba!e. Thee0%e -1ee& )%#+%$ '- #e)e--a3 +% )%#+%$ +he "#$%a&'#! 1%)e-- 9e$$.
5.,.,.4 P%*1a e+ *e#&%%#! D':e 1%*1a e+ *"#!'# $'-+' a+a" &'e-e$ &'&%%#!. Ma-+e *e#!e" *e#!%#+%$ 1%-e- :'-"a$ &e#!a# *e#a!a +'#!a+ a' &' +%#!a#! 1a&a e+'#!!'a# %#-+a#. Me#'#!a+a# a+a" *e#""#a# +'#!a+ a' *e#e#+"a# bah9a +'&a a&a e-e'*ba#!a# a#+aa :%$"*e 1%*1a a' e +%#!a#! &a# 1%*1a )a*1"a# &a' +%#!a#!. O$eh ae#a '+" %#+%$ e)e1a+a# 1e$" "#+" *e#!%#+%$ 1%-e- b%#!a ba'.
5.1.1.5 The sand pump.
The &e&!e 1"*1 -h%"$& be )h%-e# %# ba-'- %0 &'-)ha!e 1%1e+'e- a#& $e-- %# -")+'%# 1%1e+'e-; be)a"-e +he $a-+ 1%1e+'e- ae *a'#$3 &e+e*'#e& b3 +he h'!he-+ 1%'#+ %0 -")+'%# 1'1e$'#e.
The e<"'e& *a#%*e+') 1e--"e %0 +he 1"*1 '- &e+e*'#e& b3 +he +a#-1%+ &'-+a#)e. Whe# $a!e 1"*1'#! &'-+a#)e '- $a!e; *%e +ha# %#e &e&!e 1"*1 *a3 be #e)e--a3.
The "-e %0 -"b*e!e& 1"*1- )$%-e +% +he -")+'%# *%"+h +% '#)ea-e +% &e-'!# &e#-'+3 %0 +he *'?+"e '- a$-% 1%--'b$e b"+ e?1e#-':e. F% D"+)h
&e&!'#! e#:'%#*e#+ '+ -ee*- #%+ "-e0"$ &"e +% +he -ha$$%9 a#&
e$a+':e$3 -*a$$ . H%9e:e '# Ja1a# 9hee $a!e -ea6!%'#! ba!e-ae 0e<"e#+$3 "-e; +hee '- a #ee& 0% a -"b*e!e& 1"*1 a- -h%9# '#. 5.,.,.5 P%*1a 1a-'. Me#!e" 1%*1a ha"- &'1'$'h a+a- &a-a -'0a+ &eb'+ &a# "a#! 1a&a -'0a+ h'-a1; ae#a -'0a+ +eah' +e"+a*a &'+e#+"a# %$eh +'+' +e+'#!!' &a' 1'1a h'-a1. Tea#a# *a#%*e+') 3a#! &'b"+"ha# 1%*1a &'+e#+"a# %$eh aa +a#-1%+a-'.Ke+'a aa *e*%*1a be-a be-a; $eb'h &a' -a+" 1%*1a *e#!e" *"#!'# &'1e$"a#.Pe#!!"#aa# 1%*1a +ee#&a* &ea+ &e#!a# *"$"+ h'-a1 "#+" *e#'#!a+a#
e1a&a+a# &e-a'# )a*1"a# "!a *"#!'# +a1' *aha$.U#+" $'#!"#!a# 1e#!e"a# Be$a#&a +a*1a#3a +'&a be!"#a ae#a +%#!a#! &a#!a$ &a# e$a+'0 e)'$. Na*"# &' Je1a#! &' *a#a +%#!a#! $a"+ aa# be-a
-e'#! &'!"#aa#; a&a eb"+"ha# "#+" 1%*1a +ee#&a* -e1e+' 3a#! &'+"#"a# 1a&a.
5.1.1.6 The sand pump drive
I# +he 1%)e-- %0 ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!'#! +he )%#+%$ %0 +he -a#& 1"*1=-> 1$a3- a# '*1%+a#+ 1a+. A0+e a$$; 9he# +he -a#& 1"*1 '- #%+
)%##e)+e& +% a -")+'%# -+a'#e; +he C%9 a+e *"-+ &%1 +% +he :a$"e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 9he# e?)ha#!'#! +he ba!e-. Th'- '- &%#e b3 &e)ea-'#! +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he &e&!e 1"*1 &':e. B3 +he &e)ea-e '# C%9 a+e +h'- 9'$$ "-"a$$3 #%+ )a"-e a#3 +%"b$e 0% +he a$$%9ab$e )%"1$e %0 +he &':e.
5.,.,. Pa-' 1e#!!ea 1%*1a
Da$a* 1%-e- +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 1e#!e"a# %#+%$ 1%*1a 1a-' *e*a'#a# 1ea#a# 1e#+'#!. Se+e$ah -e*"a; e+'a 1%*1a 1a-' +'&a +eh"b"#! e -a'#!a# h'-a1; $a" a$'a# ha"- +""# e $"ba#! 1%*1a e+ e+'a be+"a +%#!a#!. Ha$ '#' &'$a"a# &e#!a# *e#!"a#!' "*$ah 1"+aa# &':e 1%*1a *e#!e". Kae#a 1e#""#a# $a" a$'a# '#' b'a-a#3a +'&a aa# *e#'*b"$a# *a-a$ah ba!' 1a-a#!a# 3a#! &'''#a# &':e.
5.1.1.7 The barge hauling installation M%&e# BUDS ha:e a# '#-+a$$a+'%# +% *%:e he ba!e a$%#! +he &e&!e b3 *ea#- %0 a -%6)a$$e& ba!e ha"$'#! '#-+a$$a+'%#. The '#-+a$$a+'%# )%#-'-+ %0 a -+ee$ 9'e % a'$ a$%#! +he 0"$$ $e#!+h %0 +he *%%'#! -'&e %0 +he BUD. =>
O# a 1"$$e3 % a *%:ab$e 1a+ %# +he a'$ +9% -$'#!- ae )%##e)+e&. The-e -$'#! ae %# +he -'&e )%##e)+e& +% +he b%$$a&- %# +he
ba!e. =>
Th'- )%#-+")+'%# ha- +he a&:a#+a!e +ha+ +he ba!e '- e1+ a$%#! -'&e %0 +he BUD; The 1"$$e3 % -$'&e '- )%##e)+e& :'a a 9'e +% a 9'#)h; 9h')h *ae- '+ 1%--'b$e 0% +he &e&!e *a-+e +% )%#+%$ +he ha"$ -1ee& b3 h'*-e$0.
5.,.,. I#-+a$a-' +%#!a#! 1e#!a#!"+a#
M%&e# BUD 7S *e*'$'' '#-+a$a-' "#+" *e*'#&aha# +%#!a#! -e1a#a#! e" &e#!a# )aa 3a#! &'-eb"+ +%#!a#! *e#!a#!"+ '#-+a$a-'.
I#-+a$a-' +e&'' &a' a9a+ baa a+a" e$ -e1a#a#! 1e#"h -'-' *%%'#! &a' BUD.
Pa&a a+%$ a+a" ba!'a# be!ea 1a&a e$ &"a -$'#! +eh"b"#!. S$'#! '#' bea&a &' -'-' +eh"b"#! e +%+%a &' +%#!a#!.
K%#-+"-' '#' *e*'$'' e"#+"#!a# bah9a +%#!a#! &'-'*1a# &'
-e1a#a#! -'-' BUD; The a+%$ a+a" -$'&e +eh"b"#! *e$a$"' abe$ e 9'#)h; 3a#! *e*"#!'#a# "#+" *a-+e *e#!e" "#+" *e#!%#+%$ e)e1a+a# ha"$ -e#&''.
5.2. Ma'# $a3%"+
The $a3%"+ %0 +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e- '- <"'+e -'*1$e. The h"$$ )%#-'-+- %0 a -'*1$e e)+a#!"$a 1%#+%%#; "-"a$$3 a#)h%e& b3 -1"&-a+ +he e#&- =Figure 5-16>. e#+a$$3 '# +he 1%#+%%# +he 1"*1- =&e&!e a#& e+ 1"*1> a#& e#!'#e %%* ae $%)a+e&. F"+he*%e 0"e$ a#& 9a+e +a#- a#& -+%a!e %%*- ae -'+"a+e& '# +he 1%#+%%#. The )%#+%$ %0 +he &e&!e '- &%#e 0%* a )ab'# a+ +he -'&e %0 +he &e) 0%* 9h')h +he
-")+'%# %1ea+% ha- a !%%& :'e9 %# +he a$%#!-'&e *%%e& ba!e. Pe-e#+ a))%**%&a+'%#- ae a$-% -'+"a+e& ab%:e &e)- = a#& F'!"e 56,>. I#-+ea& %0 -1"&- +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! &e&!e *'!h+ be *%%e& %# 9'e-. S")+'%# 1'1e; &'-)ha!e 1'1e ae -"11%+e& b3 b%%*- % A60a*e-. The e+ 1'1e % #%88$e b3 h3&a"$') )3$'#&e- +% )%#+%$ +he &'e)+'%# %0 +he e+ 9a+e.
5.2. $a3%"+ "+a*a
Ta+a $e+a +%#!a#! b%#!a a1a$ e" h'-a1 )""1 -e&eha#a.La*b"#! +e&'' &a' 1%#+%# 1e-e!' 1a#a#! -e&eha#a; b'a-a#3a be$ab"h %$eh e#+a#! &' ""#! =Ga*ba 56,>.Te1"-a+ &' 1%#+%# 1%*1a =*e#!e" &a# e+ 1"*1> &a# "a#! *e-'# bea&a.Se$a#"+#3a +a#!' baha# baa &a# a' &a# "a#! 1e#3'*1a#a# 3a#! +e$e+a &' 1%#+%#.K%#+%$ a1a$ e" 3a#! &'$a"a# &a' ab'# &' -'-' &e &a' *a#a %1ea+% h'-a1 *e*'$''
a%*%&a-' "!a +e$e+a &' a+a- &e) =&a# Ga*ba 56,>. A$'h6a$'h e#+a#! +%#!a#! b%#!a a1a$ e" *"#!'# &'+a*ba+a# 1a&a abe$.H'-a1 1'1a; 1'1a 1e*b"a#!a# 3a#! &'&""#! %$eh b%%*'#! a+a" A60a*e. P'1a e+ a+a" #%-e$ %$eh -'$'#&e h'&%$' "#+" *e#!%#+%$ aah a' e+.
Ga*ba *e#"#"a# +a*1'$a# a+a- BUD S$'e&e)h+ ,4 &a# Ga*ba 56, 1a#&a#!a# -'-' a1a$ e" 3a#! -a*a
Ga*ba 56, *e#"#"a# +%#!a#! b%#!a a1a$ e" 3a#! &a1a+ &'!"#aa# -eba!a' h'-a1 a1a$ e" 1%$%- "!a.
5.4. %#-+"-'
+e#'-5.4.,. The h"$$
The *a'# &'*e#-'%#- $e#!+h; 9'&+h a#& &e1+h %0 +he 1%#+%%# &e1e#& +%+a$$3 %# +he e<"'e*e#+- 0% +he ab%:e *e#+'%#e& &e-'!# 1aa*e+e- a#& +he 0%* +he-e 0%$$%9'#! &e*a#&- 0% -+ab'$'+3 a#& -+e#!+h.
The $'!h+ 9e'!h+ %0 +he 1%#+%%# '# +%#- '- %"!h$3 /5 %0 +he +%+a$ 1%9e '#-+a$$e& =F'!"e 5.,/>
5.4.,. $a*b"#!
D'*e#-' "+a*a 1a#a#!; $eba &a# e&a$a*a# 1%#+%# +e!a#+"#!
-e1e#"h#3a 1a&a 1e-3aa+a# "#+" 1aa*e+e &e-a'# 3a#! &'-eb"+a# &' a+a- &a# &a' +"#+"+a# be'"+ "#+" -+ab'$'+a- &a# e"a+a#. B%b%+ 3a#! '#!a# &a' 1%#+%# &' +%# 'a6'a /5 &a' +%+a$ &a3a +e1a-a#! =Ga*ba 5.,/>
The 1%#+%%# :%$"*e '# )"b') *e+e- '- a$*%-+ /.5 +'*e- +he $'!h+ 9e'!h+ '# +%#- =F'!"e 5.,2>.
Le#!+h %0 9'&+h ha:e :a$"e- be+9ee# 4 a#& 4.5 9h'$e 9'&+h %:e &a"!h+ ha:e :a$"e- be+9ee# 2 a#& .
V%$"*e 1%#+%# &' *e+e "b' ha*1' /;5 a$' bea+ '#!a# &' +%# =Ga*ba 5.,2>.
Pa#a#! $eba *e*'$'' #'$a' a#+aa 4 &a# 4;5 -e*e#+aa $eba $eb'h &a0 *e*'$'' #'$a' a#+aa 2 &a# .
The 0"e$ a#& 9a+e +a#- ae &'-+'b"+e& -")h %:e +he 1%#+%%# +ha+ a !%%& +'* %0 +he -h'1 '- %b+a'#e&. The 9'#)he- 0% ha"$'#! +he ba!e-&"'#! +he -")+'%# 1%)e-- ae $%)a+e& %# +he &e). The ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e '- '# !e#ea$ e<"'11e& 9'+h -1"&- 0% a#)h%a!e.
Ta#!' be#-'# &a# a' &'&'-+'b"-'a# e 1%#+%# 1a&a +'*3a#! ba' &a' a1a$. Ka1a$ &ee "#+" *e#!a#!"+ +%#!a#! -e$a*a 1%-e- h'-a1
3a#! +e$e+a &' &e. a1a$ e" T%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 1a&a "*"*#3a &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# e#+a#! "#+" 1e$ab"ha#.
Be-'&e- 1$a'# -")+'%# &e&!e- F'!"e 56, a#& F'!"e 56/2 a$-% )"++e -")+'%# &e&!e- )a# be )%#:e+e& '#+% a ba!e "#$%a&'#! &e&!e. = F'!"e 56/4>; a$+h%"!h +he $a-+ )%#:e-'%# 9'$$ be *%e e?1e#-':e.
Se$a'# a1a$ e" h'-a1 1%$%- Ga*ba 56, &a# Ga*ba 56/2 a1a$ e" h'-a1 "!a )"++e &a1a+ &'%#:e-' *e#a&' +%#!a#! b%#!a a1a$ e". =Ga*ba 56/4>; *e-'1"# %#:e-' +eah' aa# $eb'h *aha$.
5.4./. The
1'1e$'#e- The -")+'%# 1'1e +ha+ -+')- %"+ %0 +he )%#-+")+'%# %# +he -'&e 9hee +he ba!e- ae *%%e&; *"-+ %# +he %#e ha#& be $%)a+e& $%9 a-1%--'b$e 0% +he 1"*1 1%)e-- a#& %# +he %+he ha#& be h'!h e#%"!h +% $e+ +he e*1+3 ba!e- +h%"!h "#&e#ea+h. The $%9e 1a+ %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e; +he ha"$ 1'1e; "#- 1aa$$e$ a#& a11%?'*a+e$3 '# +he )e#+e$'#e %0 +he ba!e. Th'- 1a+ )a# %+a+e a%"#& a h%'8%#+a$ a?'-b3 9a3 %0 a %+a+'%# !$a#& *%"#+e& '# +he h%'8%#+a$ 1a+ %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e. S'#)e +h'- )%#-+")+'%# )a"-e- a "#&e 1e--"e '# +he -")+'%# 1'1e &"'#! &e&!'#!; a $%+ %0 a++e#+'%# *"-+ be !':e# +% +he a' +'!h+#e-- %0 +he 1'1'#!. The #e)e--a3 *%:ab'$'+3 %0 +he -")+'%# 1'1e '- %b+a'#e& b3 ha#!'#! +h'- 1'1e '# a b%%* 9'+h a h%'-+ )ab$e. F% !%%& *%:ab'$'+3 +he -")+'%# 1'1e )a# -9'#! '# a h%'8%#+a$ 1$a#e b3 a h'#!e *%"#+e& '# +he -")+'%# +"be. =F'!"e 56/5>
The -")+'%# *%"+h '- '# !e#ea$ 9'&e#e& +% %b+a'# a $%9e he'!h+ %0 +he -")+'%# *%"+h 9'+h a -'*'$a %1e#'#! -"0a)e. Th'- e&")e- +he )ha#)e %0 -")'#! '# a'. =F'!"e 56>
5.4./. P'1a
P'1a h'-a1 3a#! *e#e*1e$ &a' 1e*ba#!"#a# &' -'-' *a#a +%#!a#! +e+a*ba+; ha"- &' -a+" -'-' bea&a -ee#&ah *"#!'# "#+" 1%-e-1%*1a &a# &' -'-' $a'# )""1 +'#!!' "#+" *e*b'aa# +%#!a#! %-%#! *e$a$"' ba9ah#3a. Ba!'a# ba9ah 1'1a h'-a1; 1'1a ha"$;
bea$a# 1aa$e$ &a# -e'+a &' +e#!ah &a' +%#!a#!. Ba!'a# '#' &a1a+ be1"+a &' -e'+a -"*b" h%'-%#+a$ &e#!a# )aa e$e#a %+a-'
&'1a-a#! &' ba!'a# h%'8%#+a$ 1'1a h'-a1. Sea %#-+"-' '#' *e#3ebaba# +ea#a# &' ba9ah &a$a* 1'1a h'-a1 -e$a*a
1e#!e"a#; ba#3a 1eha+'a# ha"- &'be'a# e1a&a -e-a "&aa &a' 1'1a.The *%:ab'$'+3 &'1e$"a# 1'1a h'-a1 &'1e%$eh &e#!a# *e#!!a#+"#! 1'1a '#' &a$a* b%%*'#! &e#!a# abe$ h%'-+.U#+" *%:ab'$'+3 ba' 1'1a h'-a1 &a1a+ bea3"# 1a&a b'&a#! h%'8%#+a$ &e#!a# e#!-e$ 3a#! &'1a-a#! &' +ab"#! h'-a1. =Ga*ba 56/5>
H'-a1 *"$"+ -e)aa "*"* *e$eba "#+" *e#&a1a+a# e+'#!!'a# $eb'h e#&ah &a' *"$"+ h'-a1 &e#!a# 1e*"aa# 1e*b"aa#
56>
The -"11$3 %0 +he #e)e--a3 &'$"+'%# 9a+e +% +he ba!e '- &%#e 9'+h %#e % +9% 9a+e #%88$e-. I# )a-e %0 %#e #%88$e +he -")+'%# *%"+h "-"a$$3 e<"'11e& 9'+h e+-; 9h'$e +he *%:ab'$'+3 %0 +he *a'# #%88$e '-+ha# -% $a!e +ha+ '+ )a# a$-% -1a3 beh'#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h. T% 1e-e#+ -a#& 9e$$ +% +he -")+'%# *%"+h '+ '- #e)e--a3 +% ha:e *%:eab$e 9a+e #%88$e-. Th'- '- &%#e "-'#! h3&a"$') )3$'#&e-.
F% +he &e&!'#! 1%)e-- +he 1e--"e -'&e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 '-; e?)e1+ 0% +he 9a+e #%88$e-; a$-% )%##e)+e& 9'+h -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he &e&!e 1"*1.
Pa-%a# a' 1e#!e#)ea# 3a#! &'1e$"a# "#+" +%#!a#! &'$a"a# &e#!a# #%8e$ -a+" a+a" &"a a'.Da$a* a-"- -a+" #%88$e *"$"+ h'-a1 b'a-a#3a &'$e#!a1' &e#!a# e+; -e*e#+aa *%:ab'$'+3 &a' #%-e$ "+a*a &a' be!'+" be-a -eh'#!!a "!a b'-a -e*1%+a# be$aa#! *"$"+ h'-a1.U#+" *e#3a'a# ba' 1a-' e *"$"+ h'-a1 1e$" "#+" *e*'$'' #%8e$ a' be!ea.Ha$ '#' &'$a"a# &e#!a# *e#!!"#aa# -'$'#&e h'&%$'.
U#+" 1%-e- 1e#!e"a# -'-' +ea#a# &a' 1%*1a e+; e)"a$' #%8e$ a'; "!a +eh"b"#! &e#!a# -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a *e#!e".
5.4.2. The -h%e )%##e)+'%#
The )%##e)+'%# %0 +he &e&!e +% +he -h%e #ee&- +% be Ce?'b$e a+ a$$ +'*e-; &"e +% +he *%:e*e#+- %0 +he ba!e "#$%a&'#! -")+'%# &e&!e b3
+'* &"'#! &e&!'#!
&'ee#)e '# &a"!h+ b3 -"11$'e- +'&e- % 9a+e
$e:e$- h'+- %0 +he ba!e- a!a'#-+ +he &e&!e 5.4.2. K%#e-' -h%e
Sa*b"#!a# &a' a1a$ e" "#+" 1a#+a' ha"- Ce-'be$ -e+'a1 -aa+; ae#a !eaa# +%#!a#! b%#!a h'-a1 a1a$ e" %$eh
*e*a#!a- -e$a*a 1e#!e"a# Pebe&aa# &a$a* &a0+ %$eh 1a-%a# 1a-a#! a+a" +'#!a+ a'
h'+- +%#!a#! +eha&a1 a1a$ e"
The -h%e )%##e)+'%# *"-+ +hee0%e )%#-'-+ %0 e#%"!h h'#!e-. A Ce?'b$e h%-e )a# a$-% 1%--'b$3 !':e e#%"!h Ce?'b'$'+3; '0 +h'- &%e-#+ !e+ -+") %# +he -$%1e %0 +he e*ba#*e#+. F% $a!e &'ee#)e- e?+a
a++e#+'%# *"-+ be 1a'& +% +h'- *%:e*e#+ =F'!"e 56/>.
O$eh ae#a %#e-' 1a#+a' ha"- +e&'' &a' )""1 e#!-e$.Seb"ah -e$a#! Ce-'be$ "!a *"#!'# *e*be'a# Ce-'b'$'+a- 3a#! )""1; 'a '#' +'&a +eeba &' $ee#! +a#!!"$.U#+" 1ebe&aa# be-a
1eha+'a# e-+a ha"- &'ba3a "#+" !eaa# '#' =Ga*ba 56/>.
5.5. The &e&!'#!
1%)e-- The &e&!e 1%)e-- '- a h3&a"$') +a#-1%+ 1%)e-- 9'+h a )$ea #%#6 -+a+'%#a3 )haa)+e a- a e-"$+ %0 +he e?)ha#!e %0 +he ba!e-. A0+e a$$ +h'- e-"$+- +ha+ %# e!"$a '#+e:a$- +he 1%&")+'%# e&")e- +% #'$. I# F'!"e 56/ +he )%#)e#+a+'%# a#& +he -a#& 1"*1 -1ee& a#& e+ 1"*1 C%9 a+e ae -h%9# a- 0"#)+'%# %0 +'*e.
The -+ 1ha-e '- )haa)+e'8e& b3 a# '#)ea-'#! )%#)e#+a+'%# &"'#! +he 1%)e-- +% b'#! +he -")+'%# *%"+h +% +he b%++%* %0 +he ba!e. D"'#! +he -e)%#& 1ha-e +he )%#)e#+a+'%# '- a11%?'*a+e$3
)%#-+a#+. The ba!e '- ha"$e& "#&e +he -")+'%# 1'1e 9'+h )%#-+a#+ :e$%)'+3. The $a-+ 1ha-e )%#-'-+- %0 a &e)ea-'#! )%#)e#+a+'%#
be)a"-e +he -")+'%# *%"+h ea)he- +he e#& %0 +he ba!e; e-"$+'#! '# a &e)ea-'#! 0a)e he'!h+
5.5. P%-e- 1e#!e"a#
P%-e- *e#!e" a&a$ah 1%-e- +a#-1%+a-' h'&%$' &e#!a# aa+e #%#6-+a-'%#e 3a#! e$a- -eba!a' a'ba+ &a' 1e+"aa# +%#!a#!. Se+e$ah -e*"a '#' ha-'$ 3a#! &' 1%&"-' -e)aa bea$a *e#!"a#!' #'h'$.
Pa&a Ga*ba 56/ %#-e#+a-' &a# $a" a$'a# e)e1a+a# 1%*1a 1a-' &a# 1%*1a e+ &'+"#"a# -eba!a' 0"#!-' 9a+".
Taha1 1e+a*a &'+a#&a' %$eh *e#'#!a+#3a %#-e#+a-' -e$a*a 1%-e- "#+" *e*ba9a *"$"+ h'-a1 e ba9ah +%#!a#!. Se$a*a +aha1 e&"a %#-e#+a-' a&a$ah -e'+a %#-+a#.T%#!a#! 3a#! *e#!a#!"+ ba9ah 1'1a h'-a1 &e#!a# e)e1a+a# %#-+a#. Taha1 +eah' +e&'' &a' %#-e#+a-' *e#""# ae#a *"$"+ h'-a1
*e#)a1a' ah' +%#!a#!; -eh'#!!a e+'#!!'a# 9aah *e#""#
Th'- 1ha-e '- $e#!+he#e& '0 +he ba!e ha:e +% be )$ea#e&. =The ba!e '- 1"$$e& ba) a#& +he e*a'#'#! -a#& '- &e&!e&.> S")h a 1%)e--*'!h+ be #e)e--a3 9he# +he ba!e '- e$a+':e 9'&e )%*1ae +% +he -")+'%# *%"+h a#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h )a#+ -9'#! '# +he h%'8%#+a$ 1$a#e.
Th'- 1ha-e '- $e#!+he#e& '0 +he ba!e ha:e +% be )$ea#e&. =The ba!e '- 1"$$e& ba) a#& +he e*a'#'#! -a#& '- &e&!e&.> S")h a
1%)e--*'!h+ be #e)e--a3 9he# +he ba!e '- e$a+':e 9'&e )%*1ae +% +he -")+'%# *%"+h a#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h )a#+ -9'#! '# +he h%'8%#+a$ 1$a#e.
P%&"-' &'+e#+"a# %$eh bea)heb'$'+3 1a-' &' +%#!a#! &a# e%-' %$eh a' e+. P%-e- 1e#!e"a# '#' +e"+a*a &'+e#+"a# %$eh #'$a' NPSH *'#'*"* &' a+a- 1'1a h'-a1 &a# 9a+" 3a#! &'1e$"a# "#+" *e#!"bah +%#!a#! &a# "#+" *e*"$a' 1%-e- 1e#!e"a# $a!'; -e1e+' 3a#! &'-eb"+a# &' a+a-.
A )%*1$')a+'%# h%9e:e '- +ha+ &"'#! +he e*1+3'#! %0 +he ba!e +he -a#& 1"*1 C%9 a+e )%e-1%#&- +% +he e+ 1"*1 C%9 a+e a#& +he a*%"#+ %0 -")e& "1 -a#&. I0 +h'- '- #%+ +he )a-e +ha# +he C%9 a+e '# +he ba!e 9'$$ a'-e % &%1. I# a !%%& +"#e& "1 1%)e-- +he -")+'%# %1ea+% *a'#+a'#- +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e b3 ha"$'#! +he ba!e -$%9e % 0a-+e "#&e#ea+h +he -")+'%# *%"+h. I0 +hee '- a
)%#+'#"%"- '#)ea-e % &e)ea-e %0 +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e +ha# +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 *"-+ be a&"-+e&. T%
%b+a'# +he h'!he-+ 1%--'b$e )%#)e#+a+'%# +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e *"-+ be a- h'!h a- 1%--'b$e. U#0%+"#a+e$3 +he bea)h'#! %0 +he -a#& beha:e- &'ee#+ "#&e 9a+e +ha# ab%:e 9a+e. I0 +he 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e '- h'!h +he &e&!e *a-+e )a#+ -ee '0 -a#& C%9- beh'#& +he -")+'%# *%"+h a#& 1e0e- a $%9 9a+e $e:e$ '# +he ba!e.
K%*1$'a-' Seb"ah #a*"# a&a$ah bah9a -e$a*a 1e#!%-%#!a# +%#!a#! $a" a$'a# 1%*1a 1a-' -e-"a' &e#!a# $a" a$' 1%*1a e+ &a# "*$ah +e-e&%+ 1a-'. J'a ha$ '#' +'&a +ea&' &a'1a&a $a" a$'a# &a$a* +%#!a#! aa# *e#a'a# a+a" *e#a+"ha#. Da$a* +"#e& "1 1%-e- 3a#! ba' %1ea+% h'-a1 *e*1e+aha#a# +'#!a+ a' &'
+%#!a#! %$eh *e#!a#!"+ +%#!a#! $a*ba+ a+a" $eb'h )e1a+ &' ba9ah *"$"+ h'-a1. J'a a&a e#a'a# a+a" 1e#""#a# +'#!a+ a' &' +%#!a#! &a' "*$ah 1"+aa# 1%*1a 1a-' +e"- *e#e"- ha"-&'-e-"a'a#.U#+" *e#&a1a+a# %#-e#+a-' +e+'#!!' +'#!a+ a' &' +%#!a#! ha"- -e+'#!!' *"#!'#.Sa3a#!#3a *e$a#!!a &a' 1a-' be1e'$a" bebe&a &' ba9ah a' &a' a+a- a'. J'a +'#!a+ a' &' +%#!a#! +'#!!' *a-+e *e#!e" +'&a b'-a *e$'ha+ a1aah 1a-' *e#!a$' &' be$aa#! *"$"+ h'-a1 &a# $eb'h -"a +'#!a+ a' e#&ah &' +%#!a#!.
D"'#! +he e?)ha#!e %0 +he ba!e- +he :e$%)'+3 '# +he 1e--"e 1'1'#! #ee&- +% be *a'#+a'#e& +% a:%'& -a#&'#! "1. F% +h'- +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 )a# be )%##e)+e& +% +he 9ee& b%? =!"e 5.>. Th'-'- #%+ &'e)+$3 #e)e--a3. S'#)e +he 1e--"e -'&e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 Th'-'- '# )%##e)+'%# 9'+h +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he &e&!e 1"*1 a -'+"a+'%# 9'+h +9% 1"*1- '# -e'e- '- %b+a'#e&. The e<"'e& -a#& 1"*1 C%9 a+e )a# #%9 be ea)he& b3 +he )%#+%$ %0 +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 e#!'#e.
Se$a*a 1e+"aa# +%#!a#! e)e1a+a# &a$a* eb"+"ha# +ea#a# 1'1a &'1e+aha#a# "#+" *e#!h'#&a' 1e#!a*1$a-a# "1.U#+" '#' -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a 1a-' &a1a+ &'h"b"#!a# e %+a !"$*a =!a*ba
5.>.Ha$ '#' +'&a -e)aa $a#!-"#! &'1e$"a#. Kae#a -'-' +ea#a# &a' 1%*1a e+ a&a$ah -eh"b"#!a# &e#!a# -'-' '-a1 *e#!e" *e*%*1a -'+"a-' &e#!a# &"a 1%*1a &' -e' &'1e%$eh. La" a$' 1%*1a 1a-' &'1e$"a# -eaa#! &a1a+ &')a1a' &e#!a# %#+%$ &a' "*$ah 1"+aa# *e-'# 1%*1a 1a-'.
I# F'!"e 56/ +he 1'1e a#& 1"*1 )haa)+e'-+')- ae &a9# 0% +he 1"*1'#! %0 9a+e a#& *'?+"e. I0 '+ '- &e-'e& +% *a'#+a'# +he *'#'*a$ C%9 a+e QA &"'#! +he e?)ha#!e %0 +he ba!e-; +ha# +h'- '- 1%--'b$e; 9he# +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 '- )%##e)+e& 9'+h +he 9ee& b%?; b3 e&")'#! +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- e!"$a$3. Th'- *ae- +he %1ea+'#! 1%'#+ W -h'0+ +% A. W'+h%"+ a e&")+'%# %0 +he #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -a#& 1"*1; '# +he $a-+ 1ha-e %0 +he e*1+3'#! 1%)e--; +he %1ea+'#! 1%'#+ W 9'$$ -h'0+ %:e +he &%++e& $'#e +% 1%'#+ E; -% +% a ea-%#ab$e h'!he C%9 a+e. I0 +he -")+'%# -'&e %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 '- )%##e)+e& +% +he 1e--"e -'&e %0 +he e+ 1"*1 +ha# +he %1ea+'#! 1%'#+ 9'$$ be '# A % B 0% +he -a*e $%9 #"*be %0 e:%$"+'%#- %0 +he -a#& 1"*1 a#& &e1e#&e#+ %# +he 1"*1 )haa)+e'-+')- %0 +he e+ 1"*1.
Ga*ba 56/ 1'1a &a# 1%*1a aa+e'-+' &'a*b'$ "#+" *e*%*1a a' &a# )a*1"a#.J'a &''#!'#a# "#+" *e*1e+aha#a# *'#'*a$ QA $a" a$'a# -e$a*a 1e+"aa# +%#!a#!; &a'1a&a '#' a&a$ah *"#!'#; e+'a -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a 1a-' +eh"b"#! &e#!a# %+a !"$*a; &e#!a# *e#!"a#!' "*$ah 1"+aa# +ea+". Ha$ '#' *e*b"a+ W 1e!e-ea# +'+' %1ea-' "#+" A. Ta#1a 1e#!"a#!a# "*$ah 1"+aa# &a' 1%*1a 1a-'; &' 0a-e +eah' &a' 1%-e- 1e#!%-%#!a#; +'+' %1ea-' W aa# be!e-e &' a+a- !a'- 1"+"-61"+"- "#+" *e#"#"a# E; -eh'#!!a "#+" *a-" aa$ $a" a$'a# 3a#! $eb'h +'#!!'. J'a -'-' h'-a1 1%*1a 1a-' +eh"b"#! e -'-' +ea#a# &a' 1%*1a e+ &a' +'+' %1ea-' aa# bea&a &' A a+a" B "#+" #%*% e#&ah 3a#! -a*a &a' e:%$"-' &a' 1%*1a 1a-' &a# +e!a#+"#! 1a&a aa+e'-+' 1%*1a 1%*1a e+.
