TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT 1 KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS. Sukiswo

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KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS

Sukiswo

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Pendahuluan

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Tujuan : menjelaskan dasar-dasar

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Outline

 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel

 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Macam2 Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Kontent & Aplikasi

 Spektrum Frekuensi

 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal

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Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan

frekuensi/spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik

 Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan koneksi fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau

fiber optik

 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)

 Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita

frekuensi), karena adanya interferensi (saling mengganggu) jika digunakan bersama

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Komunikasi Nirkabel

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Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang

elektromagnetik

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Gelombang elektromagnetik

• Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)

• Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l) » c = f x l

• Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium meredam lebih besar

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Komunikasi Nirkabel

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Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile)

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Bisa bersifat lebih personal

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Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal:

– Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop)

– Tombol terbatas

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Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel

Wireless Communication Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Non Cellular Cellular Non Cellular Cellular

point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS, Microwave communication contoh : contoh : contoh : contoh :

paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC) , dispatching system, PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) dsb

PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800, DECT

GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS, PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS, C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb

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Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel

 Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):

– Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT) – Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL) – Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah

– WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi – WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi

– Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah – RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil

 Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):

– Limited Mobility (Flexi)

– Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G)

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Macam2 Teknologi Nirkabel

Degree of mobility St anding W alk ing D riv ing 10 Mbps IEEE 802.16a,d 1 100 HSDPA IEEE 802.16e WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) GSM GPRS DECT EDGE FlashOFDM (802.20) Systems beyond 3G >2010 0.1 BlueTooth UMTS CDMA EV-DO EV-DV UMTS

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Standard Nirkabel

IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA WAN MAN LAN PAN ETSI HiperPAN IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2 IEEE 802.16d WiMAX ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.16e 3GPP (GPRS/UMTS) 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000) GSMA, OMA Sensors IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee Alliance) RFID (AutoID Center) IEE E 80 2.21, IEE E 80 2.18 802.1 9 _RAN IEEE 802.22 (BAN)

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M ax im u m t ra n sm is sio n ra te T R m ax （M_b p s ） 1000 100 10 1 0.1 1st _Generation Analog voice 2nd_Generation

Digital voice & Low rate data

3rd_Generation 2G+ PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. 2G 3G W-CDMA, Cdma2000, etc. 3G+ HSDPA, cdma2000(3X), etc. 4G WLAN 802.11a,HiSWANa, HIPERLAN2, etc. Bluetooth, etc. UWB, etc. WLAN+ 802.11n, etc. WLAN++ Generation (Cellular) Mobile Local Nomadic 4th_Generation ALL-IP Broadband Ubiquitous & Seamless Voice & High speed

data Multimedia

WiMAX

System Evolution Scenario

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GSM Evolution

UMTS Up to 2 Mbps or 384 in mobility GSM HSCSD Up to 38,4 kbps GSM CS Up to 9,6 Kbps Up to 115 kbpsGSM GPRS 2G 2.5G 3G

Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to EDGE

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CDMA Standards Evolution

All IP IS-95A CDMA Voice, packet-9.6/14.4 Kbps IS-95B CDMA Voice, packet-64 Kbps IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps

600 Kbps peak _{IS-2000 1XEV-DO}

600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV 2-5 Mbps peak

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IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)

IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread IMT-2000 CDMA Multi Carrier IMT-2000 CDMA TDD IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces WCDMA

(UMTS) CDMA20001X and 3X And TD-SCDMAUTRA TDD UWC-136/EDGE DECT

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Spektrum frekuensi

104 ₁₀2 ₁₀0 ₁₀-2 ₁₀-4 ₁₀-6 ₁₀-8 ₁₀-10 ₁₀-12 ₁₀-14 ₁₀-16 104 ₁₀6 ₁₀8 ₁₀10 ₁₀12 ₁₀14 ₁₀16 ₁₀18 ₁₀20 ₁₀22 ₁₀24 IR UV X-Rays Cosmic Rays Radio Spectrum 1MHz ==100m 100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm < 30 KHz VLF 30-300KHz LF 300KHz – 3MHz MF 3 MHz – 30MHz HF 30MHz – 300MHz VHF 300 MHz – 3GHz UHF Micro wave Visible light

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Contoh : panjang gelombang

 GSM : – Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz – Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm  PCS – Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz – Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm  Bluetooth: – Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz – Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm

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Frequency Carrier/Kanal

– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu.

• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)

– Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate)

– Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi

secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access).

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Example

– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B

– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.

– There are 3 channels

– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)

– For full duplex communication:

» Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)

» Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30) Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

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Simplex Communication

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Normally, on a channel, a station can

transmit only in one way.

• This is called simplex transmision

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To enable two-way communication (called

full-duplex communication)

• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing • We can use Time Division Multiplexing

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Duplex Communication - FDD

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FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Base Station B Mobile Terminal M Forward Channel Reverse Channel

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands

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Duplex Communication - TDD

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TDD: Time Division Duplex

Base Station B

Mobile Terminal

M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.

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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation

in U.S. Cellular Radio Service

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz _{869-894 MHz}

Reverse Channel Forward Channel

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0 0.030N + 870.0 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 (Channels 800-990 are unused)

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What is Mobility

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Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is

designed assuming the user terminals are

static

• No change of location during a call/connection

• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location

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Mobility and portability

– Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline

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Degrees of Mobility

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Walking Users

• Low speed

• Small roaming area

• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

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Vehicles

• High speeds

• Large roaming area

• Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access

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The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking

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Demand for Ubiquitous Computing

– Anywhere, anytime computing and communication

• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email – Pushing the computers more into background

• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer

• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.

– Computers should be location aware