KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS. Herman Tolle PAT S2 SKI TE Universitas Brawijaya

KOMUNIKASI

WIRELESS

Herman Tolle PAT S2 SKI TE Universitas Brawijaya 1

Outline

 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel

 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Tipe Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Kontent & Aplikasi

 Spektrum Frekuensi

 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal

 Mode Komunikasi

 Prinsip kerja GPS

Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang

elektromagnetik, frekuensi/ spektrum radio, yang

memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/

penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar,

video) tanpa koneksi fisik

 Muncul sebagai jawaban atas keterbatasan

jaringan wireline.

 Mobilitas manusia yang tinggi dan informasi yang

selalu dekat menjadi faktor pendorong utama

berkembangnya teknogi ini.

 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)

Wireless technology

 Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of

information between two or more points that are not

physically connected.

 Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television

remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of

kilometers for deep-space radio communications.

 It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable

applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones,

personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.

 Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units,

garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards

and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite

Komunikasi Nirkabel

Komunikasi Nirkabel

 Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang

elektromagnetik

 Gelombang elektromagnetik

• Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x10

8

_m/s)

• Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l)

• c = f x l

• Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium

meredam lebih besar

Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel

Wireless Communication Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Non Cellular Cellular Non Cellular Cellular

point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS, Microwave communication contoh : contoh : contoh : contoh :

paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC) , dispatching system, PAMR (Public

Access Mobile Radio) dsb

PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800, DECT

GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS, PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS, C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb

How is the information transferred?

Wireless operations permits services, such as long range

communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires.

Telecommunications systems:

• radio transmitters and receivers,

• remote controls,

• computer networks,

• network terminals, etc.

They use some form of energy • Radio frequency (RF),

• Infrared light,

• Microwave communication,

• Laser light,

• Visible light,

• Acoustic energy, etc.

to transfer information without the use of wires.

Microwave communication => Infrared communication => Radio Frequency communication =>

Penggunaan Wireless network:

• To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, • To provide a backup communications link in case of normal

network failure,

• To link portable or temporary workstations,

• To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical,

• to remotely connect mobile users or networks.

• to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. • for mobile networks that connect via satellite.

• to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations • Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel

Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):

 Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)

 Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)

 Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah

 WiFi: jarank menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi

 WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi

 Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah

 RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil

Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):

 Limited Mobility (Flexi)

 Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G)

 Satellite (GMPCS)

Types of Wireless Communications:

 point-to-point communication:

from one location to the other

 point-to-multipoint

communication: from a single

location to multiple locations

 Broadcasting: from one location

to all locations simultaneously

 Cellular networks: this networks

allows the user to wander about

any where in the country and

stay connected

MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL

RADIO TRANSMISSION:- easily generated, Omni-directional , travel long distance , easily penetrates buildings.

• PROBLEMS:- frequency dependent , relatively low bandwidth for data communication , tightly licensed by government.

MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION:- widely used for long distance communication , relatively inexpensive.

• PROBLEMS:- don’t pass through buildings , weather and frequency dependent.

MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL

INFRARED AND MILIMETER

WAVES:-Widely used for short range communication , unable to pass through solid objects , used for indoor wireless LANs , not for outdoors.

LIGHT WAVE TRANSMISSION:- unguided optical signal such as laser , unidirectional , easy to install , no license required.

PROBLEMS:- unable to penetrate rain or thick fog , laser beam

Jenis Teknologi Nirkabel

17 Degree of mobility S tand ing W a lki n g D ri vi ng

User data rate

10 Mbps IEEE 802.16a,d 1 100 HSDPA IEEE 802.16e WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) GSM GPRS DECT EDGE FlashOFDM (802.20) Systems beyond 3G >2010 0.1 BlueTooth UMTS CDMA EV-DO EV-DV UMTS

Standard Nirkabel

18 IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN

ETSI HiperPAN IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2 IEEE 802.16d WiMAX ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.16e 3GPP (GPRS/UMTS) 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000) GSMA, OMA Sensors IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee Alliance) RFID (AutoID Center) IE E E 8 0 2 .2 1 , IE E E 8 0 2 .1 8 8 0 2 .1 9

_RAN

IEEE 802.22 (BAN)

19 M ax im u m tr an sm iss io n ra te T R m ax （M bp s ） Year 1000 100 10 1 0.1 1st_Generation Analog voice 2nd_Generation

Digital voice & Low rate data

3rd_Generation 0.01 2000 2005 2010 2015 ～1990 2G+ PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. 2G PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. 3G W-CDMA, Cdma2000, etc. 3G+ HSDPA, cdma2000(3X), etc. 4G 1995 WLAN 802.11a,HiSWANa, HIPERLAN2, etc. Bluetooth, etc. UWB, etc. WLAN+ 802.11n, etc. WLAN++ Generation (Cellular) Mobile Local Nomadic 4th _Generation ALL-IP Broadband Ubiquitous & Seamless Voice & High speed

data Multimedia

WiMAX

GSM Evolution

20 UMTS Up to 2 Mbps or 384 in mobility GSM HSCSD Up to 38,4 kbps GSM CS Up to 9,6 Kbps Up to 115 kbpsGSM GPRS 2G 2.5G 3G

Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to

GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage

CDMA Standards Evolution

21 All IP IS-95A CDMA Voice, packet-9.6/14.4 Kbps IS-95B CDMA Voice, packet-64 Kbps IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps

600 Kbps peak _{IS-2000 1XEV-DO}

600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV 2-5 Mbps peak

IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)

22 IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread IMT-2000 CDMA Multi Carrier IMT-2000 CDMA TDD IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces WCDMA

(UMTS) CDMA20001X and 3X And TD-SCDMAUTRA TDD UWC-136/EDGE DECT

Content & Aplikasi

Spektrum frekuensi

24 104 ₁₀2 ₁₀0 ₁₀-2 ₁₀-4 ₁₀-6 ₁₀-8 ₁₀-10 ₁₀-12 ₁₀-14 ₁₀-16 104 ₁₀6 ₁₀8 ₁₀10 ₁₀12 ₁₀14 ₁₀16 ₁₀18 ₁₀20 ₁₀22 ₁₀24 IR UV X-Rays Cosmic Rays Radio Spectrum 1MHz ==100m 100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm < 30 KHz VLF 30-300KHz LF 300KHz – 3MHz MF 3 MHz – 30MHz HF 30MHz – 300MHz VHF 300 MHz – 3GHz UHF 3-30GHz SHF > 30 GHz EHF Micro wave Visible light

Alokasi Frekeunsi !

Frequency

• FM RADIO

88 MHZ

• TV BROADCAST

200 MHZ

• GSM PHONES

900 MHZ

• GPS

1.2 GHZ

• PCS PHONES

1.8 GHZ

• BLUETOOTH

2.4 GHZ

• Wi-Fi

2.4 GHZ

Contoh: Panjang gelombang

GSM :

 Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz

 Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm

PCS

 Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz

 Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm

Bluetooth:

 Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz

 Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm

26

Frequency Carrier/Kanal

• Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu.

• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)

• Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate)

• Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk

mentransmisikan informasi secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access).

Example

• Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B

• Assume each channel occupies 30KHz. • There are 3 channels

• Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)

• For full duplex communication:

• Use two different channels (front and reverse channels) • Use time division in a channel

28

Channel 1 (b - b+30) Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

Simplex Communication

• Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.

• This is called simplex transmision

• To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication)

• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing • We can use Time Division Multiplexing

Duplex Communication - FDD

• FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

30 Base Station B Mobile Terminal M Forward Channel Reverse Channel

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands

Duplex Communication - TDD

• TDD: Time Division Duplex

31 Base Station B Mobile Terminal M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.

Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in

U.S. Cellular Radio Service

32

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz _{869-894 MHz}

Reverse Channel Forward Channel

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0 0.030N + 870.0 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 (Channels 800-990 are unused)

What is Mobility

• Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static

• No change of location during a call/connection

• A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location

• Mobility and portability

• Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline • Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online

Degrees of Mobility

• Walking Users

• Low speed

• Small roaming area

• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

• Vehicles

• High speeds

• Large roaming area

• Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access • Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking

• Demand for Ubiquitous Computing

• Anywhere, anytime computing and communication

• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email

• Pushing the computers more into background

• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer

• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier.

• Computers should be location aware

• Adapt to the current location, discover services

Advanced 3g and 4g in wireless

mobile communication

3G AND 4G MOBILE PHONES

GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM (GPS)

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)



Sistem navigasi yang menggunakan satelit yang berorbit

pada Bumi.



Satelit GPS memberikan informasi lokasi dan waktu

mana saja yang ada di planet Bumi ini selama peranti

GPS yang memerlukan informasi ini dapat "melihat"

lebih dari tiga satelit GPS di saat yang bersamaan.



Satelit-satelit GPS dikelola oleh pemerintah Amerika

Serikat dan pertama kali dioperasikan secara penuh oleh

departemen pertahanan Amerika Serikat.



Aplikasi yang menggunakan peta dapat memanfaatkan

informasi dari satelit GPS untuk menentukan lokasi

pengguna pada petanya

GPS Location Estimation

• GPS receiver compares the time when the signal was sent by the satellite with the time the signal was received.

• From this time difference the distance between receiver and satellite can be calculated.