M odu le 7 – ( L2 7 – L3 0 ) :
“
f
li
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“
M a n a ge m e n t of W a t e r Qu a lit y”:
W a t e r qu a lit y a n d pollu t ion , t ype s a n d Sou r ce s of pollu t ion , w a t e r qu a lit y m ode lin g e n vir on m e n t a l gu ide lin e s for w a t e r w a t e r qu a lit y m ode lin g, e n vir on m e n t a l gu ide lin e s for w a t e r qu a lit y
2 7
Su r fa ce W a t e r Qu a lit y &
P ll t i
I
1 1 1 1
1
L27
L27–
Su r fa ce W a t e r Qu a lit y &
P ll
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Pollu t ion I ssu e s
Topics Cove r e d
Topics Cove r e d
Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, t ypes
Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, t ypes
of pollut ion, wat er qualit y param et ers,
of pollut ion, wat er qualit y param et ers,
wat er qualit y st andards
wat er qualit y st andards
wat er qualit y st andards.
wat er qualit y st andards.
Keywords:
Keywords:
Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources,t ypes of pollut ion, param et ers, st andards t ypes of pollut ion, param et ers, st andards
..
2 2 2 2
W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t & W a t e r Qu a lit y
Wat ershed m anagem ent – Wat er quant it y & qualit y –
I m port ance
A t & it i f t lit
Assessm ent & m onit oring of w at er qualit y –
livelihoods of wat ershed dwellers
WQ – exam inat ion t o det erm ine organism s, m inerals Q g ,
& organic com pounds in wat er
Depending on use of wat er
Ph si o hem i al hem i al & m i obiologi al anal ses
Physico- chem ical, chem ical & m icrobiological analyses
of wat er
Com m on issu e s of Su r fa ce a n d Gr ou n dw a t e r Pat hogenic ( Bact eriological) Pollut ion; Salinit y
Toxicit y ( m icro- pollut ant s and ot her indust rial
pollut ant s)
3 3
pollut ant s)
Wat er Qualit y St andards
Wat er Qualit y St andards
Wat er qualit y indicat es t he physical, chem ical
and biological charact erist ics of w at er
and biological charact erist ics of w at er.
I t is a m easure of t he condit ion of w at er relat ive
t o t he requirem ent s of one or m ore biot ic species
q
p
and or t o any hum an need or purpose.
I t is m ost frequent ly used by reference t o a set
of st andards against which com pliance can be
assessed.
Th t
t
d
d d
t
The m ost com m on st andards used t o assess
w at er qualit y relat e t o healt h of ecosyst em s,
safet y of hum an cont act and drinking wat er.
4 4
safet y of hum an cont act and drinking wat er.
Wat er Qualit y Cat egories
Wat er Qualit y Cat egories
– Hum an consum pt
ion- Drinking wat er, including bot t led wat er, m ay
reasonably be expect ed t o cont ain at least sm all y p am ount s of som e cont am inant s.
Presence of t hese cont am inant s does not
necessarily indicat e t hat wat er poses a healt h risk. necessarily indicat e t hat wat er poses a healt h risk. – I ndust rial use
Dissolved m inerals m ay affect suit abilit y of wat er
for a range of indust rial and dom est ic purposes for a range of indust rial and dom est ic purposes.
presence of ions of calcium and m agnesium which
int erfere wit h t he cleaning act ion of soap, and can form hard sulfat e and soft carbonat e deposit s in form hard sulfat e and soft carbonat e deposit s in wat er heat ers or boilers. Hard wat er m ay be
soft ened t o rem ove t hese ions.
S ft i ifi t it i f l i
5 5 Soft ening m ay sacrifice nut rit ion for cleaning
Wat er Qualit y Cat egories
Wat er Qualit y Cat egories
– I n t he environm ent .
Toxic subst ances and high populat ions of cert ain
m icroorganism s can present a healt h hazard for m icroorganism s can present a healt h hazard for non- drinking purposes such as irrigat ion,
swim m ing, fishing, raft ing, boat ing, and indust rial uses.
These condit ions m ay also affect wildlife, which
use t he wat er for drinking or as a habit at use t he wat er for drinking or as a habit at .
I rrigat ion purpose: Crop product ion – irrigat ion wat er
qualit y requirem ent s
Agricult ure- single largest user of freshwat er - a m aj or
cause of degradat ion of surface and groundwat er resources t hrough erosion and chem ical runoff
6 6
resources t hrough erosion and chem ical runoff
W a t e r Pollu t ion Sou r ce s
Wat er pollut ion is t he cont am inat ion of wat er bodies
e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwat er. e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwat er.
Wat er pollut ion occurs when pollut ant s are discharged Wat er pollut ion occurs when pollut ant s are discharged
d l d l b d h
d l d l b d h
direct ly or indirect ly int o wat er bodies wit hout direct ly or indirect ly int o wat er bodies wit hout
adequat e t reat m ent t o rem ove harm ful com pounds. adequat e t reat m ent t o rem ove harm ful com pounds.
Wat er pollut ion affect s plant s and organism s living in
t hese bodies of wat er.
The effect is dam aging t o individual species and The effect is dam aging t o individual species and
populat ions and nat ural biological com m unit ies populat ions and nat ural biological com m unit ies.
7 7
popu a o s a d a u a b o og ca co u es popu a o s a d a u a b o og ca co u es
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Sou r ce Type s
Wat er Pollut ion – Point or non- point sources Wat er Pollut ion – Point or non- point sources
Wat er pollut ionWat er pollut ion-- point sources:point sources: cont am inant s t hat ent er a
wat erway from a single, ident ifiable source, such as a pipe or dit ch.
Traced t o a specific source
Leaking chem ical t ank effluent s com ing from a w ast e
Leaking chem ical t ank, effluent s com ing from a w ast e
t reat m ent or indust rial plant , or a m anure spill from a hog confinem ent lagoon
ll Exam ples Exam ples
– discharges from a sewage t reat m ent plant ; a
fact ory; a cit y st orm drain; m unicipal st orm sewer fact ory; a cit y st orm drain; m unicipal st orm sewer syst em s; indust rial st orm wat er, such as from
const ruct ion sit es
W a t e r Pollu t ion - Sou r ce Type s
W a t e rW a t e r pollu t ionpollu t ion -- n onn on poin tpoin t sou r ce ssou r ce s
Non–point source pollut ion ( NPS) - cont am inat ion t hat does not
originat e from a single discret e source originat e from a single discret e source.
NPS pollut ion is t he cum ulat ive effect of sm all am ount s of NPS pollut ion is t he cum ulat ive effect of sm all am ount s of
cont am inant s gat hered from a large area cont am inant s gat hered from a large area.
Pollut ant s will com e from wide spread area
They can’t be t racked t o a single point or source
Exam ples: Soil erosion chem ical runoff anim al wast e
Exam ples: Soil erosion, chem ical runoff, anim al wast e
pollut ion
–
– leaching out of fert ilizers/ nut rient s agricult ural lands.leaching out of fert ilizers/ nut rient s agricult ural lands. –
– Nut rient runoff in st orm wat erNut rient runoff in st orm wat er-- agricult ural field/ forest .agricult ural field/ forest . –
– Cont am inat ed st orm wat er washed off of parking lot s, Cont am inat ed st orm wat er washed off of parking lot s, roads and highways called urban runoff
roads and highways called urban runoff
9 9
roads and highways, called urban runoff, roads and highways, called urban runoff,
http://pottyon.com/
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Spe cific Sou r ce s
Se pt ic syst e m s - Use a large t ank buried in t he
ground t o cont ain and break down household sewage; ground t o cont ain and break down household sewage; Fat s, oils, and grease as well as large wast e part icles, are st ored and lat er pum ped out of t he holding t ank; source of concern for groundwat er pollut ion & surface source of concern for groundwat er pollut ion & surface wat er pollut ion
La goon s: shallow holding pit s int o which wast es are
d d d Q l bl l
pum ped and t reat ed; Wat er Qualit y Problem s: Poorly const ruct ed lagoons ( leakage) ; lagoons built on high wat er t able; Nit rat es: m ost oft en found cont am inant
W a st e D isposa l: Underground or above ground disposal pract ices of dom est ic, m unicipal, or indust rial liquid wast e
10 10
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Spe cific Sou r ce s
I ndust rial liquid wast e –
t reat ed/ unt reat ed
S lid t
Solid wast e -
Land disposal of m unicipal and indust rial solid wast e – leaching St or a ge a n d Tr a n spor t of Com m e r cia l M a t e r ia ls St or a ge a n d Tr a n spor t of Com m e r cia l M a t e r ia ls
–
st orage t anks & spills
Mining operat ions:
Mines, Oil & gas-
Acid m ine
Mining operat ions:
Mines, Oil & gas
Acid m ine drainage, Leaching of t oxic m et als, Wast ewat ergenerat ed
i
l
l
i
Agricult ural operat ions:
Fert ilizers; Pest icides Saline wat er int rusion
11 11
W a t e r Pollu t ion - Ca u se s
Wide spect rum of
chem icals
,
pat hogens
, and
physical or sensory changes such as elevat ed
physical or sensory changes such as elevat ed
t em perat ure and discolorat ion.
Nat ural occurring – eg Salt s fluoride
Nat ural occurring
eg. Salt s, fluoride,
arsenic, Ca, Mg, Na et c.
Art ificial – disposed by hum ans from various
Art ificial
disposed by hum ans from various
sources
Wat er's physical chem ist ry includes acidit y
p y
y
y
( change in
pH
) ,
elect rical conduct ivit y
,
t em perat ure, and eut rophicat ion
W a t e r Pollu t ion Type s
Wat er pollut ion
Wat er pollut ion-- organic pollut ant sorganic pollut ant s
Det ergent s; Disinfect ion by- product s
Food processing wast e fat s and greaseFood processing wast e fat s and grease
Food processing wast e, fat s and greaseFood processing wast e, fat s and grease
I nsect icides & herbicides, organohalides and ot her chem ical I nsect icides & herbicides, organohalides and ot her chem ical
com pounds com pounds
l h d b l d f l ( l d l f l
Pet roleum hydrocarbons, including fuels ( gasoline, diesel fuel, j et
fuels, and fuel oil) & lubricant s ( m ot or oil) , & fuel com bust ion byproduct s
Tree and bush debris from logging operat ions
Volat ile organic com pounds ( VOCs) , such as indust rial solvent s.Volat ile organic com pounds ( VOCs) , such as indust rial solvent s.
Chlorinat ed solvent s dense nonChlorinat ed solvent s dense non-- aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs)
Chlorinat ed solvent s, dense nonChlorinat ed solvent s, dense non aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) , aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) ,
Polychlorinat ed biphenyl ( PCBs) –Trichloroet hylene, Perchlorat e .Perchlorat e .
Various chem ical com pounds found in personal hygiene & cosm et ic Various chem ical com pounds found in personal hygiene & cosm et ic
product s
W a t e r Pollu t ion Type s
Wat er pollut ion
Wat er pollut ion-- inorganic pollut ant sinorganic pollut ant s
Acidity caused by industrial discharges (sulfur dioxide from Acidity caused by industrial discharges (sulfur dioxide from
power plants)
Ammonia from food processing wasteAmmonia from food processing waste Chemical waste as industrial by-products
Fertilizers containing nutrientsFertilizers containing nutrients-- nitrates and phosphatesnitrates and phosphates-- which which
are found in storm water runoff from agriculture as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use
commercial and residential use
Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water
ff) d id i d i
runoff) and acid mine drainage
Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash
and burn practices or land clearing sites and burn practices or land clearing sites
14 14
a d bu p act ces o a d c ea g s tes a d bu p act ces o a d c ea g s tes
Pollut ion
Pollut ion-- m acroscopic/ Micro pollut ant s
m acroscopic/ Micro pollut ant s
Macroscopic - Large visible it em s pollut ing t he wat er— m ay be t erm ed " float ables" in an urban st orm wat er
discarded by people on t he ground discarded by people on t he ground –
– dum ping of rubbish, t hat are washed by rainfall int o dum ping of rubbish, t hat are washed by rainfall int o st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface w at ers
w at ers –
– Nurdles, sm all ubiquit ous wat erborne plast ic pellet sNurdles, sm all ubiquit ous wat erborne plast ic pellet s –
– Shipwrecks, large derelict shipsShipwrecks, large derelict ships
Microscopic pollut ant s
Microscopic pollut ant s –– m icro organism s, dissolved/ m icro organism s, dissolved/ dispersed pollut ant s
W a t e r pollu t ion
W a t e r pollu t ion -- t h e r m a l pollu t ion
t h e r m a l pollu t ion
The rise or fall in t he t em perat ure of a nat ural body of
w at er caused by hum an influence.
Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical
Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical
propert ies of wat er. propert ies of wat er.
A com m on cause of t herm al pollut ion is t he use of wat er
l b l d d l
as a coolant by power plant s and indust rial m anufact urers.
Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels
( which can kill fish) and affect s ecosyst em ( which can kill fish) and affect s ecosyst em
Urban runoff m ay elevat e t em perat ure in surface wat ers.
Th l ll i l b d b h l f Th l ll i l b d b h l f
Therm al pollut ion can also be caused by t he release of Therm al pollut ion can also be caused by t he release of
very cold wat er from t he base of reservoirs int o warm er
Wat er Qualit y - Param et ers
Following is a list of indicat ors oft en m easured:
Alkalinit y; Color of wat er; pH; Tast e and odor
Dissolved m et als and salt s ( sodium chloride pot assium
Dissolved m et als and salt s ( sodium , chloride, pot assium ,
calcium , m anganese, m agnesium )
Microorganism s such as fecal coliform bact eria ,
Crypt osporidium , and Giardia lam blia
Dissolved m et als & m et alloids ( lead, m ercury, arsenic, et c.)
Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic m at t er
Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic m at t er
( CDOM) , dissolved organic carbon ( DOC) , Heavy m et als
Pharm aceut icals byproduct s
Param et ers depend on t ype of use – eg. Drinking, I ndust rial
use, I rrigat ion et c.
17 17
Wat er qualit y
Wat er qualit y-- environm ent al indicat ors
environm ent al indicat ors
Chem ical assessm ent : Dissolved oxygen ( DO) ;
Nit rat e- N; Ort hophosphat es; Chem ical oxygen dem and ( COD) ; Biochem ical oxygen dem and dem and ( COD) ; Biochem ical oxygen dem and ( BOD) ; Pest icides; Met als
Physical assessm ent: pH; Tem perat ure; Tot al
suspended solids ( TSS) ; Turbidit y; Tot al dissolved solids ( TDS)
Bi l i l t Bi l i l it i t i
Biological assessm ent: Biological m onit oring m et rics have been developed in m any places, and one w idely used m easure is t he presence and abundance of
m em bers of t he insect orders Mayfly, St onefly and Caddisfly.
18 18
I m port ant Wat er Qualit y Param et ers
I m port ant Wat er Qualit y Param et ers
I m port ant physicochem ical param et ers t o be t est ed for ascert aining wat er qualit y are:
pH; Colour , Tast e and odour, t urbidit y, TDS, t ot al
p ;
,
,
y,
,
hardness, chlorides, sulphat es, fluorides, nit rat es,
calcium , heavy m et als, dissolved oxygen,
pest icides det ergent s & radio nuclides
pest icides, det ergent s & radio- nuclides
pH
– neut ral ( pH - 7) ; acidic ( pH< 7) ; basic ( pH> 7) ; drinking wat er ( 6.5- 8)drinking wat er ( 6.5 8)
Elect rical conduct ivit y
– w at er abilit y t o conduct elect rical current – depends on concent rat ion ofdissolved, associat ed subst ances – t o find TDS – unit m icro siem ens cm
19 19
19
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
Odour Colour & Tast e Odour classified as: very w eak
Odour, Colour & Tast e – Odour – classified as: very w eak, w eak, clear, st rong or very st rong
– Colour – t est ed using colorim t er t ubes – expressed in
H t d d it
Hazen st andard unit
– Tast e – purest form t ast eless
Turbidit yy – caused by presence of suspended m at t er –y p p
ranges in size from colloidal t o coarse dispersions – m easured by Nephelo/ t urbidit y m et er & expressed in NTU ( Nephelom et ric t urbidit y unit ) – indicat or NTU ( Nephelom et ric t urbidit y unit ) indicat or necessit y of t reat m ent
Dissolved oxygen – indicat es am ount of oxygen gas
dissol ed in at e sol bilit of at m osphe ic o gen dissolved in w at er – solubilit y of at m ospheric oxygen in fresh w at er ranges from 14.6 m g/ l at 0oC t o about
7 m g/ l at 35oC under 1 at m ospheric pressure –
20 20
m easured using DO m et er.
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
BOD ( Biochem ical Oxygen Dem and) – am ount of BOD ( Biochem ical Oxygen Dem and) am ount of
dissolved O2 dem anded by bact eria during st abilizat ion of t he decom posable organic m at t er under aerobic condit ions – BOD expressed in m gm of O consum ed/ condit ions – BOD expressed in m gm of O2 consum ed/ lit of sam ple during 5 days of incubat ion at 20 ° C & is oft en used as a robust surrogat e of degree of organic
ll t i f t t i i BOD< 1 / l
pollut ion of w at er– prest ine river BOD< 1m g/ l.
Nit rat e- w at er soluble m olecule m ade up of nit rogen &
oxygen – nat ural const it uent of plant syg p
– I n nat ural form w at er cont ains less t han 1m g of nit rat
e-nit rogen per lit re – higher levels – cont am inat ion;
com m on sources: fert ilizers, anim al w ast es et c. – m ax.,
perm issible 10ppm
Chlorides – from dissolved salt deposit s, discharge of
effluent s et c – m ax lim it : 250 ppm
21 21
effluent s et c. m ax. lim it : 250 ppm .
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
Fluorides - fluorine cont aining com pounds fluorides
-found nat urally in low concent rat ion in drinking wat er found nat urally in low concent rat ion in drinking wat er and foods - Fresh wat er - bet ween 0.01–0.3 ppm ,
ocean cont ains bet ween 1.2- 1.5 ppm ; m ax.
perm issible 1ppm – m ore fluorine – diseases like perm issible 1ppm . m ore fluorine diseases like skelet al fluorosis
Hardness – represent s t ot al concent rat ion of Ca & Mg
( h / l ) d ll
ions – ppm ( weight / volum e) - Hard wat er is generally not harm ful t o one's healt h, but can pose serious
problem s in indust rial set t ings.
I ron - nat urally occurring – not hazardous –
recom m ended lim it – 0.3m g/ l.
22 22
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
Heavy Met als: Arsenic Cadm ium Chrom ium Copper Heavy Met als: Arsenic, Cadm ium , Chrom ium , Copper,
I ron, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Silver, Zinc et c. –
Present in as m inerals in soils; also art ificially from m an d t hi f t h j t i t i
m ade t hings – som e of t hese – m aj or cont am inat ions – det erm ined by AAS ( at om ic absorpt ion
sepct rophot om et er) , polarography or colorim et ry.
– Arsenic – WHO guideline < 0.05 m g/ l
Pest icides: - harm ful healt h effect s such as cancer; eg.
DDT BHC parat hon endosulphan et c DDT, BHC, parat hon, endosulphan et c.
Det ergent s, phenol, radio- nuclides et c. - WHO guideline <
0.5 m g/ l
Halogenat ed chloro- organic com pounds – due t o higher
chlorinat ion for disinfect ion
Microbes – indicator potential water-borne diseases – bacteria
23 23 Microbes indicator potential water borne diseases bacteria,
viruses & pathogenic protozoa; eg. Coliform bacteria.
Com m on Wat er Relat ed problem s
Obse r ve d Pr oble m s
Ca u se s
W a t e r t u r n s bla ck , sm e ll
,
W a st e w a t e r
Acidic t a st e
Low pH
p
Alk a lin e t a st e
H igh pH
Boile d Rice h a r d a n d ye llow
H igh Alk a lin it y
W h it e de posit s on boilin g
H a r dn e ss
Obse r ve d Pr oble m s
Ca u se s
Com m on Wat er Relat ed problem s
Obse r ve d Pr oble m s
Ca u se s
I r on t a st e , ch a n ge in colou r a ft e r
e x posu r e t o a t m osph e r e , ch a n ge in p p , g Pr e se n ce of colou r of clot h s, u t e n sils Oily a ppe a
-r a n ce on t op of w a t e -r body
Pr e se n ce of I r on
com pou n ds
Soa p n ot la t h e r in g h a r dn e ss Br ow n ish bla ck st r e a k s on t e e t h Flu or ide Br ow n ish bla ck st r e a k s on t e e t h Flu or ide Gr ow t h of Alga e N it r a t e ,
ph osph a t e ph osph a t e
Fish k ills Low pH
le ss D O
25 25
le ss D O
WQ – Tolerance & Classificat ion
As per I SI - I S: 2296- 1982 t he t olerance lim it s of As per I SI - I S: 2296- 1982, t he t olerance lim it s of
param et ers are specified as per classified use of wat er ( Table below) depending on various uses of w at er ht t p: / / cpcb nic in; ht t p: / / w rm in nic in
w at er. ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in; ht t p: / / w rm in.nic.in
26 26
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er –
Class A
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er –
Class B
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
28 28
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er –
Class C
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er
– Class D
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in;ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
30 30
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er
– Class E
31 31
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ca se St u dy: W Q I ssu e s in I n dia
Ca se St u dy: W Q I ssu e s in I n dia
Wat er resources are over- exploit ed result ing in m aj or WQ
problem s problem s
Com m on issues of Surface & Ground wat er: Pat hogenic
( Bact eriological) Pollut ion; Salinit y; Toxicit y ( m icro-pollut ant s and ot her indust rial icro-pollut ant s
pollut ant s and ot her indust rial pollut ant s
Su r fa ce W a t e r : Eut rophicat ion; Oxygen deplet ion;
Ecological healt h – Most of t he Lakes & Rivers highly pollut ed
G o nd Wate
WQ Degradat ion
Maj or fact ors
WQ Degradat ion – Maj or fact ors
Dom est ic: About 430 class I cit ies and 500 class I I t owns
h b i l i f 30 C b 30000 ld
harboring populat ion of 30 Crore generat e about 30000 m ld of wast ewat er of which only about 25% is t reat ed.
I ndust rial:dus a Aboutbou 60,00060,000 pollut ingpo u g indust riesdus es in I ndiad a generat e about 15000 m ld of w ast ew at er out of w hich nearly 60% ( generat ed from large & m edium indust ries) is t reat ed
t reat ed.
Non- point sources also cont ribut e significant pollut ion loads m ainly in rainy season. Pest icides consum pt ion is about 1 00 000 t /
1,00,000 t onnes/ year
Dom est ic sewage is t he m aj or source of pollut ion in I ndia in surface w at er
Sewage along w it h agricult ural run- off and indust rial effluent s also cont ribut es large am ount of nut rient s
A l t f t h d t i i t ll t d
33 33
W Q I ssu e s in I n dia
Water supply and sewage disposal status in class I cities
29782
142212299423 60310231281 0
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
Water supply and wastewater generation and treatment in class II towns of India
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
W Q I ssu e s in I n dia
Comparision of pollution load generation from domestic and industrial sources
River basin-wise riverine length under different level of pollution
14000
1776
0
Wastewater gen (mld) BOD Generation (t/d) BOD Discharge (t/d)
Re fe r e n ce s
Re fe r e n ce s
GHOSH N.C and EDWARD .A , MCBEAN( 1996) , WATER QUALI TY
MODELI NG OF THE KALI RI VER, I NDI A, Wat er , Air , and Soil
Pollut ion 102: 91–103, 1998 Pollut ion 102: 91 103, 1998
Guidelines for Wat er Qualit y Managem ent , Cent ral pollut ion
cont rol board ( CPCB)
Websit e : ht t p: / / ww w cpcb nic in
Websit e : ht t p: / / w w w .cpcb.nic.in
Hydrology of Sm all Wat ersheds – P.V. Seet hapat hi, D. Dut t a, R.
Siva Kum ar ( Eds.) , NRDMS, DST, New Delhi
ht t / / b i i / d t t t i h
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in/ dat a_st at ics.php
ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
St andard Met hods for t he Exam inat ion of Wat er and Wast ewat er;
APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 21st Edit ion, 2005.
Guidelines for drinking - w at er qualit y, 3rd Edit ion - vol 1:
Recom m endat ions. WHO; 2004.
36 36 36 36
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.
Crit ically st udy t he w at er qualit y problem s
of m aj or Rivers/ River Basins in I ndia St udy
of m aj or Rivers/ River Basins in I ndia. St udy
various sources and causes ( det ails can be
obt ained from I nt ernet :
http:/ / cpcb.nic.in
;
http:/ / wrmin.nic.in
) .
St udy t he various m easures t hat can be
St udy t he various m easures t hat can be
adopt ed t o reduce t he River pollut ion/ river
adopt ed t o reduce t he River pollut ion/ river
basins
basins.
37 37 37 37
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.
Q
Discuss t he various wat er qualit y issues in
h d
w at ershed m anagem ent .
Describe various w at er qualit y cat egories.
What are t he different pollut ion source
t ypes?.
yp
Describe various w at er pollut ion causes.
I llust rat e w at er pollut ion by t herm al sources
I llust rat e w at er pollut ion by t herm al sources
Describe various w at er qualit y param et ers.
38 38 38 38
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.
g
Q
Describe t he wat er qualit y st andards.
Discuss various w at er pollut ion sources
Discuss various w at er pollut ion sources
Describe various specific sources of wat er
pollut ion
pollut ion.
I llust rat e various w at er pollut ion t ypes
D
ib i
t
lit
i di
t
Describe various wat er qualit y indicat ors
What are t he various com m on w at er relat ed
bl
?
problem s?.
39 39 39 39
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
Crit ically st udy t he possible surface w at er
Crit ically st udy t he possible surface w at er
pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area
pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area
pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area.
pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area.
I dent ify t he wat er sources & possible causes
I dent ify t he wat er sources & possible causes
of pollut ion
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in
41 41
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022)
Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.
