PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG

2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME

4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME

6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME

7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME

9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

MIKROBIOLOGI

MIKROBIOLOGI

I.

PENDAHULUAN

II.

EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

III.

TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

V.

KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

VI. PERKIRAAN (

ASSESSING)

FILOGENI MIKROBA

VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME

A. ARCHAEA

B. BACTERIA

C. FUNGI

D. ALGAE

E. PROTOZOA

F. VIRUS

POKOK BAHASAN

5.

NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

6.

6.

REPRODUKSI

REPRODUKSI

7.

7.

KARAKTERISTIK PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

KARAKTERISTIK PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

8.

 _{Fungi-eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with absorptive metabolism and no Fungi-eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with absorptive metabolism and no}

chlorophyll; reproduce sexually and asexually chlorophyll; reproduce sexually and asexually

 Mycologists-scientists who study fungi _{Mycologists-scientists who study fungi}  Mycology-the study of fungi _{Mycology-the study of fungi}

 Mycotoxicology-the study of fungal toxins and their effects on various _{Mycotoxicology-the study of fungal toxins and their effects on various}

organisms organisms

 Mycoses-diseases in animals caused by fungi _{Mycoses-diseases in animals caused by fungi}

 Belong to the kingdom Fungi within the domain Eucarya; is a monophyletic _{Belong to the kingdom Fungi within the domain Eucarya; is a monophyletic}

group known as the eumycota (true fungi) group known as the eumycota (true fungi)

In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic group that

contain organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contains some but not all descendants of the most recent

 _{Primarily terrestrial with a few freshwater and marine organisms Primarily terrestrial with a few freshwater and marine organisms}  Many are pathogenic in plants or animals _{Many are pathogenic in plants or animals}

 _{Form beneficial associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae) or with algae or Form beneficial associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae) or with algae or}

 _{Decomposers-break down organic material and return it to environment Decomposers-break down organic material and return it to environment}  Major cause of plant disease; also cause disease in animals, including _{Major cause of plant disease; also cause disease in animals, including}

humans humans

 Industrial fermentation-bread, wine, beer, cheese, tofu, soy sauce, steroid _{Industrial fermentation-bread, wine, beer, cheese, tofu, soy sauce, steroid}

manufacture, antibiotic production, and the production of the manufacture, antibiotic production, and the production of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine

immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine

 Research-fundamental biological processes can be studied in these simple _{Research-fundamental biological processes can be studied in these simple}

 _{THALLUSTHALLUS-body or vegetative structure of a fungus; fungal cell walls are -body or vegetative structure of a fungus; fungal cell walls are}

usually composed of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting usually composed of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting of N-acetyl glucosamine residues

of N-acetyl glucosamine residues

 YEAST_YEAST-unicellular fungus with single nucleus; reproduces asexually by _{-unicellular fungus with single nucleus; reproduces asexually by}

budding, or sexually by spore formation; daughter cells may separate after budding, or sexually by spore formation; daughter cells may separate after budding or may aggregate to form colonies

budding or may aggregate to form colonies

 MOLD_MOLD-a fungus with long, branched, threadlike filaments _{-a fungus with long, branched, threadlike filaments}

 HYPHAE_HYPHAE-the filaments of a mold; may be _{-the filaments of a mold; may be} coenocytic_coenocytic (i.e., have no cross walls _{(i.e., have no cross walls}

within the hyphae) or

within the hyphae) or septateseptate (i.e., have cross walls) (i.e., have cross walls)

 _{MYCELIAMYCELIA-bundles or tangled masses of hyphae-bundles or tangled masses of hyphae}

 DIMORPHISM_DIMORPHISM-a property of some fungi, which change from the yeast (Y) form _{-a property of some fungi, which change from the yeast (Y) form}

(within an animal host) to the mold (M) form (in the environment); this is (within an animal host) to the mold (M) form (in the environment); this is referred to as the YM shift; the reverse relationship exists in plant-associated referred to as the YM shift; the reverse relationship exists in plant-associated fungi

 _{Most fungi are Most fungi are SAPROPHYTESSAPROPHYTES, securing nutrients from dead organic material , securing nutrients from dead organic material}

(chemoorganoheterotrophs); fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes that promote (chemoorganoheterotrophs); fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes that promote external digestion;

external digestion; products diffuse back into hyphaeproducts diffuse back into hyphae

 GLYCOGEN_GLYCOGEN is the primary storage polysaccharide _{is the primary storage polysaccharide}

 Most are _{Most are} AEROBIC_AEROBIC (some yeasts are _{(some yeasts are} FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC_{FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC}); _);

OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC

OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC fungi are found in the rumen of cattle fungi are found in the rumen of cattle



ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

_{ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION}

 _{occurs by several mechanisms occurs by several mechanisms}

 Transverse fission _{Transverse fission}  Budding _Budding

 Direct spore production_{Direct spore production}

 Hyphal fragmentation-component cells behave as _{Hyphal fragmentation-component cells behave as} ARTHROSPORES_ARTHROSPORES or _or

CHLAMYDIOSPORES

CHLAMYDIOSPORES (if enveloped in thick cell wall before separation) (if enveloped in thick cell wall before separation)

 _{SPORANGIOSPORESSPORANGIOSPORES are produced in sporangium (sac) at the end of an aerial are produced in sporangium (sac) at the end of an aerial}

hypha (sporangiophore)

hypha (sporangiophore)

 _{CONIDIOSPORESCONIDIOSPORES are unenclosed spores produced at the tip or on the sides of are unenclosed spores produced at the tip or on the sides of}

aerial hypha

aerial hypha



SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

_{SEXUAL REPRODUCTION}

 Involves the union of compatible nuclei _{Involves the union of compatible nuclei}

 Some fungi are self-fertilizing (male and female gametes produced on the same _{Some fungi are self-fertilizing (male and female gametes produced on the same}

mycelium (

mycelium (homothallichomothallic), while others require outcrossing between different but ), while others require outcrossing between different but sexually compatible mycelia (

sexually compatible mycelia (heterothallicheterothallic) )

 Zygote formation proceeds by one of several mechanisms _{Zygote formation proceeds by one of several mechanisms}

 Fusion of gametes _{Fusion of gametes}

 _{Fusion of gamete-producing bodies (gametangia) Fusion of gamete-producing bodies (gametangia)}  _{Fusion of hyphae Fusion of hyphae}

 Sometimes there is immediate fusion of nuclei and cytoplasm; however, more common _{Sometimes there is immediate fusion of nuclei and cytoplasm; however, more common}

is a delayed fusion of nuclei, resulting in the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei

is a delayed fusion of nuclei, resulting in the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei

(dikaryotic stage)

(dikaryotic stage)

 _{Zygotes can develop into spores (zygospores, ascospores, or basidiospores); Zygotes can develop into spores (zygospores, ascospores, or basidiospores);}

spores are used for identification purposes and also aid fungal dissemination

 _{Most are saprophytes; a few are plant and animal parasites Most are saprophytes; a few are plant and animal parasites}  _{Coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls), with many haploid nuclei Coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls), with many haploid nuclei}  _{Asexual reproduction leads to the formation of sporangiospores Asexual reproduction leads to the formation of sporangiospores}

 _{Sexual reproduction leads to the formation of Sexual reproduction leads to the formation of ZYGOSPORESZYGOSPORES; these are tough, ; these are tough,}

thick-walled zygotes that can remain dormant when the environment is too harsh

thick-walled zygotes that can remain dormant when the environment is too harsh

for growth

for growth

 Representative member: _{Representative member:} Rhizopus stolonifer_{Rhizopus stolonifer} (commonly known as bread mold, _{(commonly known as bread mold,}

but also grows on fruits and vegetables)

but also grows on fruits and vegetables)

 _{Normally reproduces asexually Normally reproduces asexually}

 Reproduces sexually by fusion of gametangia if food is scarce or environment is _{Reproduces sexually by fusion of gametangia if food is scarce or environment is}

unfavorable

unfavorable

 _{Zygospores (diploid) are produced and remain dormant until conditions are favorable Zygospores (diploid) are produced and remain dormant until conditions are favorable}  _{Meiosis often occurs at time of germinationMeiosis often occurs at time of germination}

 Zygomycetes are used in the production of foods, anesthetics, coloring agents, _{Zygomycetes are used in the production of foods, anesthetics, coloring agents,}

and other useful products

 _{Members of this division cause food spoilage, a number of plant diseases Members of this division cause food spoilage, a number of plant diseases}

(e.g., powdery mildew, chestnut blight, ergot,and Dutch elm disease) (e.g., powdery mildew, chestnut blight, ergot,and Dutch elm disease)

 Include many types of YEAST, edible morels, and truffles, as well as the pink _{Include many types of YEAST, edible morels, and truffles, as well as the pink}

bread mold

bread mold Neurospora crassaNeurospora crassa

 Mycelia are septate _{Mycelia are septate}

 Produce _Produce CONIDIOSPORES_{CONIDIOSPORES} when reproducing asexually _{when reproducing asexually}

 ASCOSPORES_ASCOSPORES (haploid spores located in a sac called an _{(haploid spores located in a sac called an} ASCUS_ASCUS) are formed _{) are formed}

when reproducing sexually when reproducing sexually

 _{Includes smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools, Includes smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools,}

mushrooms, and bird's nest fungi mushrooms, and bird's nest fungi

 Basidia are produced at the tips of the hyphae, in which the basidiospores will _{Basidia are produced at the tips of the hyphae, in which the basidiospores will}

develop develop

 BASIDIOSPORES_{BASIDIOSPORES} are held in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps _{are held in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps}

 Usefulness-many basidomycetes are decomposers; some mushrooms serve as _{Usefulness-many basidomycetes are decomposers; some mushrooms serve as}

food (some are poisonous); one is the causative agent of cryptococcosis; and food (some are poisonous); one is the causative agent of cryptococcosis; and some are plant pathogens

 _{This is a classical division grouping together fungi that This is a classical division grouping together fungi that lack a sexual lack a sexual}

reproductive phase

reproductive phase or fungi for which a sexual reproductive phase has not or fungi for which a sexual reproductive phase has not been observed; more recently molecular systematics places the been observed; more recently molecular systematics places the Deuteromycota among their closest relatives in the Eumycota and eliminates Deuteromycota among their closest relatives in the Eumycota and eliminates the Deuteromycota as a separate division

the Deuteromycota as a separate division

 Most are terrestrial; a few are freshwater or marine organisms; most are _{Most are terrestrial; a few are freshwater or marine organisms; most are}

saprophytes or plant parasites; some are parasitic on other fungi saprophytes or plant parasites; some are parasitic on other fungi

 Human impact _{Human impact}

 Some are human parasites (e.g., causing ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis) _{Some are human parasites (e.g., causing ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis)}  _{Some are used industrially to produce antibiotics, cheese, soy sauce, and other Some are used industrially to produce antibiotics, cheese, soy sauce, and other}

products products

 Some produce substances that are highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals (e.g., _{Some produce substances that are highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals (e.g.,}

 _{Terrestrial and aquatic fungi that reproduce asexually by forming motile Terrestrial and aquatic fungi that reproduce asexually by forming motile}

ZOOSPORES

ZOOSPORES

 Microscopic in size; may consist of single cells, a small multinucleate mass, or _{Microscopic in size; may consist of single cells, a small multinucleate mass, or}

a true mycelium a true mycelium

 Reproduce asexually or sexually _{Reproduce asexually or sexually}

 _{Resemble fungi in appearance and life-style, but their cellular organization, Resemble fungi in appearance and life-style, but their cellular organization,}

reproduction, and life cycles are more closely related to protists reproduction, and life cycles are more closely related to protists

 DIVISION MYXOMYCOTA_{DIVISION MYXOMYCOTA} - PLASMODIAL (ACELLULAR) SLIME MOLDS _{- PLASMODIAL (ACELLULAR) SLIME MOLDS}

 _{The multinucleated protoplasm (plasmodium) moves by amoeboid movement as it The multinucleated protoplasm (plasmodium) moves by amoeboid movement as it}

phagocytizes organic matter

phagocytizes organic matter

 Form ornate fruiting bodies when food and/or moisture are in short supply; fruiting _{Form ornate fruiting bodies when food and/or moisture are in short supply; fruiting}

bodies form spores with cellulose cell walls that are resistant to environmental

bodies form spores with cellulose cell walls that are resistant to environmental

extremes

extremes

 _{Spores germinate to produce myxamoeba or flagellated swarm cells Spores germinate to produce myxamoeba or flagellated swarm cells}

 _{Myxamoeba and swarm cells are initially haploid, but eventually fuse to form a Myxamoeba and swarm cells are initially haploid, but eventually fuse to form a}

diploid zygote

diploid zygote

 Zygote feeds, grows and carries out multiple nuclear divisions, giving rise to a _{Zygote feeds, grows and carries out multiple nuclear divisions, giving rise to a}

plasmodium

 _{DIVISION ACRASIOMYCOTADIVISION ACRASIOMYCOTA - CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS - CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS}

 During the vegetative stage, amoeboid cells called myxamoeba feed phagocytically _{During the vegetative stage, amoeboid cells called myxamoeba feed phagocytically}

on bacteria and yeasts

on bacteria and yeasts

 _{When food is scarce, myxamoeba form pseudoplasmodia by aggregating and When food is scarce, myxamoeba form pseudoplasmodia by aggregating and}

secreting a slimy sheath around themselves

secreting a slimy sheath around themselves

 Become sedentary and differentiate into prestalk and prespore cells _{Become sedentary and differentiate into prestalk and prespore cells}  Form sorocarps that mature to sporangia; sporangia produce spores _{Form sorocarps that mature to sporangia; sporangia produce spores}

 Released spores will later germinate to form haploid amoebae to begin the cycle _{Released spores will later germinate to form haploid amoebae to begin the cycle}

again

again

 DIVISION OOMYCOTA_{DIVISION OOMYCOTA} - OOMYCETES (WATER MOLDS) _{- OOMYCETES (WATER MOLDS)}

 Resemble fungi, but cell walls are composed of cellulose, not chitin _{Resemble fungi, but cell walls are composed of cellulose, not chitin}

 _{Produce a relatively large egg cell that is fertilized by a small sperm cell or an even Produce a relatively large egg cell that is fertilized by a small sperm cell or an even}

smaller antheridium; zygote germinates forming asexual, flagellated zoospores

smaller antheridium; zygote germinates forming asexual, flagellated zoospores

2 3 1

This wall is rigid