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Properties of Leaves Particleboard for Sheathing
Application
Arif Nuryawan1, Rahmawaty2
1Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of
Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma
Ujung No.1 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
2Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry,
University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No.1
Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
*Email: arif5@usu.ac.id or arifnury@yahoo.com
Abstract. Manufacturing particleboard (PB) made of leaves
was carried out in order to make non-structural building
components, such as insulation, partition, wall, and
sheathing. Raw materials used dry leaves originated from
plantation (palm oil leaves) and forest plantation
(magahony leaves). The adhesive used was interior type
thermosetting commercial resins, namely 10%
urea-formaldehyde (UF) based on oven dry leaves. Hardener
used for UF resin was 1% and 3% ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) 20% (w/w), respectively. Technically, the target
density of PB was 0.8 g/cm3 with the dimension’s size of
(250 x 250 x 10) mm3. The pressure, temperature, and
time of pressing of the hot press were 25 kgf /cm2,
120°C, and 10 minutes, respectively. After conditioning
for 1 week, the PB then was evaluated their physical and
mechanical properties according to Japanese Industrial
Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003). Results of this work
showed: 1) Both type of PB (palm oil and mahagony
leaves) were feasible to be produced for non-structural
applications; 2) Addition of hardener enhanced the
physical and mechanical properties of PB; 3) It was
recommended to enhance the performance of the PB by
manipulation on the raw materials and the design.
Keywords: leaves particleboard , physical and
mechanical properties, non-structural component
Introduction
In tropical country particularly Indonesia, plantation
forest’s model such as industrial plantation forest,
man-made forest, and community forest yields large
quantities of waste which predominantly thinning and
pruning volumes comprising small diameter wood of
branch and twig, bark, and leaves.
Some efforts have been done in order to utilize
these residues as substitution of wood products,
particularly for producing particleboard. For instances,
Nuryawan et al. [1] used sawdust of acacia (Acacia
mangium ) wood from industrial plantation forest in Riau
province as the raw material of particleboard. They applied
urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin mixed with isocyanate as
the adhesive for producing interior type of particleboard.
Similar work has also been conducted by Muhdi et al.
[2]. They employed logging waste as the raw material of
particleboard. Either part of thinning or pruning was also
an object of research on particleboard with three species
of wood have been utilized, namely acacia, eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus deglupta ), and sengon (Paraserianthes
falcataria ) [3]. Recently, Ruhendi & Putra [4] exploited
part of trunk and branch of jabon wood (Anthocephalus
cadamba Miq) as the main component of particleboard.
Success story on utilization of waste from forest and
plantation for making panel products have been published
by our group research , for example: volume of thinning
and pruning of acacia and eucalyptus wood [5]; small
diameter and inferior logs [6]; residue of forest harvesting
[7]; and waste of oil palm (Elaeis guinensis ) trunk [8].
It was concluded that the particleboard could be
effectively manufactured in an industrial scale using 11
[manipulation on→manipulation of]
10
Unoriginal text: 8 words
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/… 15
Passive voice 16
Possibly confused do and make 17
[in order to→to] 18
Repetitive word: wood 19
[Nuryawan→Narayanan] 20
[ ]
21
[an isocyanateor the isocyanate] 22
mangium→magnesium
wood residue and lignocelluloses materials such as
vascular bundles of oil palm trunk.
On the other hand, waste of plantation and forest comprise
of not only lignocelluloses but also leaves. In this work,
we attempted to make panel products particularly
particleboard made of leaves of mahagony and oil
palm. Because of the abundance of waste leaves originated
from plantation and forest as well as the eagerness to
utilize these residues, this research is dedicated to
develop panel products made of non-wood. Furthermore,
application of these products is for sheathing applications
such as wall and ceiling panels, office dividers, bulletin
boards, cabinets, furniture, insulator, coater, counter tops
and desk tops [9] .
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of
the panel products made of leaves of mahagony
(Swietenia macrophylla ) and oil palm (E.guinensis). In
addition , the discussions for improving the physical and
mechanical properties have been presented .
Materials and Methods
1.1. Primary Materials
In this contribution, dry-leaves of mahagony (S.
macrophylla) (Fig.1) was collected from mahagony forest
plantation at the university campus (Hutan Tri Dharma).
So, the dry-leaves residue of oil palm plantation was
compiled along the street of Jalan Tri Dharma which oil
palm tree grows (Fig.2). In fact, both of these materials
were dried naturally by sunlight. In order to make uniform,
these materials were then oven-dried under temperature of
103C for 24 hours. Further, these materials have also
been sieved under size of 4 mesh.
36 37
[manufactured in→manufactured on]
36
[develop→developing]
40
[the addition or an addition]
41
Unoriginal text: 9 words
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2037…
42
deglupta→delta sengon→second falcataria→falcataria
jabon→jambon
cadamba→caramba
guinensis→Sinensis
Figure 1. Dry-leaves residue of mahagony forest as the
materials in this study. Figure 2. Dry-leaves residue of
oil palm plantation as the materials in this study.
1.2. Methods
In this research, the procedure of particleboard production
was as follows:
1. Raw materials preparation
The raw materials were consisted of leaves particle as
explained in the primary materials with containing 5%
moisture content, UF resins as adhesive, and ammonium
chloride (NH4Cl) as the hardener.
2. Blending process
The amount of leaves particle needed for one board will be
weighed after screening and drying. The particle will be
put into a rotary blender and mixed with resin by means
called a spray gun. The target of board thickness will be 1
cm and the density 0.80 g/cm3. UF resin’s solid content
was 60%, and the level of resin was 10% based on oven
dry particle weight. Both 1% and 3% hardener of NH4Cl
were added in the form of aqueous with concentration
20%wt.
3. Mat forming and hot pressing
After the blending process, the furnish (the mixture of
leaves particle, adhesive, and hardener) will be hand
formed into a mat. Both top and bottom surfaces of the
furnish mat will be covered with aluminium foil sheets.
Pressure value was 25 kg/cm2, pressing time was 10
minutes, and pressing temperature was 120C. During
boards pressing, the day light will be inserted steel bar
stop to meet the particleboard target thickness.
4. Conditioning
After hot pressing, the particleboard samples will be
conditioned in an ambient room for 2 weeks.
After conditioning for 2 weeks, the particleboard will be
cut into specimen and tested for physical and mechanical
properties according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
A 5908 (2003) [10] with three replications for each
condition. The data were analyzed with simple statistics
with standard deviation.
1.3. Physical properties
Investigation of physical properties was carried out in
ambient temperature at Forest Products Laboratory,
Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara (Medan,
Indonesia) with at least three replications, consisted of
determination of density, moisture content (MC), water
absorption, and thickness swelling. Both density and MC
specimen’s size were 10 cm x 10 cm. The dimension of
test piece of water absoption and thickness swelling was 5
cm x 5 cm. Weight and dimension were measured using
electronic balance and callipers. Moisture content was
determined by grav imetric analysis. All of the testing
was according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A
5908 (2003) [10].
1.4. Mechanical properties
Mechanical test was conducted using the Tensilon UTM
(Universal Testing Machine) in ambient temperature for at
least three replications. The mechanical test consisted of
bending strength and internal bond strength. Bending
strength was determined through measurement of MOE/
modulus of elasticity and MOR/ modulus of rupture,
respectively.All of the mechanical properties tests were
also conducted at Forest Products Laboratory, Faculty of
Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara (Medan,
Indonesia).
1.5. Data analysis
Mean value from at least three data measurements both on
physical and mechanical properties testing were presented
Results and Discussions
1.1. Physical properties
Results of physical test were presented in Table 1. Air-dry
density values of the specimens ranged between 0.53-0.62
g/cm3. They fulfilled the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS
A 5908-2003). Unfortunately, the values were below on
the target density. This phenomenon may be related to the
spring back effect and the voluminous (bulky) leaves
particles, therefore compression ratio was difficult to
calculate.
Moisture content showed that all of the values met the
standard. Leaves belong to lignocelluloses material, they
have hygroscopic characteristic. They can bond or release
water from the environment, and inherently they have
hydrogen bonding.
Both thickness swelling and water absorption showed very
high percentage after immersing in the water. This
situation was reasonable since the used adhesive was
interior type (UF resins)
Table 1. Physical properties of leaves particleboard with
1% and 3% hardener
Property Mahagony leaves particleboard with NH4Cl
Oil palm leaves particleboard with NH4Cl
1% 3% 1% 3%
Density (g/cm3) 0.62 + 0.04 0.60 + 0.03 0.53 + 0.04
0.56 + 0.03
Moisture content (%) 10.50 + 1.10 10.19 + 0.35 8.44
46
+ 0.75 8.75 + 2.03
Thickness swelling-2h (%) 9.82 + 0.59 7.11 + 2.44
53.71 + 8.82 43.61+22.08
Thickness swelling-24h (%) 29.34 + 2.01 20.86 + 1.81
69.23 + 18.12 77.31 + 7.20
Water absoption-2h (%) 21.43 + 2.69 22.52 + 3.82
53.71 + 8.82 49.44 + 10.80
Water absoption-24h (%) 93.01 + 8.32 84.01+ 31.71
149.23 +16.88 134.75+11.25
1.2. Mechanical properties
Table 2 shows values of mechanical properties of leaves
particleboard with different hardener content.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of leaves particleboard
with 1% and 3% hardener
Property Mahagony leaves particleboard with NH4Cl
Oil palm leaves particleboard with NH4Cl
1% 3% 1% 3%
MOE (kgf/cm2) 146+47 117+ 35 2283+ 385
2310+ 146
MOR (kgf/cm2) 9.79 + 6.46 6.55 + 1.61 22.15 +
3.00 24.45+ 10.28
IB (kgf/cm2) 0.02 + 0.01 0.07 + 0.01 0.27 + 0.03
0.27 + 0.03
All the mechanical properties were failed to satisfy the
standard (JIS A 5908-2003). The failure of both MOE and
MOR have to enhance by strengthen the raw material of
leaves. The failure of internal bond have to be repaired
using manipulation of the adhesive used
In order to get better properties of the leaves
particleboard, we attempted to mix the leaves with wood
(sawdust) in various ratio [11], for instance ratio of
mahagony leaves and sawdust 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; and
25:75. But the results showed statistically were not
significant. Therefore this work has been stopped. In
addition, we also tried to add the level of adhesives used
[11]. The level adhesive used was increased up to 12%.
The results showed statistically were significant.
Therefore, this treatment then becomes a future work.
1.4. On going and future work to improve the quality of
the leaves particleboard properties
1.4.1.Addition more hardener (NH4Cl)
In this study, we applied 1% and 3% hardener for the
particleboard however the properties were still not
satisfied. Addition of hardener up to 5%; 7%; and 9%
hopefully could improve the properties of the leaves
particleboard as shown in temporary results of this
experiment (Figure 3). NH4Cl created acidic condition
hence UF resin (with increased level of adhesive up to
12%) will be more cured as shown in Figure 4.
Furthermore, addition of hardener will make the UF resin
more aqueous thus the distribution of the UF resin into
particleboard is more extend.
Figure 3. Leaves particleboard of oil palm and mahagony
with various hardener level (5%;7%;9%)
Resulted in pH 7 Resulted in pH 5 Resulted in pH 3
Figure 4. Result of measurement of pH of the furnish.
Higher hardener level showed lower pH which indicated
more acidic.
1.4.2.Addition layers on both surfaces using veneer
For sheathing application, both surface of leaves
particleboard should be layered as shown in Figure 5.
Addition veneer layers on both surfaces of leaves
particleboard will improve the MOE and MOR values
including its dimension stability. The thickness of the
veneer also must be considered
Figure 5. Construction of leaves particleboard with
layers on both surface (face and back)
1.4.3.Replacement UF resin with exterior type adhesive
UF resin is one of types interior adhesives thus it is
prone to water or high moisture.In addition , because of
formaldehyde based, UF resin will release formaldehyde
emission during service used. Therefore, good choice if
we replace UF resin with exterior type adhesive such as
isocyanate. Isocyanate can be used without addition
of hardener , can be applied using sprayer , and
non-formalin based.
Conclusions
The leaves particleboard has been successfully produced
unfortunately their physical and mechanical properties
were not satisfy . Therefore, some future works should be
carried out, for instances: 1) addition more hardener into
the leaves particleboard; 2) addition layers on both surface 47
48
49 50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57 58
59 60
61 62
of the leaves particleboard; 3) application of exterior
adhesive such as isocyanate
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by Penelitian Talenta from
University of Sumatera Utara in the year of 2017.
Thanks also for Jan Heri Setiawan Damanik, Dame
Lasmaria Siahaan, Iwan Risnasari, Irawati Azhar, Aidul
Adha Sagala, and Hendra Joseph Saota for their laboratory
working helps.
64 65
47
[ ]
48
[surface→surfaces] 49
Possibly confused word 50
Passive voice
51
Possibly confused word
52
Repetitive word: veneer
53
Possibly confused word
54
[the types] 55
[ ]
Result→The result
56
[a goodor the good]
57
[Isocyanate→The isocyanate] 58
Passive voice 59
[the hardener] 60
[a sprayeror the sprayer]
61
Possibly confused word 62
Squinting modifier 63
[were not satisfy→were not satisfied]
64
Passive voice 65
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, University of Sumatra Utara
Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, 20155
Tel: +6281263219598
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Paper Title: Properties of Leaves Particleboard for Sheathing Application
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UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, University of Sumatra Utara
Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, 20155
Tel: +6281263219598
Website: www.friendlycity.usu.ac.id
Email: friendlycity@usu.ac.id
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RECEIPT
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Fw: Friendly City4 2017 Medan : Final Information
1 messageArif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com> Sat, Dec 1, 2018 at 10:45 AM
To: Rahmawaty Hamsuddin <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com>
Arif Nuryawan, S.Hut., M.Si., Ph.D.
Teaching staff at University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture
Jl.Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan-Indonesia 20155 Phone +62-877-6918-7088 Email arifnury@yahoo.com
Pesan yang Diteruskan
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Kepada: Arif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com>
Terkirim: Rabu, 21 Maret 2018 17.59.27 GMT+7
Judul: Re: Friendly City4 2017 Medan : Final Information
Dear all Accepted-Full-Paper contributors,
We hereby announce that your accepted papers has published online. Click on the link below to check on your paper(s):
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Last but not least, million thanks for all of your contribution and coorperation. Can't wait to see you again on Friendly City 5 International Conference!
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Pada Jumat, 27 Oktober 2017 20.57.28 WIB, Friendly City <friendlycitypublishingmanager@yahoo.com> menulis:
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Fw: Friendly City4 2017 Medan: Full Paper Contributor - BT 026
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Arif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com> Sat, Dec 1, 2018 at 10:46 AM
To: Rahmawaty Hamsuddin <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com>
Arif Nuryawan, S.Hut., M.Si., Ph.D.
Teaching staff at University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture
Jl.Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan-Indonesia 20155
Phone +62-877-6918-7088 Email arifnury@yahoo.com
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Kepada:arifnury@yahoo.com <arifnury@yahoo.com>; arif5@usu.ac.id <arif5@usu.ac.id>
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Judul: Friendly City4 2017 Medan: Full Paper Contributor - BT 026
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We herewith attach the Assessment Score Sheet of the Full Paper that has been reviewed by blind reviewer. You need to revise it in accordance with the input from blind Scientific Committee. We remind you that your full paper will highly be accepted if you follow the IOP guideline and template. Please check on your Author Name and Affiliation (full address including country) written on your full paper carefully to ensure that your paper follows the IOP guideline and template. Please revise according to your grammarly and plagiarism score attached at least = 90 for higher chance paper acceptance, and at least 75% of the references of full paper should be within the last 5 years. Please amend accordingly, and resubmit by e-mail with subject 'Full Paper Revision' latest by 21 August 2017 (strictly).
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rahmawaty1974 <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com> Sat, Dec 1, 2018 at 12:23 PM
To: Arif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com>
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