Keberlanjutan Kualitas Lingkungan 2:
Limbah & Lingkungan Perkotaan
11
BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan
Pustaka Utama : Miller & Spoolman (2012); Botkin & Keller (2011); Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012
Macam-macam limbah dan permasalahan yang terkait Isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan:
Urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi, dll
Solusi berkelanjutan
Contoh-contoh kasus di Indonesia
2
Menjelaskan macam-macam limbah dan permasalahan
yang terkait
Menjelaskan isu-isu lingkungan perkotaan :
urbanisasi/kependudukan, transportasi, dll
What are solid waste and hazardous
waste, and why are they problems?
3
Concept 1. Solid waste contributes to pollution and
represents the unnecessary consumption of resources;
hazardous waste contributes to pollution as well as to
natural capital degradation, health problems, and
Solid Waste and Hazardous/Toxic Waste
4
- Solid waste divided into two types :
1.
Industrial solid waste
2.
Municipal solid waste (trash/garbage)
- Hazardous/toxic waste : threatens human health or
environment because it is poisonous, dangerously
chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable.
How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?
6
Concept 2, A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to
reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose
of what is left.
There are three method to deal
with solid waste :
1. Waste management
2. Waste reduction
3. Integrated waste
management
Waste reduction is based on
three Rs:
1. Reduce
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
What are the major population trends in
urban areas?
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Concept X. Urbanization Continuous to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes
of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in less-developed countries
- Urbanization is creation and
growth of urban and suburban
area
- Urban growth is the rate of
increase of urban population.
- Urban areas grow in two ways
: natural increase (more births
than deaths) and immigration,
mostly from rural area (in
search of jobs, food, housing,
educational opportunities, etc)
Why Are Reusing and Recycling Materials
So Important?
11
Concept 3, Reusing items decreases the consumption of matter
and energy resources, and reduces pollution and natural capital
degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree
We can reprocess such materials in two ways :
1. Primary or closed loop recycling
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
13
Concept 4, Technologies for burning and burying solid
wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to air
and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and
buried wastes eventually contribute to the pollution and
degradation of land and water resources.
15 A state-of-the-art sanitary landfill is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills.
The Trade-offs of waste-to energy
incineration and sanitary landfills
How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?
17
Concept 5, A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is
first to produce less of it, the to reuse or recycle it, then to
convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely
store what is left.
We Can Use Integrated Manageent of
Hazardous Waste
We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes
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Steps in dealing with hazardous and
toxic wastes from industries and
households :
1. Collect them
2. Detoxifying with physical
methods
3. Detoxifying with chemical
methods
e.g Bioremediation,
We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous
Waste
How Can We Make The Transition to a
More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
23
- Providing Environmental Justice for everyone is an important goal : Environmental justice is an ideal whereby person is entitled to protection from environmental hazards regardless of race, gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or any political factor.
- International treaties have reduced hazardous waste : Since 1992, Basel Convention has been in effect. It banned the more-developed countries that participate in the treaty from shipping
hazardous waste to or through other countries without their permissions. In 1995, the treaty was amended to outlaw all transfers of hazardous wastes from industrialized countries to
less-developed countries.
- Make a Transition to low-waste societies : to prevent pollution and reduce wastes, there are some principles key to follow :
1. everything is connected
2. there is no away, as in to throw away, for wastes we produces 3. Pollutes and producers should pay for wastes they produces
4. We can mimic nature by reusing, recycling, composting, or exchanging most of the municipal solid wastes we produces
What Are the Major Population Trends in
Urban Areas?
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Concept 6, Urbanization continues to increase steadily and
the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly,
especially in less-developed countries
- Urbanization is the creation and growth of urban and suburban
areas. Measured as the percentage of the people in a country
or in the world living in such areas
Four major trends in urban population
dynamics :
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The proportion of the global population living in urban
areas is increasing
The numbers and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming.
Urban growth is much slower in more-developed
countries than in less-developed countries.
Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in
Some Undesirable impacts of urban
sprawl or car-dependent development
What are the major urban resource and
environmental problems?
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Concept 7, Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of
resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty
Urbanization has advantages :
1. From an economic standpoint, cities are centers of economic development,
innovation, education, technological advances, and jobs.
2. High accessibility to medical care, family planning, education, and other social services.
3. Environmental advantages, such as recycling. High concentrating people in cities helps to preserve biodiversity by reducing the stress on wildlife habitats. Central cities also can save energy if residents rely more on energy-efficient mass transportation, walking and
bicycling.
Urbanization has disadvantages :
1. Cities have huge ecological footprint 2. Most cities lack vegetation
3. Cities often have water problems
4. Cities concentrate pollution and health problems
5. Cities have excessive noise
6. Cities affect local climates and cause light pollution
How does transportation affect urban
environmental impacts?
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Concept 8, In some countries, many people live in widely dispersed urban areas
and depend mostly on motor vehicles for their transportation, which greatly
expands their ecological footprints.
Transportation as a source of
outdoor air pollution
Motor vehicle have helped create
urban sprawl and the car commuter
culture
How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning?
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Concept 9, Urban land-use planning can help to reduce
uncontrolled sprawl and slow the resulting degradation of
air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.
How Can Cities Become More Sustainable
and Livable?
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Concept 10, An ecocity allows people to choose walking,
biking, or mass transit for most transportation needs; to
recycle or reuse most of their wastes; to grow much of their
food; and to protect biodiversity by preserving
New Urbanism
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Goals of New Urbanism :
1. Walkability
2. Mixed-used and diversity
3. Quality urban design
4. Environmental sustainability
5. Smart transportation
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia
37
Akumulasi dari limbah padat dan limbah industri di sungai – sungai jakarta. Menghasilkan masalah-masalah tersendiri baik dari aspek kesehatan maupun bencana alam seperti banjir dll.
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia
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Urbanisasi dalam rangka mencari kesempatan hidup lebih baik, menyebabkan peningkatan kepadatan penduduk di DKI Jakarta. Gaya hidup yang
car-centered dan belum adanya
transportasi publik yang baik menjadi salah satu dari faktor penyebabnya. Kemacetan ini menyumbangkan lebih dari 80% pencemaran udara di DKI
Contoh Kasus di Indonesia : Pembangunan
PLTSa Gedebage.
39
- Banyaknya sampah yang dihasilkan di Kota Bandung, menyebabkan akumulasi sampah dan timbulnya permasalahan ruang untuk
menimbun.
- Pemerintah Kota Bandung mencoba untuk mengubah sampah-sampah yang dihasilkan menjadi energi menggunakan metode waste to
energy dengan membangun PLTSa
(Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah) - Namun, muncul dukungan dan
penolakan akan pembangunan PLTSa terkait kajian mengenai dampak pembangunan PLTSa terhadap lingkungan bandung
Contoh Kasus
40
-
Nokia and WWF partnership to decrease Nokia’s
ecological footprints.
-
Nokia and WWF campaigns to promote take-back
program to make sure valuable material gets reused
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0G662N2Pwk#t=
119
Tugas
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Cari Isu terkini mengenai permasalahan lingkungan di
wilayah perkotaan. Berikan analisa kalian untuk
Daftar Pustaka
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Botkin, Daniel B. 2011.Environmental science : earth as a
living planet. Chapter 22.
