DISCRIMINATION
By
Elga Fatimah Saki 11706005
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
Revision after the Thesis Defense on July 14th 2021
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Elga Fatimah Saki
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Murni Handayani
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF MICROFLUIDIC FABRIC-BASED ELECTRONIC TONGUE FOR SALIVARY CONSTITUENTS
DISCRIMINATION
By
Elga Fatimah Saki
Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng., Advisor Dr. Murni Handayani, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
The purpose of this research is to develop a microfluidic fabric-based electrochemical device (µFED) for an electronic tongue that is able to detect several salivary constituents, such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, and protein using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) within the range frequency of 0.1 – 200.000 Hz. The µFED was coated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on the gap between the working and counter electrode as a dielectric part to conduct impedance change once interacting with the sample. The PET was coated twice, the first coating was 5 µl with duration and speed spinning were the 90s and 4500rpm, respectively. The second coating was 4 µl with the same speed spinning but the duration was reduced to 60s. The best performance of PET- coated thread µFED towards glucose, BSA, sucrose, fructose is at frequency of 1364.74, 8369.115, 5318, 2147 Hz with the LOD of 0.0186, 0.019, 0.16, 0.08 mM and the sensitivity of 1,317,101, 1,443,788, 755,430, 755,430 ohm/mM, respectively.
Keywords: electronic tongue, microfluidic fabric-based, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), saliva.
© Copyright 2021 by Elga Fatimah Saki
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this works for my beloved parents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude and thanksgiving to Almighty God for all mercy, grace, power, and the blessing, so I can complete this bachelor thesis.
It is always a pleasure to remind the kind people in the Swiss German University for their sincere guidance I received during thesis work.
I would like to express my sincere to Dr. Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, S.T., M.Eng. and Dr.
Murni Handayani as my advisor and co-advisor for their careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable during thesis work. Without their guidance and persistent help, this thesis would not have been possible.
I would like to extend my gratitude for all members of SGU’s Life Sciences and Technology for their guidance, help, and support during my thesis work.
Moreover, a big thanks to all my friends who have supported me along the way.
Finally, I would like to thank my mom and dad for their unconditional love and always believe in me
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES... 10
CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1 Background ... 11
1.2 Research Problem ... 12
1.3 Objectives ... 13
1.4 Significance of Study ... 13
1.5 Scope of study ... 13
1.6 Research Question ... 14
1.7 Hypothesis ... 14
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1 Salivary metabolome ... 15
2.2 Biosensor... 16
2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) ... 19
2.4 Membrane ... 20
2.5 Microfluidic device ... 20
2.6 Previous Studies ... 21
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ... 23
3.1 Venue and Time ... 23
3.2 Materials and Equipment ... 24
3.3 Research Framework ... 25
3.4 System Overview ... 25
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 32
4.1 Fabrication of µFED ... 32
4.2 Functionalization of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer on µFED ... 36
4.3. EIS analysis ... 37
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 47
5.1 Conclusions ... 47
5.2 Recommendations ... 47
REFERENCES ... 48
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Illustration of a biosensor structure. ... 16
Figure 2 Flowchart of the research ... 25
Figure 3 µFED design. (a) Schematic illustration of the continuous µFED platform. (b) 2D of µFED. (c) Top view of the ready to use folded µFED. ... 27
Figure 4 Three-electrode configuration. ... 28
Figure 5 Position for PET solution dropped ... 30
Figure 6 Photograph of EIS measurement setup ... 31
Figure 7 First design of the µFED ... 32
Figure 8 Second design of the µFED... 33
Figure 9 Third design of the µFED ... 34
Figure 10 µFED appearance (a) no leakage. (b) leakage. ... 35
Figure 11 Final µFED design ... 35
Figure 12 Photograph of PET-coated µFED under microscope with magnification of 4x (a) well spread of < 9 µl PET dropped. (b) well spread of 9 µl of PET dropped. (c) not well spread of 9 µl of PET dropped ... 37
Figure 13 Characterization of EIS response presented in Nyquist plot (left) and Bode plot (right). Reprinted from (Choi et al., 2020) with permission from Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology. ... 39
Figure 14 Nyquist plot of the system circuit. (a) Glucose sample. (b) BSA sample. (c) Sucrose sample. (d) Fructose sample... 40
Figure 15 Equivalent circuit of the system ... 41
Figure 16 Bode plot. (a) Glucose sample. (b) BSA sample. (c) Sucrose sample. (d) Fructose sample. ... 42
Figure 17 Glucose calibration curve ... 43
Figure 18 BSA calibration curve ... 44
Figure 19 Sucrose calibration curve ... 45
Figure 20 Fructose calibration curve ... 46
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Gantt chart of the research ... 23 Table 2 Increasing resistance µFED after coating with PET (*SD n=4). ... 36
