Isu Mutakhir Keamanan Pangan

(1)

Blog: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id Email: phariyadi@ipb.ac.id

Purwiyatno Hariyadi

Guru Besar

Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan

Fakultas Teknologi Pangan

&

Peneliti

Southeast Asian Food & Agricultural Science &

Technology (SEAFAST) Center, LPPM,

Institut Pertanian Bogor

Isu Mutakhir

Keamanan Pangan

1. Sebagai isu Kesehatan Publik

2. Sebagai isu Ekonomi

3. Sebagai isu Perdagangan

Internasional

(2)

2 juta korban meninggal

dunia setiap tahunnya

akibat pangan tidak

aman.

1 • Sebagai isu Kesehatan Publik

1 Amerika Serikat (CDC, 2015):

• 5000 orang meninggal,

• 76 juta jatuh sakit, dan

• 325,000 orang dirawat di rumah sakit.

Indonesia (BPOM, 2015):

• 2500 orang meninggal, dan

• 411.500 orang sakit.

 Masih memperihatinkan

Keamanan Pangan  isu global

• Sebagai isu Kesehatan Publik

(3)

• 2006 (USA ): Loss of sales: estimated $1

million/day for spinach outbreak

2 • Sebagai isu Ekonomi

• 2010 (USA ): Food poisoning costs > $3

billion/year for Salmonella and STEC E. coli

2 Keamanan Pangan  isu global

• Sebagai isu Ekonomi

(4)

• 2015 (USA ): CDC Report, 2015

• 7.7-23 milyar USD (> 100-299 Triliun

Rupiah) per tahun

• Indonesia (BPOM, 2015)

• 2,9 Triliun Rupiah per

tahun.

2 • Sebagai isu Ekonomi

• Food world trade exceeds

400.000 millions dollars/year.

• 50% of food world exports

are produced by developing

countries.

3 • Sebagai isu Perdagangan Internasional

Keamanan Pangan  isu global

(5)

Applies to cereals & cereal products, nuts not subject to further processing, & dried fruit

• Phenomena ““chasing zero”.



Kasus standar aflatoksin UE.

3 • Sebagai isu Perdagangan Internasional

• Phenomena ““chasing zero”.



Kasus standar aflatoksin UE.

3 • Sebagai isu Perdagangan Internasional

Keamanan Pangan  isu global

(6)

• Otsuki et al. (2001) “The new EU standard,

which would reduce health risk by

approximately 1.4 deaths per billion a year, will

decrease these African exports by 64% or US$

670 million, in contrast to regulation set through

an international standard

”.



It may possibly save the life of one

citizen of EU/2 years

• Phenomena ““chasing zero”.



Kasus standar aflatoksin UE.

3 • Sebagai isu Perdagangan Internasional

4 Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

IPTEKS

Budaya/

Demografi/

TRAVEL

Ekonomi/

PERDAGAN

GAN

Media

Kondisi

Alam/Iklim

Perilaku

Konsumen

Regulasi/

Penegakan

Hukum

Praktek

Pertanian

Industri/

PERDAGAN

GAN

ISU BARU

Keamanan Pangan

Dimodifikasi dari

(7)

4 Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

Silakan Baca :

Dewanti-Hariyadi, R dan Hariyadi, P. 2012.

Antisipasi terhadap Isu-Isu Baru Keamanan Pangan. PANGAN, Vol. 21

No. 1 Maret 2012: 85-100

(8)

4 a

RASFF

EU 2013

4 a

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

RASFF

EU 2014

(9)

4 a

RASFF

EU 2013

4 a

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

RASFF

EU 2014

(10)

Number of EU refusal of selected products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

39 32 17 12 7 5 5 ₄ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Number

of

re

fu

sa

ls

All data are taken from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff‐window/portal/

4 a

42

25

14

6

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 Pe

rc

e

n

ta

ge

of

r

efusals

Reasons of EU refusal for fish and fish products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

4 a

(11)

1. Heavy metal

Reasons of EU refusal for fish and fish products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

15 Notifications

4 a

Cadmium

(2/15 cases,

13%)

Mercury

(13/15 cases;

87%)

1. Mercury (1.72 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen swordfish (Xiphias gladius) 2. Mercury (1.572 mg/kg - ppm) in swordfish from Spain, with raw material 3. Mercury (1.48 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen slices of swordfish (Xiphias glaudius) 4. Mercury (1.385 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen dolphin-fish filets (Coryphaena hippurus) 5. Mercury (1.362 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

6. Mercury (1.315 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen swordfish (Xiphias gladius) 7. Mercury (1.3 mg/kg - ppm) in marlin loins

8. Mercury (1.223 mg/kg - ppm) in tuna fish fillets

9. Mercury (1.12 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen oilfish saku (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) 10. Mercury (1.103 mg/kg - ppm) in yellow fin tuna loins (Thunnus Albacares) 11. Mercury (1 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen baramundi perch (Lates calcarifer) 12. Mercury (0.7 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen gutted whole red snapper (Lutjanus Sp) 13. Mercury (0.649 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen moonfish (Lampris guttatis) 14. Cadmium (0.440 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen swordfish (Xiphias gladius) 15. Cadmium (0.060 mg/kg - ppm) in frozen bichique (Sicyopterus lagocephalus)

1. Heavy metal

Reasons of EU refusal for fish and fish products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

15 Notifications

4 a

(12)

2. Poor/Insusficient control

Reasons of EU refusal for fish and fish products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

9 Notifications

4 a

1. Bad hygienic state of chilled yellowfin tuna

2. Bad hygienic state of chilled tuna (Thunnus albacares)

3. Bad hygienic state of chilled tuna (Thunnus albacares)

4. Poor temperature control ‐ rupture of the cold chain ‐ of frozen tuna fillets

5. Poor temperature control of frozen tuna loins

6. Poor temperature control of frozen tuna (Thunnus albacares)

7. Poor temperature control ‐ rupture of the cold chain ‐ of frozen skipjack loins

(Katsuwonus/euthynnus pelamis)

8. Poor temperature control ‐ rupture of the cold chain ‐ of frozen tuna (Katsuwonus

pelamis)

9. Poor temperature control ‐ rupture of the cold chain ‐ of frozen tuna (Thunnus

albacares)

2. Poor/Insusficient control

Reasons of EU refusal for fish and fish products from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

9 Notifications

4 a

(13)

Pe

rc

e

n

ta

ge

of

r

efusals

88

6 ₃

₃

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 Reasons of EU refusal for Herbs and Spices from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

4 a

Blog: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id Email: phariyadi@ipb.ac.id 1. Aflatoxins (B1 = 14.45; Tot. = 17.6 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg

2. Aflatoxins (B1 = 7.6 µg/kg - ppb) in prepacked ground nutmeg 3. Aflatoxins (B1 = 18.0 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg

4. Aflatoxins (B1 = 21.9; Tot. = 30.3 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg 5. Aflatoxins (B1 = 28.9; Tot. = 33.0 µg/kg - ppb) in whole nutmegs 6. Aflatoxins (B1 = 120; Tot. = 140 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg

7. Aflatoxins (B1 = 0.0203; Tot. = 0.0241 mg/kg - ppm) in ground nutmeg 8. Aflatoxins (B1 = 6.4 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg

9. Aflatoxins (B1 = 6.4; Tot. = 10.1 mg/kg - ppm) in nutmeg

10. Aflatoxins (B1 = 42.0; Tot. = 53.1 / B1 = 56; Tot. = 70.5 / B1 = 43.5; Tot. = 60.4 / B1 = 13.7; Tot. = 16.6 / B1 = 11.9; Tot. = 14.7 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg

11. Aflatoxins (B1 = 57 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg shrivels 12. Aflatoxins (B1 = 45; Tot. = 46 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg 13. Aflatoxins (B1 = 23; Tot. = 24 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg 14. Aflatoxins (B1 = 25; Tot. = 30 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg 15. Aflatoxins (B1 = 7.9; Tot. = 8.3 µg/kg - ppb) in chilli powder

Mycotoxin  Aflatoxin (1)

Reasons of EU refusal for Herbs and Spices from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

4 a

(14)

Blog: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id Email: phariyadi@ipb.ac.id 15. ….

16. Aflatoxins (B1 = 12.2; Tot. = 13.2 / B1 = 17.8; Tot. = 20.4 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg 17. Aflatoxins (B1 = 14.6; Tot. = 16.6 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg

18. Aflatoxins (B1 = 68; Tot. = 70.8 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg from 19. Aflatoxins (B1 = 17 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg

20. Aflatoxins (B1 = 29; Tot. = 36 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg shrivels 21. Aflatoxins (B1 = 55; Tot. = 59 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg

22. Aflatoxins (B1 = 21.2; Tot. = 24.0 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg 23. Aflatoxins (B1 = 60; Tot. = 65 µg/kg - ppb) in whole nutmegs

24. Aflatoxins (B1 = 9.9; Tot. = 12.5 µg/kg - ppb) in shrivelled crushed nutmeg 25. Aflatoxins (B1 = 61.43; Tot. = 72.47 / B1 = 25.48; Tot. = 30.41 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg 26. Aflatoxins (B1 = 19.5; Tot. = 20.7 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg shrivels

27. Aflatoxins (B1 = 21; Tot. = 24 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg 28. Aflatoxins (B1 = 8.1 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg powder

Mycotoxin  Aflatoxin (2)

Reasons of EU refusal for Herbs and Spices from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

4 a

12 Notifications:

1. Aflatoxins (B1 = 24.1; Tot. = 28.3 µg/kg - ppb) in garlic coated peanuts

2. Aflatoxins (B1 = 50.8; Tot. = 55.6 µg/kg - ppb) in egg coated peanuts

3. Aflatoxins (B1 = 12; Tot. = 14.3 µg/kg - ppb) in hot chilli coated peanuts

4. Aflatoxins (B1 = 100; Tot. = 105 µg/kg - ppb) in nutmeg shrivels

5. Aflatoxins (B1 = 9.0; Tot. = 11.2 µg/kg - ppb) in ground nutmeg

6. Faecal streptococci (300 CFU/g) in dessicated coconut fine grade

7. Faecal streptococci (3200 CFU/g) in coconut flour

8. Faecal streptococci (400 CFU/g) in dessicated coconut fine grade

9. Faecal streptococci (900 CFU/g) in coconut flour from Indonesia

10. Salmonella Senftenberg

(presence /25g) and Salmonella spp. (presence

/25g) in desiccated coconut

11. Salmonella spp

. (present /25g) in ground dessicated coconut

12. Bacillus cereus

(2100 CFU/g) and Enterococcus (11000 CFU/g) in

ground coconuta

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

Reasons of EU refusal for Nuts, Nut and produtcts and seeds

from Indonesia

(RASFF, from 01/01/2008 ‐ 15/10/2013 )

4 a

(15)

5 Pemalsuan Pangan/Food Fraud

Isu Mutakhir (Baru) Keamanan Pangan ?

5

(16)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(17)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(18)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(19)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(20)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(21)

6 Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

6

(22)

6 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

food fraud

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7

(23)

Pemalsuan Pangan (Intentional or economically

motivated adulteration of food/food ingredients

):

“the fraudulent addition of nonauthentic

substances or removal or replacement of

authentic substances without the purchaser’s

knowledge for economic gain of the seller”

(The Food Ingredients Expert Committee (the Council

of Experts, of the USP Expert Panel; DeVries 2009).

PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

food fraud

7 “Upaya sengaja mengganti, menambah,

mengubah atau merepresentasikan secara

keliru suatu bahan dan/atau produk pangan,

kemasan pangan, serta memberikan informasi

tidak benar pada label, untuk tujuan menipu

konsumen demi keuntungan ekonomi”.

(Hariyadi, P. Kompas, 23 Mei, 2015).

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

food fraud

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

Pemalsuan Pangan (Intentional or economically

(24)

Contaminant

Theft/Diversion

Grey Market/

Theft/Diversion

Counterfeiting

Enhancements

Unapproved

Enhancements

Mislabeling

Dilution

_Substitution

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

food fraud

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

Source: Food Fraud Think Tank Presentation, GFSI, 10/2012).

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

(25)

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

(Moore, et al. April 5, 2012, Journal of Food Science).

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

(26)

PEMALSUAN

PANGAN

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

Tercatat 1,300 kasus pemalsuan

pangan yang terjadi sejak tahun

1980 sampai 2010

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

(27)

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

(Moore, et al. April 5, 2012, Journal of Food Science)

Sebelas (11) bahan pangan yang

paling sering dipalsukan:

1. Olive oil (% of total record: 16)

2. Susu (14)

3. Madu (7)

4. Saffron (Crocus sativus, 4)

5. Jus jeruk (4)

6. Kopi (3)

7. Jus apel (2)

8. Anggur (2)

9. Sirup maple (2)

10.Ekstraks vanilla (2)

11.Beras (1)

Data USP dari tahun 2011 dan 2012

- 800 catatan kasus baru pemalsuan pangan;



Total : lebih dari 2000 kasus.

- Produk pangan “baru”rentan pemalsuan:

seafood (ikan dan udang) dan jus lemon.

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

7

(28)

- Melibatkan bahan-bahan tidak umum digunakan

- Bahaya tidak (banyak) dipelajari dan diketahui.

- Sulit untuk memahami dan mengkuantifikasi

risiko

- Sulit deteksi.

- Motif curang: ekonomi  economic adulteration

- Akibatnya? :



Ancaman thd kesehatan public



isu keamanan pangan

.

7 PEMALSUAN PANGAN

?

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8

(29)

• USA (2011) : Prevention is the core principle of the

FDA Food Safety Modernization Act

• “Preventing problems before they cause

harm is not only common sense, it is the

key to food safety in the 21st century,”

• “We cannot afford to wait until people

become ill to realize there is a problem.”

FDA Commissioner

Margaret A. Hamburg

7 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

• Mempersyaratkan industri pangan mempunyai

rencana pertahanan pangan (food defense plan)

& mendaftarkan fasilitasnya

• HACCP  HARPC

(Hazard analysis and

risk-based preventive controls)

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

• USA (2011) : Prevention is the core principle of the

FDA Food Safety Modernization Act

(30)

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

• UK (2014) :

PAS 96:2014 Guide to protecting and

defending food and drink from deliberate attack

Mempersyaratkan :

• HACCP  TACCP

(Threat Assessment

Critical Control Point)

1. Analisis bahaya

(Hazards analysis).

2. Pengendalian berbasis risiko

untuk pencegahan

(Risk-based

preventive controls)

3. Pemantauan keefektifan

(Monitoring of effectiveness)

4. Tindakan koreksi

(Corrective actions)

5. Verifikasi

(Verification)

6. Penyimpanan arsip dan

dokumentasi

(Record keeping and

documentation).

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

HARPC

(31)

Vs

1.Bahaya biologi

2.Bahaya kimia

3.Bahaya fisika

1. Bahaya biologi

2. Bahaya kimia

3. Bahaya fisika

4. Bahaya radiologi

5. Bahaya toksin alami

6. Bahaya pestisida

7. Bahaya residu obat

8. Bahaya hasil dekomposisi

9. Bahaya parasite

10.Bahaya alergen

11.Bahaya bahan tambahan tidak legal

12.Bahaya lain yang mungkin masuk secara

disengaja

(food defense related hazards).

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

HACCP

HARPC



HACCP  HARPC

(Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls)

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?



HACCP  HARPC

(Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls)

Silakan baca:

Dewanti-Hariyadi R dan Hariyadi, P. 2014.

HARPC: Apa bedanya dengan HACCP?

FOODREVIEW Indonesia. Vol iX, No. 1

Halaman 27 – 33.

(32)

Vs

1.Bahaya biologi

2.Bahaya kimia

3.Bahaya fisika

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

HACCP

TACCP



HACCP  TACCP

(Threats assesmet Cirtical Control Points)

How (i) to detect, (ii) to deter, and (iii) to prevent

intentional contamination?

Kembangkan!

Termasuk Managing Intentional

contamination/Adulteration

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8

(33)

`

Program Keamanan Pangan

Program “pertahanan” Pangan

(Food Defense Program)



Perlu ada paradigma baru : Pertahanan Pangan”

Kembangkan!

Termasuk Managing Intentional

contamination/Adulteration

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?



Perlu ada paradigma baru : Pertahanan Pangan”

Kembangkan!

Termasuk Managing Intentional

contamination/Adulteration

Isu Mutakhir (Baru)



Pangan Palsu ?

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

Silakan Baca

Hariyadi, P. 2015.

Peranan Standar: Dari Keamanan

ke Pertahaan Pangan.

SNI Valuai.Vol 9. No 2.

(34)

A

ASSURE: Pastikan semua bahan dan ingredient:

“aman” dan dari sumber yang pasti

LL

LOOK after: Pastikan semua bahan dan ingredien terawasi

EE

EMPLOYEES : Pastikan data tersedia:

semua karyawan dan mobilitas selama dalam pabrik

R

REPORTS: Pastikan semua data keamanan produk tercatat/tersimpan baik, bisa

dilaporkan dgn segera

TT

THREAT: Pastikan Anda punya rencana tindakan –termasuk kemana

melapor-jika ada ancaman; atau ada sesuatu yang mencurigakan



Perlu ada paradigma baru : Pertahanan Pangan” 

ALERT

Kembangkan!

Termasuk Managing Intentional

contamination/Adulteration

8 RESPON ANTISIPATIF??

 Industri Pangan?

TERIMAKASIH