CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research background
As the student of foreign philology, I have learned different languages Uzbek,
Russian, English and French. All of these languages are different and study them
in connection with each other was not easy. In my opinion, the person who calls
himself / herself as a linguist should know at least four languages. Each person
chooses which foreign language to learn according interests of that per-son, but
one who knows only one language cannot call himself as a linguist be-cause he
does not know his subject at all. By learning languages we alsolearn to compare
them with each other, but this comparison does not mean to choose which one is
the best and which one is the worst, however it cannot be said to the languages.
All languages in the world are beautiful and unique by their nature. The topic of
mв research is “Comparison of semantic aspects and their syntactic correlatesin
theinterrogative pronouns in English, Russian and Uzbek lan-guages”. In mв
work I will try to make comparison of these languages according to their
grammatical features in the interrogative sentences. During my study here, in
Indonesia I have mentioned the great interest of my group mates and teachers in
my Uzbek and Russian languages and it is natural, because they are linguists, all
in working with other foreign languages, like French, Japanese, Arabic and others.
All of these languages differ from each other dramatically and that was one of the
reasons for their interest. When I face with another foreign language I began to
analyze it unconsciously. Comparing the languages with each other, in order to
find their similarities and explain differences. The linguist is the person, who
analyze language or languages, try to get more familiar with all aspects of that or
those languages.
In Uzbek and Russian languages unlike English the noun changes its structure
if it changes its role in the sentence, change from subject to the object for
example: Russian sentences with the same noun “the book”, in the first sentences
this noun comes as a subject of the sentences and as an object in the second. For
example:
К а а е /kniɡɑ nɑ stɔle/
„The book is on the table‟.
О я . /ɔnvzjɑlkniɡu/
„He took the book‟.
Here the noun “book” –“ а” changes its structure bв adding an affix “в” as
this noun changes its role in the sentence. Here, in the first sentence this word is
the subject of the sentence so it is used in the nominative case and in nominative
dictionary form. In the next sentence this word is used in accusative case. So the
noun book “ а” have the case forms:
Case Singular Plural
Nominative К ́ а К ́ book books
Genitive К ́ К ́ book books
Dative К ́ е К ́ а to a book to books
Accusative К ́ К ́ book book
Instrumental К ́ К ́ а with a book with books
Prepositional К ́ е К ́ ах on,in, by... book/s
As compare these three languages, we can see the differences in this table:
number Uzbek English Russian
1 Kitobstolningustida. The book is on the
table.
К а а е
/kniɡɑ nɑ stɔle/
2 U kitobnioldi. He took the book. О я
As we can see in this table, examples in English language:
The book is on the table.
He took the book.
Here we can see that the noun “book” which is used as a subject in the first
sentence and as an object in the second one. It does not have any affixation and
have the same form in both sentences.
Now, let‟s see the same sentences in Uгbek language.
Kitobstolningustida.
booktable on
„The book is on the table‟
U kitobnioldi.
he booktook.
„He took the book‟
Here, we can see that in the first sentence the noun “kitob” (book) is used in the
nominative case and have no affixation. In the second sentence the noun is used in
the accusative form ( tushumkelishigi) and have an affixation “-ni” the specific
affixation of the accusative case.
As for English examples of these sentences:
The book is on the table.
Here, we can see that both of the nouns are in the same form, although they have
been used in different roles in the sentences. In the first sentence the noun is used
as a subject and in the second as an object.
Rational for the study
This research will describe word order of a sentence and relation between
different members of the speech, change of the forms of the noun, verb by mean
of affixation or whether these changes will not occur in different languages.
Basically, the work aims to describe differences of the languages according their
grammar structure, which in turn, helps linguists understand the structure of
different languages and analyze them. As linguist, who limits himself with the
knowledge of only one language is like a person, who had read only one book
cannot consider himself as a professional of his subject. The process of learning
any foreign language includes first of all the process of understanding the
language. Understanding of the language occurs in the field of phonetics,
lexicology and of course grammar. So, besides vocabulary of any particular
language, we also must know the grammar of that language. For that reason the
theme of my research is : “Comparison of semantic aspects and their syntactic
correlates in the interrogative pronouns in English, Russian and Uгbek languages”
The research will describe the way of constructing interrogative sentences in three
different languages, how details in the structure of the sentence change and make
influence on the meaning of the sentence.
This research examines the varieties in structure and semantic features of
sentences in the example of interrogative pronouns of above mentioned
languages. The research is aimed to describe word order and semantic factors in
the interrogative sentences of three different languages: English, Russian and
Uzbek. According this point, the research has got these questions:
1. What are the semantic similarities of the interrogative pronouns in the
interrogative sentences in these languages?
2. What are thesemantic differencesof the interrogative pronouns in the
interrogative sentences in these languages?
In order to answer all these qestions, the research will revealfeatures
like: word order, auxiliary verbs and affixation.
1.3 The aims of the research
The aim of this research is to reveal semantic and syntactic features of the
interrogative pronouns, their similarities and differences in three languages:
English, Russian and Uzbek.The research analyzes aspects of asymmetry and
symmetry of semantics and their syntactic correlatives of above mentioned
languages inthe process of comparison of these factors. This research makes
semantic analysis of interrogative pronouns in three different languages. The
process of analysis occurs on the basis of comparison of features ofinterrogative
Comparing semantic features of interrogative pronouns considers general
features, which are common for them, and some other specifics which make
difference among them. Examples, which are used in this research support the
arguments.
1.4 Scope of the research
The subject of the research is the types of interrogative pronouns, their semantic
meaning, syntactic correlatives and means of expression in modern English,
Russian and Uzbek languages.
The object of the study is the structural, functional-grammatical and semantic
features of the interrogative pronouns in English, Russian and Uzbek languages
in the example of oral and written aspects.
The material of the study is language facts collected by sampling a variety of
scientific articles and books on relevant theme.
1.5Significance of the research
The theoretical significance of the study is determined by the analysis of specifics
of English, Russian and Uzbek interrogative sentences.Here, they identify the
main aspects of structural and semantic features, the specifics of the issue of
means of interrogative sentences, expressions and their function in the speech.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of this study
can be used in the study of semantics and communicative syntax of modern
curriculum , textbooks and teaching aids for universities and other secondary or
special schools and this practical material can be used in the teaching of modern
Russian and Uzbek languages in universities and secondary schools.
1.6 Organization of the thesis
The work consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 contains introduction, the
significance of the work ,background,rational for the study, researchquestions, the
aims of the study, scope of the research , significance of the research and
organization of the research. Chapter 2 contains literature review of the research,
representing the basement of the work. Chapter 3 contains research methodology
and the aims of the research, chapter 4 consist of the description, observation,
analysis and discussions of the research, and Chapter 5 contains conclusions and
