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Contents
Preface
...
v
List of Contributors
...
ix
1. Mix Design for Underwater Concreting
...
1
1.1 Introduction ... 1
1.2 Characteristic/Target Strength Relationships ... 2
1.3 Strength/Age Requirements ... 5
1.4 Materials ... 5
1.5 Properties Required of Underwater Concrete ... 11
1.6 Test Methods ... 14
References ... 19
2. Excavation and Preparation, Design and
Installation of Formwork
...
21
2.1 Introduction ... 21
2.2 Excavation and Preparation of Foundation ... 22
2.3 Tolerances and Setting Out ... 23
2.4 Selection of Type of Form Work ... 25
2.5 Design Loadings ... 27
2.6 Selection of Type of Form Work ... 29
References ... 31
3. Underwater
Inspection
...
33
3.1 Introduction ... 33
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3.3 Inspection ... 43
3.4 Inspection Techniques ... 46
3.5 The Inspection and Reporting Process ... 54
References ... 59
4. Methods of Placing Concrete Underwater
...
63
4.1 Introduction ... 63
4.2 Selection of Method ... 65
4.3 Control and Monitoring ... 82
References ... 83
5. Underwater Repair of Concrete
...
85
5.1 Introduction ... 85
5.2 Access to the Repair Site ... 86
5.3 Preparation of the Concrete and Reinforcement ... 89
5.4 Repair Materials ... 94
5.5 Repair Techniques for Concrete ... 102
5.6 Reinforcement Repairs ... 110
References ... 114
6. Durability of Concrete Underwater
...
115
6.1 Introduction ... 115
6.2 Marine Environment ... 116
6.3 Chemical Attack ... 119
6.4 Prevention of Chemical Attack ... 123
6.5 Resistance to Penetration of Deleterious Substances ... 129
6.6 Corrosion ... 137
6.7 Physical Deterioration ... 138
References ... 142
147
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Index
Index terms
Links
A
Abrasion 40 138
Access 86
Acid attack 38 122
Admixtures 13 96 100
Aggregate
course 6 96 100
fine 6 96 100
grading 6 79
Anti-dispersant (see non-dispersible)
ASR 37
B
Bacteria 122
Bag work 66
Bund 86
C
Caisson 86
Carbonisation 37 120
Cellulose ether 7
CCTV 51
Cement 7 96 119
123
148
Index terms
Links
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Chemical attack 37 119 123
Chloride 7 131
Cleaning 45
Cofferdam 64
Cohesive 9
Compaction 12
Concrete removal 90
Coring 47
Corrosion 38 137
Covermeter 48 53
Crack injection 106
Curing 128
Currents 29
D
Defect classification 54
Design loading (formwork) 27
Deterioration 36 Diffusion
chloride 131
carbon dioxide 130
oxygen 134
Diver 43 88
Durability 18 41 115
E
Electropotential testing 48 53
Epoxy resin 101
Erosion 138
Excavation 22
149
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F
Flexible formwork 26 81 104
Flow 17
Flowable 10
Freefall 2
Formwork 25 29 103
Fouling 45 119
Foundation 23
Frost 139
G
Gamma ray backscatter 48
Ground granulated blast furnace slag 10 126 132
Grout
cementitious 94 98
resin 95 100
Grouted aggregate (see preplaced aggregate)
Gunite 108
H
Habitat 87 89
Hydravalve 69 72
Hydrostatic 28
I
Impact 40
Impad hammer 48 53
Injection 106
resin 101
Inspection 33 43
frequency 57
150
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Inspection (Continued)
qualifications 58
reporting 58
techniques 46
L
Lap joints 110
Large scale repair 105
M
Magnesium salts 121
Marine growth 45
Materials 5
Mechanical cutting 91
Microsilica 9 12 132
Mortar (see cementitious or resin mortar)
N
Non-destructive testing 48
Non-dispersible admixtures 97
Non-dispersible concrete 8 12 77
O
Oxy-arc cutting 94
Oxy-hydrogen cutting 93
P
Permanent formwork 26
Permeability 135
Pulverised Fuel Ash 80 125 132
Photography 50
151
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Plunge test 14
Polymer modified 99
Polyacrylanide 7 13
Prepacked (see preplaced)
Preparation 89 90 105
Preplaced 2 79 99
106
Prestress repair 113
Pumping 11 75 77
R
Reinforcement
couplers 111
cutting 92 93
embedment 78
repairs 109
Remote operated vehicle 44
Repair 85
formwork 103
materials 94
Resin mortar 95 100
Reusable formwork 26
S
Scour 40
Screeding 23
Seawater composition 117
Segregation 16 Self-levelling 78 Shutter (see formwork)
Skip 2 67
152
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Splitting technique 91
Steel plate repair 111
Steel sleeve 108
Stream test 15
Strength
compressive 2 13
standard deviation 3
Sulphate 7 37 121
T
Temperature 118
Test methods 14 19
Toggle bag 67
Tolerances 23
Transmittance test 14
Tremie 2 64 72
U
Ultrasonic testing 48 52
Underwater NDT 52
V
Visual inspection 48
W
Washout tests 14
Water jet 90
Waves 28
Weight loss 14
Welding 110
