1 A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE MANIPULATION STRATEGIES AND MOTIVES IN TED BUNDY’S STATEMENTS
A THESIS
BY
RINNAH WIYONO REG. NO. 110705039
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE MANIPULATION STRATEGIES AND MOTIVES IN TED BUNDY’S STATEMENTS
A THESIS BY
RINNAH WIYONO REG. NO. 110705039
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
3 Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 4th, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013 197603 001
Board of Examiners:
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ...
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D ...
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. ...
v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RINNAH WIYONO, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : RINNAH WIYONO
TITLE OF THESIS : A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE
MANIPULATION STRATEGIES AND MOTIVES IN
TED BUNDY’S STATEMENTS
QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Nobody should deserve my major and foremost gratitude other than Jesus
Christ. I thank You, Jesus, for guiding me through my entire life, particularly through
the process of accomplishing this thesis. It has been only by Your favor that I could
achieve what I have achieved until this very day. Thank You for being the One that I
could always look up to whole the time. Thank You for always providing me what I
need instead of what I want, because Your plans are certainly better than mine.
Thank You for being there, during each happy and hard time that I have been going
through. Thank You for being the reason that I am alive. I could write a hundred
page of book only to show how I thank You, yet it may never be enough.
I truly realise that it has also been by the help and motivation by people
around me that I could finally complete this thesis. Therefore in this page, I would
like to express my gratitude to the people who have taken important roles in guiding
me through the whole process of finishing this thesis.
I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron
Lubis, M.A., the Head of Department of English, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., the
Secretary of Department of English, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A., Ph.D and other
staffs of Department of English for their helpful encouragement, assistance and
support given to me.
I extend my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and also
my co-supervisor, Dr. Umar Mono, M.A. Thank you for dedicating the time, energy,
suggestions, and motivations which have encouraged me to achieve better academic
results.
My greatest thanks also goes to my two living heroes: my perfectionist and
organised father, Jeremy Wiyono, from whom I inherit most of the genes, and my
super kind and gentle mother, Lea, from whom I learn the most precious values in
life. For my eldest brother, David Wiyono, and my older sister, Deborah Wiyono,
thank you for being my eternal siblings as well as my partners in crime. Thank you
for being the people who will always get my back no matter what and how the
situation is.
I send my love to my supportive and hilarious friends, more than ever, Aida
Caroline, Raja Guntar, Elvi Rahmi, Anggie and also all the students of IMSI 2011
who have shared laughters, tears as well as other uncountable living memories which
I will surely keep close in my heart eternally.
Should I say that I might not write the names of all people who have been
important to me in this piece of paper, so to sum it all up, I’ll just say thanks to those
who:
- have stayed beside me in my times of need. From them, I learn that God’s gift
includes understanding and caring friends, which I fortunately own and can always
count on.
- have turned their backs at me to teach me that not all people should stay in my
life forever. Sometimes some people have to go and we should continue living our
ix
Last but not least, I thank the awesome and wonderful 21st century’s
technology which has indirectly contributed in helping me improve my knowledge as
a person in general, and as a student in particular.
Medan, June 2015
The Writer,
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “A Pragmatic Analysis of Language Manipulation Strategies and Motives in Ted Bundy’s Statements”. Skripsi ini secara khusus menyoroti praktek manipulasi bahasa dalam bidang kriminal. Objek yang menjadi penelitian skripsi ini adalah Theodore Robert Bundy atau Ted Bundy. Analisis skripsi memfokuskan pada pernyataan-pernyataan dari Ted Bundy yang mengindikasikan bahwa ia menggunakan strategi manipulasi bahasa, serta motif-motif di balik manipulasi bahasa tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian mengenai strategi manipulasi bahasa pada pernyataan Ted Bundy dengan menggunakan teori Simon adalah sebagai berikut: Denial (3 data), Selective Inattention (1 data), Rationalization (2 data), Diversion (2 data), Lying (1 data), Covert Intimidation (1 data), Guilt-tripping (2 data), Shaming (2 data), Playing the Victim Role (4 data), Vilifying the Victim (1 data), Playing the Servant Role (1 data), Seduction (1 data), Projecting the Blame (2 data), Minimization (2 data). Sementara hasil dari penelitian mengenai motif manipulasi bahasa pada pernyataan Ted Bundy dengan menggunakan teori Braiker adalah sebagai berikut: To advance manipulator’s own purposes (18 data), to attain feelings of power and superiority (3 data), to feel in control of manipulator’s own emotions (4 data). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi manipulasi bahasa yang paling dominan ditemukan dalam pernyataan-pernyataan Ted Bundy adalah strategi Playing the Victim Role, sedangkan motif manipulasi bahasa yang paling dominan adalah to advance manipulator’s own purposes.
xi ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “A Pragmatic Analysis of Language Manipulation Strategies and Motives in Ted Bundy’s Statements.” This thesis specifically concentrates on the practice of language manipulation in criminalism. The object of this study is Theodore Robert Bundy or Ted Bundy. This thesis focuses on the statements of Ted Bundy which indicates that he used language manipulation strategies, as well as the motives behind the statements. The results of the study of language manipulation strategies in Ted Bundy’s statements using Simon’s theory are as follows: Denial (3 data), Selective Inattention (1 data), Rationalization (2 data), Diversion (2 data), Lying (1 data), Covert Intimidation (1 data), Guilt-tripping (2 data), Shaming (2 data), Playing the Victim Role (4 data), Vilifying the Victim (1 data), Playing the Servant Role (1 data), Seduction (1 data), Projecting the Blame (2 data), Minimization (2 data). Meanwhile, the results of the study of language manipulation motives using Braiker’s theory are as follows: To advance manipulator’s own purposes (18 data), to attain feelings of power and superiority (3 data), to feel in control of manipulator’s own emotions (4 data). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the most dominant language manipulation strategy in Ted Bundy’s statements is Playing the Victim Role, while the most dominant language manipulation motive in his statements is to advance manipulator’s own purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...vii
ABSTRAK ... x
ABSTRACT ... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xii
LIST OF TABLES ... xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. Problems of the Study ... 6
1.3. Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4. Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5. Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Pragmatics as the Study of Meaning ... 9
xiii
2.2.1. Locutionary Acts ... 13
2.2.2. Illocutionary Acts ... 13
2.2.3. Perlocutionary Acts ... 15
2.3. Speech Events ... 15
2.4. Speaker ... 17
2.5. Cognitive Pragmatics ... 19
2.6. Language Manipulation ... 20
2.6.1. Language Manipulation Strategies ... 23
2.6.2. Language Manipulation Motives ... 28
2.7. Previous Study ... 29
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. Research Design ... 32
3.2. Source of Data ... 33
3.3. Data Collection Procedures ... 33
3.4. Step of the Research ... 34
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1. Language Manipulation Strategies ... 35
4.1.2. Selective Inattention ... 37
4.1.3. Rationalization ... 37
4.1.4. Diversion ... 40
4.1.5. Lying ... 42
4.1.6. Covert Intimidation ... 44
4.1.7. Guilt-tripping ... 45
4.1.8. Shaming ... 47
4.1.9. Playing the Victim Role ... 48
4.1.10. Vilifying the Victim ... 52
4.1.11. Playing the Servant Role ... 52
4.1.12. Seduction ... 54
4.1.13. Projecting the Blame (Blaming Others) ... 55
4.1.14. Minimization ... 56
4.2. Language Manipulation Motives ... 57
4.2.1. To Advance Manipulator’s Own Purposes ... 57
4.2.2. To Attain Feelings of Power and Superiority ... 73
4.2.3. To Feel in Control of Manipulator’s Own Emotions..77
xv and Motive ... 80
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions ... 83
5.2. Suggestions ... 84
REFERENCES 85
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The Most Dominant Language Manipulation Strategy ... 81
