THE INFLUENCE OF WAR TOWARDS THE MAIN
CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY AS SEEN IN
E. M. NATHANSON’S
THE DIRTY DOZEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KOLOMBANUS VEMBRI KRISTIADI Student Number: 014214089
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : KOLOMBANUS VEMBRI KRISTIADI
Nomor Mahasiswa : 014214089
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE INFLUENCE OF WAR TOWARDS THE MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY AS SEEN IN E. M. NATHANSON’S THE DIRTY DOZEN
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet ataumedia lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ujin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 16 Agus tus 2008 Yang Menyatakan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to say my grateful thanks to Jesus Christ who always gives his blessing on my life so that I can finish my thesis.
Second it goes to my beloved Mom who never stops encouraging me during my day and for her patience and love. My father who has been Rested in Peace. He made me to become a man. I thank also my dearest brother Tony for his uncountable support and care.
I would like to thank my advisor Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji S.S., M.Hum and my co-advisor Dra.Th.EnnyAnggraini, M.A who always give me help and guidance during my undergraduate thesis writing. I also thank my academic advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd, M.Hum. and Maria Ananta, S.S. who have given me many worthy upbringings for years during my study in this university.
My special gratitude goes to all of my beloved friends in English Letters Sanata Dharma University Wawan, Fariz, Oseph, Garry, Sandi, Iksan, Deny, Petrus, Sigit, Endra, Obed, Tito, Yongki, Wisnu, Bimo, Ian, Vanny, Farah, Mila, Ayu, Sinda, Bertus, Erna, Dita, Dian. Thanks a lot Guys for the great memorable memories.
Last but not least, I thank all English Letters Lecturers and USD staffs, friends, relatives, and all people that I cannot mention one by one who have helped me in writing this undergraduate thesis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii
MOTTO PAGE ... iv
DEDICATION PAGE... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
ABSTRACT... viii
ABSTRAK ... ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study... 1
B. Problem Formulation... 3
C. Objective of the Study... 3
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW... 5
A. Review of Related Studies ... 5
B. Review of Related Theories ... 7
1. Theories on Character ... 7
2. Theories on Characterization ... 9
3. Theories on Personality... 12
C. Theoretical Framework... 14
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY... 15
A. Object of the Study... 15
B. Approach of the Study... 16
C. Method of the Study... 16
CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS... 18
A. Captain John Reisman’s Personalities ... 18
B. War’s Influence in Reisman’s Personality ... 34
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION... 49
viii
ABSTRACT
KOLOMBANUS VEMBRI KRISTIADI. The Influence of War Towards the Main Character’s Personality as Seen in E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Personality and environment are inseparable. Both of them have close relationship in which environment has a big role in shaping human personality. Human beings are dependent creatures, especially with the environment surrounding him. Because of that the environment where he is living will give dominant influence for the building of his personality. It cannot be denied that human personality is a product from the circumstances that is happening around him.
This thesis discusses two problems. Firstly the writer analyzes the personality of the main character in E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen.
Secondly the writer analyzes how the war influences in shaping his personality. In analyzing this study the writer used library research method, in which the writer searched and read many books and articles related to the study. From the research the writer found that physiological approach is the most suitable in analyzing the novel.
ix
ABSTRAK
KOLOMBANUS VEMBRI KRISTIADI. The Influence of War Towards the Main Character’s Personality as Seen in E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Kepribadian dengan lingkungan dimana seseorang berada tidak dapat dipisahkan. keduanya mempunyai hubungan yang erat, lingkungan mempunyai peranan penting dalam membentuk kepribadian seseorang. Manusia adalah makhluk yang bergantung, khususya pada lingkungan sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu, lingkungan dimana seseorang berada memberikan pengaruh dominan dalam mambangun kepribadiannya. Hal ini tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa kepribadian seseorang adalah hasil dari apa yang terjadi disekitarnya.
Thesis ini membahas dua permasalahan. Yang pertama penulis menganalisis kepribadian dari tokoh utama dalam novel E.M. Nathanson yang berjudul The Dirty Dozen. Yang kedua, penulis menganalisis bagaimana perang mempengaruhi dalam membentuk kepribadiannya.
Dalam menganalisis studi ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka, dalam hal ini penulis mencari dan membaca banyak buku dan artikel yang berhubungan dengan pembelajaran. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa pendekatan psikologi adalah pendekatan ya ng paling cocok dalam menganalisis novel ini.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Someone’s personality can be influenced by many things that are happening around him in his life. The circumstance where someone is living has a big role in shaping his personality. According to Kimbal Young in his book entitled Personality and Problem of Adjustment, it is sated that;
Social and cultural influences have a place in making differentiation among individuals. The quality of uniqueness is not due to some magic force which operates without regard to the constitutional, personal-social, and cultural factors. ( 1945; 300)
Human personality is a product of social environment where he is making interaction with the situation around him. Someone who is living under war circumstances will be different from those people who are from a peace place in term of his personality. He will be more prudent and careful towards the situation around him. The environment also forces him to become a person who is not afraid of death, because war has given him a lo t of lesson of deaths.
Man cannot be separated with the condition where he is being grown. E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen is merely a novel which tries to reveal that someone’s personality is influenced by war that is happening during his life. Through the character of Reisman, Nathanson explains that World War II has made him to become a person who is different from the others characters in the novel.
World War II was the biggest war ever after until now. This war has made suffering to many innocence people. German’s troops were known as cruel troops where they killed many Europeans, including the British people. They had made many bombings in vital buildings in Europe. For the Allied countries, Germans were the worst people they ever met. They could not forget their cruelty the German’s attack towards his countries and families. Besides the Allied facilities, German also made a bombing to the United States’ ship named U.S.S Saint Marry. This bombing made the United joined the Allied Troops and fought against Nazis. There were many troops the United States sent to Europe to support the Allied countries.
In The Dirty Dozen E.M. Nathanson is trying to explain how the personality of this soldier influenced by the war circumstances around him. Reisman as the main character of the novel was a United States citizen who had been sent to Europe to join Allied Army against the German’s troops. After had joined in many wars and had a lot of experiences in it, he was commanded by his senior to train twelve prisoners to become a secret agent whose mission was to kill the German Generals.
B. Problem Formulation
Referring to the explanation above this study attempts to answer the following two interrelated questions:
1. How is the personality of John Reisman described in the story? 2. How is t war influences Reisman’s personality?
C. Objective of Study
There are two objectives of study in this thesis; the first how the personality of the character of Captain John Reisman described in the novel, and the second is how the war gives influences towards the personality of the character of Reisman.
E. Definition of term 1. Character
2. Characterization
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three parts of discussion. The first part contains certain criticism that follows the improvement of the author’s work, W.M Nathanson and the novel The Dirty Dozen.
The second part is the theories used by the writer to analyze the novel. These theories are the basic guidance in answering the problem. The writer is going to discuss about the main character, in this case is Captain John Reisman, especially how his personalities are influenced by the war.
The last part of the chapter is going to present the theoretical ground to give some clues to the readers to get description of what will be discussed deeply in the analysis.
A. Review of Related Studies
In Liverpool Daily post it was stated that “Nathanson make no concessions to dramatic to dramatic form, but the novel is a superbly professional work by a man who has a way with words”. It means that E.M. Nathanson has the great way to express the story through his word into the novel. He is able to compose a story that would make the reader enjoy the reading and not bored. Nathanson could make his novel easy to understand, that reader is able to follow the story. He is a great writer, in which his novel entitled The Dirty Dozen
becomes a unforgettable work he ever wrote.
E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen is a novel inspired by a man who joined World War II against the Germans Army.
The novel, "The Dirty Dozen" was published in 1965 by E.M. Nathanson. Nathanson's story was inspired by WWII OSS officer Aaron Bank. In 1944 Major Bank was given the job of selecting anti Nazi German POW's and then lead them on a mission to whipe out Hitler's high command. (http://www.discussanyt hing.com/forums/showthread.php?t=71834). It shows that the novel is trying to telling about the struggle of an Allied soldier in fighting against Nazis. World War II has influenced Nathanson in writing his novel. Raising a new perspective about World War II is one of Nathanson’s aims in writing The Dirty Dozen.
A critic says that E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen is a novel which is telling about a group transformation into disciplinary.
As a preface to the novel, author E.M. Nathanson states that he heard of a legend of men like these, but found no record of it. As stated in both the movie and the book, it would be exceedingly unlikely that anyone would be able to take a group of violent sociopaths with an inborn hatred of all authority and transform them into a disciplined, motivated and highly skilled commando unit that willingly embarks upon what can best described as a suicide mission (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Do zen)
The passage above explains that in writing The Dirty Dozen, E.M. Nathanson was inspired by a man who had experience in violence and tries to transform himself into different person who is more discipline than before.
Another critique about this novel says that The Dirty Dozen has been made into a great movie with same title.
E.M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen has inspired some people to make it into an unforgettable movie. The interesting story contains in the story makes them interested in working on it. They transform the novel into a high class war movie.
In this undergraduate thesis, the writer will be focus on the psychological aspect of the character’s personality. This thesis is different from the other studies on the same work, because the writer sees that there is no psychological analysis on this work. Most of the studies tried to analyze from the cultural points of view especially the World War II and how this novel related to the movie.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories on Character
Since this study tries to analyze on the characters in the novel how they reveal the idea that the writer wants to raise the theories of character and characterization are needed. According to Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction, character has two meanings. It can mean the individuals who appear in the story, and it also refers to the mixture of interests, desire, emotions and moral principles that shape each of these individuals (1965:17).
More over Abrams adds that character is “the person presented in a dramatic work, which is interpreted by readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional of qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and do—action” (1985: 23).
Both Abrams and Stanton give the basic explanation about what character is. Meanwhile, Holman and Harmon say although a character is created imaginatively, a character is a brief descriptive sketch of a personage, so that a character exists as lifelike (1986: 81). It is important to make the character in the fictions lifelike in order to make the reader can enjoy the story and is not bored with it.
2. Theories on Characterization
In Reading and Writing About Literature Rohrberger and Woods say that the process by which an author creates a character is called characterization. There are two principal ways an author can characterize his characters. First, he can use direct means to describe physical appearance, intellectual, moral attributes, and the degree of sensitivity of the characters. Second, he can use dramatic means and place the character in situation to show what the character is by the way he behaves or speaks (1971: 20).
Not quite different from the critique before, but here Holman and Harmon give three methods of characterization; firstly, by the explicit presentation from the author of the character through direct exposition; secondly, by the presentation of the character in action; and thirdly, by the representation from within a character (1986: 81). They also believe the important of lifelike characterization in fictions such as drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem so that the story can be accepted by the reader easily.
Meanwhile, Van de Laar and Schoenderwoerd state that “scene and environment is as important as the characters themselves, as the characters are determined and shaped by the environment (1963: 172).” The situation where the character is living in the story has a big role in characterizing him. The environment will influence how a character in the fiction story characterized.
the real or imaginary people and does not involve more than just in the background. Characterization is meant to help the reader in understanding the character’s reason for doing such thing. Moreover, the readers will be emotionally involved when they read the story (Yellend, 1953:30). It is important for the characters in a fiction lifelike. It makes the readers gets easy to understand the story.
Klarer’s comment dealing to character is not in contradictory. Nevertheless, he defines character more detail because he divides character into two kinds: flat and round character. Flat character is typified character in literary work which is dominated by one traits. Flat character may remain stable or unchanged in his outlook and dispositions from beginning to end of work. Meanwhile, round character is a character with more complex and differentiated features. Round character may make a radical change as a result of a gradual development or of an extreme crisis (1999: 17-21).
Meanwhile, to see how a character is described by the author, the writer chooses theory of characterization by M. J. Murphy. According to him, there are nine ways to see the characters (1972: 161-173). Those are:
a. Personal Description
b. Characters as seen by author
Instead of describing the character directly, the author can describe the character through the eye of another character. The other characters speak about him or her clearly and giving an additional explanation.
c. Speech
A character can give the readers clue about himself or herself the person says. Whenever he or she speaks, whenever he or she has conversation with another, and whenever he or she gives his or her opinion, he or she is giving us some clue to his or her personality.
d. Past Life
The author can give the readers clue to event that helped to shape a person’s characteristics through his or her past life, for example by direct comment or his or her conversation.
e. Conversation of others
The author can also gives us a clue to a person’s characteristics through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him.
f. Reaction
The author gives us a clue to the person’s characteristics by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
3. Theory of Personality and Environment
Personality and environment were very close to each other, where one influences to the other. Human beings cannot be separated with the environment where they are living. Everyday he always makes a contact both mentally and physically. Such contact will give effect towards the development of their personality where they are living. According Lewis R. Aiken, Jr in his book entitled General Psychology says that;
Personality is the unique organization of characteristics, traits, or ways of behaving that typify an individual and make him recognizably different from other individuals. The factors which influence the development of an individual’s personality may be classified very broadly as hereditary and environmental. (1969.91).
Heredity and environment have big role in shaping individual’s personality. How individual make relationship with the society will influence him towards his personality. The external factors where somebody is growing up will give dominant aspect how his personality develops. A child who is growing up in a rich family will behave differently in seeing the environment around him to the child who is born in poor family. Besides that the society or the environment where he is living will be significant in building his personality. Different environment will produce different individual with a unique personality.
Moreover Stephen Worchel and Wayne Shebilske in their book entitled
Psychology Principles and Applications explain that environment has relationship with human personality. There is correlation in which individual will react differently with one another in responding to the environment.
Personality as a unique set of behaviors (including thoughts and emotions) and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adjusts to his or her environment. In this definition personality is seen as influencing, guiding, and motivating behavior. Presumably, personality is what makes people unique and causes them to act or see situations differently from anyone else. (1989.461)
Environment has three roles in shaping human personality in which as the influence, the guide and raising the motivation towards human beings. Thus the way of thinking and behave from someone can be analyzed through the environment where he is growing and living. Human being is a dependent creature, where he cannot live by himself. He should make relationship with the environment around him in order to survive. Society and environment give dominant role in patterning his personality. Someone will respond towards what happens around him.
B. F. Skinner in his journal explains also that human personality is a product of his environment. Someone will respond towards the environment where he is living. He cannot ignore the influence of the circumstances around him. He emphasized the mutual interaction of the person or "the organism" with its environment. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology). He also adds that “Under which circumstances or antecedent "stimuli" does the organism engage in a particular behavior or "response”.
C. Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The work that will be analyzed in this study is the novel entitled The Dirty Dozen which was written by E.M. Nathanson. The novel was first published by Transwold Publiser Ltd. in 1965 in London, especially in this analysis the writer uses the reprinted edition published in the year 1976. This novel is composed of 542 pages divided into 36 chapters, and into four primary parts, they are the gallows, les enfants perdus, the dirty dozen and the last part entitled kriegsspiel. This novel had been made into unforgettable movie with the same title with the original novel.
The story tells about a man called Captain John Reisman, an United States Army who joined in the World War II in fighting against Hitler and his followers. As an Army he often saw the bombings done by the German’s troops. He had witnessed by himself how the cruel of the war. As he had a lot of experiences in war he was ordered by his senior to train prisoners who had Project amnesty for their crimes. The court gave them amnesty to have them a secret mission. Reisman took his men to a remote area in Devonshire where no other people who were not in charge in this mission knew about this training. It was not easy for Reisman to get respect from the prisoners in the first month. He had to hard work in order they could follow his order. After three months he trained them he knew that they were ready to do the mission to kill the German generals.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing E.M Nathanson”s The Dirty Dozen the writer uses psychological approach which related to the personality of human being. The interaction that one makes with the circumstance has a big role in producing his personality, because human being is a social creature where he cannot be separated with the social condition that happens around him. It is very important to understand the psychological mind of the character of Reisman in the novel to see how he reacts in dealing with the circumstances around him.
C. Method of the Study
In analyzing this study the writer used library and internet research. The writer collected sources and references from the book and from the internet. The writer chose E.M Nathanson”s The Dirty Dozen as the primary sources, while for the secondary sources are taken from the book and references related towards the theories used in the study such as the book of character and personality.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
This chapter covers two main parts, which are aimed to answer the two problem formulations. First, it talks about the personalities of the character of Captain John Reisman. Then, the next part will explain how the war gives influence towards Captain Reisman’s personalities.
II. Captain John Reisman’s Personalities
Physically, Nathanson described the character of Reisman as a good looking man, he looked young but a mature mind was clearly pictured on his face. She liked Captain’s looks. He was dark as a Spaniard or Italian without being swarthy. His face was young, yet already set and mature in its lines and hollows, and with tiny wrinkles at the eyes, mouth and forehead that belied his years (p.28).
This physical appearance was suitable with Reisman’s job who was a soldier. As a commandant in his group he had to look mature so that his men gave respect to him. Meanwhile, mentally Nathanson describes Reisman’s personalities as follows;
1. Brave
Reisman was a brave man. he did not want to be a coward for himself and for his men. As the leader in the team he must show how to be a good soldier. “He hadn’t told anyone, but he’d never been on one of these before. All he knew about it, he’d read in technical manuals and picked up by subtly questioning the two
instructors “(p. 408). Even if he never did a parachute jump, he was not afraid to try. He wanted to show to his men that they should be brave just like him. It was no used to be a coward. The war needed their bravery.
His brave also was shown in his childhood time. The death of Tanner had made Reisman realized that he could not do the same mistake again. Because of his cowardice one life was gone. Tanner died because he was too afraid towards the people who would to shoot him. He could do anything when the killer threatened him. But soon he was aware he must be brave and did not want to be a loser anymore.
Johnny felt no fear, no sorrow, no sympathy or empathy for a man-only his consuming need for self- vindication, vengeance for Tanner …..he fired again and again and again, knowing what he was doing and exulting in it, stopping only when he realized the gun was finally empty and there was an awesome silence in that confined spaces.(1965,361)
The passage above shows that Reisman was no a coward anymore, he was brave to shoot the people who had haunted him from his cowardice. He knew what the right thing to do, and it was a kind of self- vindication in which he wanted to payback for what this person had done towards Tanner, his neighbor.
2. Strong Mentality.
“I could kill you, captain.”
Reisman smiled.”You couldn’t,” he said. “Because I’m the better man, White. I know things about fighting and killing that you don’t know. I’m not offering you life, because I can’t promise you that. But I would teach you things, and give you the opportunity to satisfy our blood lust’ (p.95)
One of the characters of the prisoners named Napoleon white was physically bigger than Reisman, but Reisman knew that in fighting, mind was more important than body.
3. Leadership
Reisman’s leadership could not be bargain anymore. His men must obey the rules he made if they wanted to be the real soldiers. This ability to be a leader had been got since Reisman joined the Army. He knew how to treat his men in order follow his order.
Reisman’s voice was deep and articulate, and he was satisfied by the sound of it as it boomed across the field: “When I tell you to, count off left to right, front to rear!” he like the heady feeling of command: “If I have reason to talk to you, I’ll call you by number. If you have reason to talk to me, the name is captain, or sir! All right now, count off!” (p.87-88)
Reismen did not try to be angry towards his men, but he just tried to make them pay attention to him, and gave a respect to him.
. .pride. . . maybe courage. You trust me. . . I didn’t want to lose that.” (p. 510). Reisman’s leadership had made his men respect towards him. His men had realized that he was a good leader. He had already transformed them into real men who had pride and courage. They were not prisoners anymore.
4. Firm
Reisman was a firm person. As the trainer Reisman should be firm towards his men. “Anyone who breaks this rule is finished” (p. 161). His words were clearly explained that to become the real soldiers, rules must be obeyed, because in a real war if a soldier did not follow the rules, he would endanger not only himself but also his Platoon.
“You must not attempt to escape. You must not even think of attempt to escape. You will have enough to occupy your mind without it. For anybody caught attempting to escape, the penalty will immediate execution of sentence. There is no appeal” (p. 161)
Reisman felt that his act towards his men was right, because he did not want see a failure in the future in this group. If he was not firm to his men, it would destroy the Army mission. And he did not want this happen in this group. It was admitted that to become a real soldier was not as easy as one taught.
“You dig latrines, Franko,” said Reisman. “You ever try to a stunt like that again and I’ll bury you in one! Put him into work on the slit trenches, Corporal. If he looks slantwise at you, put a bullet in his head” (p.197). Reisman was firm, because he wanted to teach discipline to his men. It could not be denied that soldiers needed firmness in order to follow the rules. As ex-prisoner, a man like Franko needed disciplinary in his life. And it was Reisman’s job to make Franko and the other prisoners to have this disciplinary.
Reisman was aware that it was necessary for him to be firm to his men. It was his duty and they were under his responsibility. His rule was absolute for the prisoners, if they tried to break this and fight against it, it was his authority to send them back to the marital-court where the gibbet was waiting for them. “You fight me and I’ll break you one by one and send you back where you came from!” (p.213).
5. Confident
just needed giving a little bit encouragement towards his men so that they were also confident in undergoing the game.
“. . .But whatever it is that bugs you, here’s a chance to show Breed and his men and the whole damn Army you’re better soldiers than an of them. Do a job on them just for fun and practice, and then we can go in and do a job on the Nazis for real, because they’re the son-of-a-bitches that brought you over here in the first place.” (p. 458).
Reisman knew that this war game was good for his men before they deal with the real war in battle field against the real enemy that was Nazi.
6. Prudent
Reisman’s prudency was shown in his action introducing war weapons towards his men. Because he did not want to endanger himself and his men and avoiding any risk. When he decided to give the weapons towards his men he had observed and studied that they deserved to handle weapons in their hands. But he reminded his men to use this gun only in an honorable way. They could not use these weapon whatever they liked. But there were rules they had to obey when they hold these weapons.
“When I hand you this weapon, you are soldiers again, do you understand? The weapon is yours to use in an honorable way in defense of your country under orders from your superior officers. It is not a toy, it is not an object of personal vengeance. It is not a tool to be used in the commission of a crime.” (p.282).
Reisman’s prudent decision was also shown when he got an explanation about the mission that Reisman and his men were going to have. As the trainer of his men he really knew their ability, and no one else but him. When he knew that the mission was too hard for him Reisman soon told his objection about the mission, because he kne w that his men was not prepared for a mission in which the job was to infiltrate the enemy and strike at every target, kill enemy personnel, pillage supplies, sabotage roads, rail and bridges. For Reisman it was a kind of suicidal mission, so he did not accept this mission because it would endanger himself and also his men. He knew that his men were not trained to do such mission. Three months training for men like them was not enough, he needed more and more time to be professional soldiers. So it was better for him to reject the mission, because they were not ready yet for such mission.
7. Cautious
was not allowed to trespasses the area of training. Moreover, She was also forbidden to see the activity in the camp area.
“ I think it would be best for all of us if you stayed fairly close to the building for a while. I can’t explain why. I wish I could. If there was some way I could make it up to you, I would.” (p.303)
Reisman did not permit Ms. Margot because he knew that it would endanger their mission. The trainees were prisoners, so he did not want anybody else like Ms. Margot knew about it.
8. Clever
Reisman is a clever man. His cleverness was admitted by his Senior Major Armbruster that then he decided to have Reisman as the trainee for those prisoners to become real soldier who would be ready in battlefield against the Nazis. “Major Armbruster was well aware of Reisman’s deadly efficiency in matters of combat and espionage, and had great respect for his intelligence” (p.45). Major Armbruster believed that Reisman was competent enough for this job, because he knew that Reisman had been in a battlefield for a couple times that had enrich his knowledge of warfare.
skin. Attacking in the night was the only one option, because the Germans would not knew that Reisman and his men were their enemy (p.514).
Living in the remote area in Devonshire when the war was on made Reisman had to do something to enrich his knowledge in order to get information he needed. Books were important for him, so he decided to borrow from lady Margot. In the books, he could get anything including German’s troops and the development of the war in other places. Knowing the German’s attack and troops made him easy to make a good tactic and strategy to attack the German’s troops. “Not exactly, Lady margot, but I was wondering if I could come up and borrow a few books from your library. Maybe a deck of cards or a checkers set, if you’ve got them, and any newspapers or magazine you’re throwing away.” (p. 300).
9. Protective
The same did he tell to Colonel Breed, that his men were his responsibility so it was not possible for him to tell to Colonel Breed about his men. Because he knew that Colonel Breed was out of these men and their mission as well.
“Colonel, you asked me to present a General and I did. That’s as much as I can say about it. I am not allowed to divulge the identities or organizations of any of these men. Those are my orders, and as far as I have been informed, they are also yours. And if you’ll read orders carefully, sir, you’ll also see that I’m not under your command as you phrased it during that little show you put on outside.” (p. 396).
The passage shows that Reisman was really protective. He did not want Breed knew about his men. He was not afraid of Breed’s threaten in order to protect his men, even he was dared enough to ask Breed to keep away from his men, because his men were out of Breed’s authority.
10. High Commitment
doing next. “Woman-softness and sweet memory were gone as though they had never been. Tess Simons was gone ” (p. 281). It was Tess Simons who was supposed to be Reisman’s girlfriend. But when Reisman was in his job both as soldier and the commandant of the dirty dozen, he would forget her, and put all his commitment in his job.
11. Responsibility
Through the war Reisman had in his experience made him knew better what responsibility had important meaning in his life. For a soldier like him, responsibility should be done in every action he made. Without responsibility Reisman might had died in the battlefield. In World War II Reisman had shown his responsibility, and because of this responsibility also he was ordered by Major Armbruster to train the prisoners to become real soldiers. “The general had been talking to all of the group at the table, but now he spoke directly to Reisman. “You have a grave responsibility, Captain.” He said (p.51). To become trainer for those prisoners needed a person who had high responsibility in his job, because this job was not easy. And Reisman was quite suitable with this duty.
“His guilt of innocence was not Reisman’s concern, and he refused to dwell upon it. But how was he to turn a wretch like that into a man, much lees a soldier? He had selected him on the basis of impersonal, written records, as he had the others (p. 118)
Reisman’s responsibility was also shown in the way he treat his men. As the commandant in this group he had high responsibility to train them. It was his duty to always concern about them. Tess Simmons was not the disturbance for him to keep focus in giving lectures to his men. “Seeing Morgan, Reisman thought for the first time of Tess Simmons. How could he had been emptied his mind of her so completely? It had been a tho ugh she never existed for him. Later, he told himself, he would go to see her” (1965.87). The passage shows that woman was not a matter for Reisman. He was always focus when he was doing his responsibility to train his men.
12. Hard Worker
Joining the World War II had given Reisman a lot of lessons. Allied Army not only made him a brave man, but he had become a hard worker. And he showed his hard work through his commitment to train his men until they could be real men. He was never desperate in training his men, because he knew that it was only him who could change them into different shape of humans in which they would not see themselves as prisoners but new beings with a bright future in their future.
13. Optimistic
Reisman was an optimistic person. He did not care that German had a strong troops, because there was no any reason to be afraid of the German’s troops. And his optimistic continued in his new activity as the trainer of the prisoners. He was optimistic, and showed it when he and his men wanted to make attack to the German’s Generals.
“Yes…what’s to keep him from turning you in?”
“Sawyer’s a good soldier, sir. He saw many months of combat in Italy before he got into trouble. I trust him. I almost trust all of them…not quite….but almost. Enough to weight the odds in our favor.” (p. 516) Reisman was sure that he and his man could do the mission to kill all the German’s Generals, because he really knew about their ability and their strength.
14. Enthusiastic
Reisman’s Enthusiastic was clearly described through his action in treating his men. he knew that his men were not stupid. He was proud of them that they could follow his lessons. It was time for him and his men to do the real job as the real soldiers join in battlefield war against the Nazis..
“Do you know what it is to soldier and mean it?” Reisman challenged. “Some of you did once, and that’s I picked you. I expect you to set the example, to help the others, all of you can do it. None of you are stupid, none of you are crippled or weak. If you were, you wouldn’t be here” (p. 225).
15. Sensitive / care to the other
Reisman has a sensitive feeling toward what happened to people that he cares about. He had seen many people dead in front of him. The German’s bombings really made him sad. Many children lost their parents and in vice versa. The death also happened towards his girlfriend’s parents in which they dead caused by German’s bombings in their house. Such incidents had made Reisman become a sensitive person. As he was far away from his father, he knew that his father was lonely because his mother had passed away. But in other way he had a duty joining the Allied Army in fighting against Nazis. He could not see his father at that moment so he decided to ask his father to get marry again with another girl. He did not want to his father lonely in his years. Why don’t you get married again, pop? Reisman had asked casually (p. 62). He really cared of his father’s condition at home. His decision asking his father to marry another woman really showed his sensitive and caring towards the people who were always in his heart.
16. Obedient
Armbruster Nodded in resignation. “all right, John. I’ll look into it,” he said softly. “Meanwhile, you are to follow orders and prepare your men for the job Denton outlined. I’ll get everything down to you right away. . . German uniforms, weapons, identification papers, orders, language primers . . . the works. And get the son-of-a-bitches to bathe and shave, will you?” he concluded angrily.
Reisman smiled at him. “Thanks, Max.” he said. “They will . . . when they have to.” (p. 442).
As the junior, Reisman had to follow the order from his senio r Major Armbruster. He did not want to let him down. He wanted to show that he could do the job offered to him. All the order offered to him he did it well, and he proved it by make the prisoner became real soldier who were ready to be sent into the mission.
17. Serious
In order to make the prisoners became real soldiers, they not only needed good bodies, but minds also.
“From now on, each of you will carry with you a notebook and pencil and take note at lectures and summarize what you have learned on field trips. There will be a review test each night after chow to see if you’ve learned your lesson properly. You’re going to need minds besides bodies.” (p. 219)
Reisman believed that if a mission was being conducted seriously the result would be good. Always stay focus and serious were the ways to get success in the future. Reisman mission was hard, he had to build prisoners into men who had courage in war. If he was not serious in this mission he would end his career and the lives of his men.
18. Ambitious
Reisman was ambitious. His motivation to defeat the German troops had made him became such person. He was really eager to beat the Nazis. And his job to train the prisoners was the other way to make his ambition beating the German’s troops came true.
When the meeting was over, reisman knew that all the best he would have three months, at worst two. For if there was to be invasion soon, it would be on may or june. Nobody knew of course – probably not even the commanding general – but this was the mood of the times, and this was the goal of the build up. (1965.54)
II. War’s Influence in Reisman’s Personality
Reisman’s personalities are the product of the environment around him. As a soldier who was often in battlefield, war had a big role in shaping Re isman’s personalities. The circumstances and the situation in warfare gave a lot of influence in Reisman’s way of thinking and behave. He could not be separated with the war which was happening surround him.
1. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Bravery
During the war Reisman had witnessed a lot of violence that was happening near him. He had been joined the World War II for many years, even before the Pearl Harbor incident. The experience in violence had made him became a brave person. He was not scared of death anymore. “Death was not new to John Reisman – nor violence. Not crude and misdirected violence. This had been Reisman’s business for years” (p. 15). Seeing violence was usual for Reisman, he almost saw it everyday in battlefield.
As a soldier he was demanded to have bravery in his heart. And his bravery was clearly shown in these passages below.
Colonel Everett Dasher Breed,” said Reisman, as he was beginning a heroic citation, “besides being a first-class soldier, officer and gentleman, you are a first class prick. I warn you, Colonel,” he continued without raising his voice, “if you ever try anything like that again, those eagles on your shoulder are going to shit all over you.” (p.421).
As the Captain, Reisman should give mental therapy to his men, because he did not want his men only became losers in the end. Besides that he did not want to train a coward group. So it is important for him to train the Dirty Dozen bravery.
“I should have known you didn’t have the guts for something like this,” said Reisman with contempt.”Guts enough to pistol whip an old man, to terrify, but not enough guts to do an honest job of soldiering, which is what you swore an oath to do. They say a man turns yellow in prison, lever…his skin turns yellow if he stays there long enough. They wouldn’t notice the difference on you…you’re a cheap coward!”(1965.117)
To become well-trained soldiers, it needed bravery. For Reisman, bravery was not enough if one hold a pistol in his hand, but it was from someone’s heart. And a soldier needed it pure from his heart.
2. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Strong Mentality
3. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Leadership
War experience had taught him a good leadership in his life. German troops were very strong and had good weapons. Fighting against the German troops needed a strong leadership. Without this aspect, it would be difficult to win the war. Reisman had a lot of lessons from war experience he had done. This experience also which had brought him to be a commandant for the people who had a mission to kill the German Generals. His leadership had made his senior Lieutenant Kinder trust him to train them to be real soldier who had strong determination in the mission.
Reisman remembered what Lieutenant Kinder had said: “In a way they will be like newborn babes and you will be father and mother to them, bringing them life and nurturing them in their first moment of recognition.”( p.121)
Lieutenant Kinder was a good senior, and Reisman really respected to him. As the trainer, Reisman had shown his leadership spirit in his job. He succeeded to transform those prisoners to become soldiers.
4. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Firmness
It could not be denied that Reisman’s firmness was a product of war which he had been joined for years. His mission in this war was very important in which he and his men had a duty to kill the German Generals. As it was an important mission, so he should be firm towards his men in order there would be no mistake in undergoing the mission.
“Our mission is to get into the chateau where a group of Nazi Generals may or may not be waiting for us with a bunch of their lesser friends and associates. Our job is to kill them. . .not wound them or take prisoners. . . but get in close enough to know damn well they’re dead (p. 478).
5. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Confidence
War needed more and more people to joining as soldiers, because there were already a lot of soldier died during the war. The amount of soldiers became less and less. Because of that many prisoners were given project amnesty to join army and fight against the enemy. According to an experiment in Scotland, it was known that those prisoners could be effective soldiers who fought in the front line in battlefield. This experiment had made the character of Reisman in the novel very confident to accept the project amnesty prisoners to become his trainee. He believed that he could train them to be what they should be.
“Few people are aware, and I am sure that includes youth gentlemen, that some months ago five thousand convicts paroled from federal prisons to go into the Army were landed in the United Kingdom from the empress of Scotland. Very few of that number have given us cause to regret their paroles. They are now an effective part of the Army” (p.50).
His confidence was also influenced by one of the prisoners named Samson Posey. His determination to fight against the Nazis had made Reisman became more confident towards his men. “I will fight . . . die maybe like you say . . . but I will not hang,” Said Posey (p.114). War had made changes for many people, including the prisoners. They could live longer, because they had been given amnesty for his marital court. Indirectly, it influenced also towards Reisman’s thinking that he could do the mission he had.
6. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Prudence
Joining the Army in battlefield was very dangerous for every soldier. He could die any time. Reisman had experienced how was in the midst of warfare. Explosions, smell of burnt powder, and people screaming were usual for Reisman. Even he had seen bullets strike near him, it was unforgettable moment for him. War was different from playing a game. Life was the payment for those who were not prudent in their action. Being prudent was important for Reisman in a war like this. If he was not prudent in his action, it would endanger his life and the others. In that moment when firing and explosions begin and he had known death was aimed at him, had seen bullets strike near, heard their whine and smack, smelled burnt powder, tasted cordite, heard men scream with hate, fear, and pain, crumble with silent disbelief, fall with blood spurting from their bodies – the enemy was anybody who went for him…and that the test out of this in himself he had always to inflict terrible sacrifices upon others (p. 146).
German troops were very strong. It was not easy to defeat them. Avoiding any mistake in the warfare was needed for soldiers. As a member of Allied troops, Reisman should be prudent in fighting against the Nazis. His platoon mission was hard, in which they must kill the German Generals. He and his men were demanded to be prudent so that they could accomplished the mission. “They were white men, they were Nazis, but he knew it would be difficult to kill them” (p.528). The strong Army the Nazi had, made Reisman aware that he must be prudent for his enemy.
7. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Cautiousness
Reisman’s cautiousness continued in his duty as the trainer for project amnesty prisoners. He was always careful in his way of behave and saying. He did not want to be careless in what he was doing, to avoid any risk that might happen in the future. Before he allowed his men handling weapons, Reisman should make sure them that they knew the work of the weapons. Because of that Reisman should train them how to use those weapons.
He didn’t let them handle the weapons, much less use them – not yet. But he instructed them in the M1 rifle, the carbine, the .45 automatic pistol, the M3 submachine gun, grenades (p.240).
For Reisman it was important to introduce the weapons before the have them, in order they would make a mistake when using the weapons. Because they would join a real war fought against German’s troops.
8. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Cleverness
for Reisman, in which he always studied the tactic to enrich his war knowledge. The more experience in war, the more tactic and strategy that he would get from the warfare.
As a soldier who was fighting against Nazis, German language was very familiar with Reisman’s tongue and his ears. He could master German in short time, because he thought that this language was important for him in order to know his enemy better.
The Captain and Sawyer, impersonating a Nazi Colonel and Major, had bluffed their way through the front door of the main building with their forged credentials and Reisman’s fluent German (p. 526).
His cleverness in mastering German language was useful in conducting the mission. He could enter the Chateau de la Vilaine where German generals were there without being known by them. His disguising was success because the support of the knowledge of German language he had.
9. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Protectiveness
Living when the war was on always gave effect for those who were undergoing it, and Reisman consciously realized it. The situation and the circumstances around him had made him aware that he should do what he believed as truth for him and for his men. Living with the prisoners and being their trainer made him knew that he should give protection also towards his men.
There’s only one thing we can do, John,” said Kinder. “We’ve got to get in some new men. . .replace the worst of them.”
Reisman reared up like a mother tiger. ‘The hell you say!” he roared. “Not after what I’ve been through with them. I’ll listen to you just so far. But it stops before it gets to that point. I am committed to them and they are committed to me! (p.255).
He had made a decision that his men would stay together. Although lieutenant Kinder ordered him to replace the worst men, he firmly stated that there would be no replacement among them. And it was his decis ion that no one could change it. He would protect his men as they were.
10. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s High Commitment
Having a high commitment was demanded for a soldier like Reisman. He should give all he had for the pride and the glory of his country. It was an Army duty to follow the rule, gave his life and fight just like a real soldier in battlefield.
They might have girl friends or wives – good women who whimpered for them or slatterns who bled them. They might have children whom they patted or punished as their inclination dictated. But this was really their lives, this sitting around, waiting, for excitement, for stimulation, enthusiasm, for someone stronger to point the way to the next lot of trouble (p.120)
As soldiers, Reisman and his men should forget their family and friends in the United States. Reisman knew that his father missed him so much, but he had to postpone his will to see his father in home. The same with the twelve men who were not prisoner anymore, they had become soldiers, and they should wait for awhile to see his family and friends until the war ended.
11. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Responsibility
As the war was on and kept going on, the need of soldiers became more and more. The Character of Reisman in the novel had a duty for his senior to train twelve prisoners to become real soldier to fight against Nazis. As it was his duty, Reisman should be responsible for it. He could not deny it, because the Army needed more and more people to join in.
This job demanded his responsibility to his duty as a soldier. Responsible for his job was important for Reisman in order the mission succeed. Without any responsibility, it would make the mission in vain.
12. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Hard Working
War had made everything difficult to undergo. The country was in shortage of everything, including foods and soldiers. Reisman also admitted himself hard in the battlefield. This hard situation had made Reisman to be hard worker for himself and for the people around him. He could not stay and seeing the people’s suffering and the bad situation in the country without doing something. He had to help them to overcome the situation. He had to go from one place to another place to see the situations so that he could give help for the others. “I have to be somewhere later” (p. 28). As a soldier he was demanded also to patrol the towns in the country and give help to the people who were in need.
13. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Optimistic feeling
Kendal B. Sawyer was the only one of the group who had combat experience, and this was mainly what interested Reisman about him. His IQ wasn’t much, but he had apparently been a good soldier once. He had been with the Fifth Tank Destroyer Group when it was pulled out of line in Italy and sent to England to provide muscle for new invasion (p. 112). Reisman realized that war experience was important for a soldier like him. A soldier who had experience in battlefield would be different from those who never joined the warfare. It would give effect on their mental. And Reisman’s experience in war had made him an optimistic person, especially in battlefield he was undergoing.
14. War’s Inf luence Towards Reisman’s Enthusiastic feeling
15. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Sensitivity
War only gave bad experience for many innocent people. Suffering could be easily found in every corner of the English towns, such as London and Liverpool. People were living in hunger, too many people lost their families and relatives. When Reisman went to London he was witnessed by himself the German brutality in this town. He saw the tremendous effect of German bombing in London which gave bad effect to this town.
It was early afternoon when the train arrived in London. Since Reisman had been away, a bomb had scored a direct hit upon the great translucent glass cupola upon Paddington station, leaving stark, giant girders with no function than to frame the open sky (p.44).
Such circumstances had raised Reisman’s sensitivity towards the people who were living surround him. He felt so sorry responding the situation that was happening in London.
16. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Obedience
Just like the other’s Reisman’s personality, his obedience was a result of war that he had experienced during the battlefield. Once he was in battlefield where he and the other soldiers were in the middle of fighting against the Nazis. It became chaos and lost control when each soldier fought by himself without following the order from his commandant.
Reisman did not want this situation happened again in the next war. Because of that he became obedient towards his senior. He did not want this Army uncontrollable. There should be a leader in warfare so that the soldiers followed the rules and the orders from the commandant.
17. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Seriousness
The hate towards Hitler spread away in Europe, especially those who became the victims of the German attacks. They did not accept the brutality made by the Nazis, because their brutality had made many people suffered in their lives. “I get the angry shakes every time I think of that son-of-a-bitch Hitler. I’d like to be the guy that nabs him, and get in a few licks myself before they string him up (p. 333). The same also with Reisman, he really hated with the German attacks, and it made him to be serious person who would fight back against their brutality and cruelty. Being serious was important for a soldier like Reisman. He should made preparation seriously so that he could undergo the mission he had that was killing the German Generals.
18. War’s Influence Towards Reisman’s Ambitiousness
“You want to hate? You want to fight? You want to kill? All right I offer you such an opportunity. I offer you a chance to fight Germans! To kill Nazis! The rottenest slime of the white master race” (p.134).
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
E.M Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen is a novel which tries to reveal an idea that human personality cannot be separated with the environment around him, his way of thinking and behaving are influenced by the circumstances that happen in his life. Environment has a big role in shaping the individual personality towards human beings.
The war that that has been going on in Reisman’s life, has given effect towards his personalities. As a soldier who had been joined the Allied Army before the attack in Perl Harbor, Reisman has many experiences in warfare against German troops. He has witnessed a lot of German’s bombings during the war. Because of the war, he becomes a brave person who does not afraid to everything in front him. As a soldier he has to fight against the German troops in the battlefield, without any bravery in his heart it is impossible to do his duty. A war needs bravery in one’s heart.
Besides brave, Reisman is also prudent. War has demanded him to be careful for every actio n he wants to take. He has to think about the risk and not endanger himself and the others soldiers for what he is doing. Reisman knows that it is very dangerous for everyone when the war is going on. And his concern towards the risk of the war has made him a person who is very prudent in deciding something.
From the analysis, it is proven that Reisman’s personalities are the product of the war. His vacation as a soldier has brought him into many wars against the Nazis. War is Reisman life, he has dedicated his life to fight in battlefield. So it is clearly understood that his way of thinking and behave cannot be separated with the war. He is a war product man, in which war has influence his life, especially his individual personality.
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APPENDICES
Appendix: Summary In E. M. Nathanson’s The Dirty Dozen
The story begins in the early 1940’s when Allied Army went to England, in order to backup British Army. Captain reisman as the Doctor of the American Army was assigned to be trains the condemn men in the Army, whether they rapist, murderer, robberies. they were sentenced to be hung by the US military court. They have no choice, instead of being part of the Army project that being lead by Captain Reisman. After given brief introduction by Captain Reisman they begin to argue about their existing in the US ARMY, because they were convict of military and they obviously are sentenced to death others are lifetime sentenced. In the other hand Captain Reisman were not give bargaining, he just give two option whether in or out. Then one by one they decided to join because they have no choice.
After they decided join the program they begin to be trained in the camp. Practically they were quite good soldier, and they have strong effort in their training camp, just before they had a problem with their behavior. They start to question the hot water; they don’t want to save with cold water, they asked for the hot water as the guard has. But after arguing with the guards Captain Reisman gave the punishment that they’re going to get neither hot nor cold water and not permitted to use knife to save, and since that time they stop take a bath and then they called the dirty dozen.
