Various verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female villains in Detective Conan movie series.

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VARIOUS VERBAL DISAGREEING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY MALE AND FEMALE VILLAINS IN DETECTIVE CONAN MOVIE SERIES

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Himmatul Maratis Suroiya Reg. Number A03213023

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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VARIOUS VERBAL DISAGREEING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY MALE AND FEMALE VILLAINS IN DETECTIVE CONAN MOVIE SERIES

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Himmatul Maratis Suroiya Reg. Number A03213023

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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xiii ABSTRACT

Suroiya, H.M. 2017. Various Verbal Disagreeing Strategies Applied by Male and Female Villains in Detective Conan Movie Series. English Department, Faculty of Arts And Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.pd

Key words: Disagreeing strategies, villains, Detective Conan movie series

Since disagreements have been getting much attention from various researchers in numerous subjects, this thesis investigates them in villains’ utterances. None of previous researchers have analyzed disagreements in villains’ utterances. In addition, the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreeing strategies are also investigated to enrich the previous studies about disagreement in gender field.

The types of disagreeing strategies which help the researcher to anayze the disagreeing strategies in villains are based on Muntigl and Turnbull taxonomy (1998). Besides, some previous studies from Kozcogh (2011), Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and Heidari et al. (2015), inspire the researcher a lot in analyzing the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying the disagreements, since their study also analyzed the differences in men and women. Qualitative content analysis and descriptive research designs are chosen to investigate male and female villains’ utterances which consist of disagreeing strategies. The researcher herself becomes the only instrument – human instrument. Reading and selecting the entire scripts of Detective Conan movie series become the steps of data collection. Then, the procedures of data analysis contain identifying, classifying, and elaborating the data. Drawing the conclusion is also the last step required.

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xiv INTISARI

Suroiya, H.M. 2017. Various Verbal Disagreeing Strategies Applied by Male and Female Villains in Detective Conan Movie Series. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.pd.

Kata kunci: Strateg-strategi ketidaksetujuan/pertentangan, penjahat, film seri Detective Conan

Karena ketidaksetujuan telah mendapat banyak perhatian dari berbagai peneliti di berbagai bidang, tesis ini menginvestigasinya di dalam ucapan para penjahat. Tidak ada peneliti sebelumnya yang telah menganalisis ketidaksetujuan dalam ucapan para penjahat. Selain itu, persamaan dan perbedaan antara penjahat laki-laki dan perempuan dalam menerapkan strategi ketidaksetujuan juga diselidiki untuk memperkaya studi sebelumnya tentang ketidaksetujuan di bidang gender.

Jenis strategi ketidaksetujuan yang membantu peneliti untuk menganalisa strategi ketidaksetujuan pada penjahat didasarkan pada taksonomi Muntigl dan Turnbull (1998). Selain itu, beberapa penelitian sebelumnya seperti dari Kozcogh (2011), Faharani dan Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad dkk. (2015), Aisyah (2015), dan Heidari dkk. (2015), sangat mengilhami peneliti dalam menganalisis kesamaan dan perbedaan antara penjahat pria dan wanita dalam menerapkan strategi ketidaksetujuan, karena studi mereka juga menganalisis perbedaan pria dan wanita. Analisis isi kualitatif dan desain penelitian deskriptif dipilih untuk menyelidiki ucapan para penjahat pria dan wanita dalam ucapan ketidaksetujuan. Peneliti sendiri menjadi satu-satunya instrumen - instrumen manusia. Membaca dan memilih seluruh naskah seri film Detective Conan menjadi langkah pendataan. Kemudian, prosedur analisis data berisi identifikasi, klasifikasi, dan perincian data. Menggambar kesimpulan juga merupakan langkah terakhir yang dibutuhkan.

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2.2 Men and Women speech……… 13

2.3 Disagreements in Men and Women based on the results of the previous studies………... 14

2.4 Synopsis of Detective Conan……… 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design……… 19

3.2 Data Collection………... 20

3.2.1 Data and Data source……… 20

3.2.2 Instrument………. 20

3.2.3 Techniques of Data Collection……….. 21

3.2 Techniques of Data Analysis………. 22

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings……… 31

4.1.1 Types of Disagreeing Strategies by Male and Female Villains…… 31

4.1.1.1 Irrelevancy Claim………... 33

4.1.1.2Challenge……… 36

4.1.1.3Contradiction……….. 41

4.1.1.4Counterclaim……….. 44

4.1.1.5Contradiction followed by Counterclaim………... 49

4.1.1.6Counterclaim followed by Contradiction……….. 52

4.1.1.7Irrelevancy Claim followed by Counterclaim……… 54

4.1.1.8Contradiction followed by Challenge……….... 56

4.1.1.9Counterclaim followed by Challenge………... 59

4.1.1.10 Challenge followed by Counterclaim………... 61

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4.1.2 The Similarities and The Differences between Male and Female

Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies………... 66

4.1.2.1 The Similarity between Male and Female Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies ………... 67

4.1.2.2 The Differences between Male and Female Villains in Applying the Disagreeing Strategies………... 70

4.1.2.2.1 Male Villains Favor Direct/Explicit Disagreements and Female Villains Favor Indirect/Implied Disagreement………... 72

4.1.2.2.2 Male Villains Favor Contradictory Statement or Negative Evaluation and Female Villains Favor Negative particle in Applying Contradiction…... 82

4.2 Discussion……….. 86

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion……… 92

5.2 Suggestion……… 94

REFERENCES………... 96

APPENDICES………... 100

Appendix 1……….. 100

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the important fundamentals for conducting research of male

and female villains’ disagreeing strategies in Detective Conan movie series are

presented. Those are background of the study, research problems, research objectives,

significance of the study, scope as well as limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Disagreement is unavoidable in human interaction. It is so hard to deny that

people have same thought towards issues in some social interactions (Sofwan &

Suwignyo, 2011:42). They can disagree over a particular subject matter including

objects or personal traits, attitudes, and behaviors (Hei et al., 2012). Numerous

researchers have been interested in doing study about disagreements in different

settings, such as academic setting and outside of academic setting. In academic

setting, all of the researchers used learners or students as their subject. For the studies

in outside of academic setting, the subjects were various, but none of the researchers

used villain as the subject. Therefore, this present study is interested in doing a study

that analyzes disagreeing strategies uttered by villains in denying someone’s

accusation towards them.

Related to the previous studies, most of them have been done in academic

setting. As stated by Choyimah and Latief (2014:113) that disagreement is one of

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Rohmah (2012) and Pattrawut (2014) confirm the existence of disagreement in

academic setting. Rohmah (2012) analyzed the politeness strategies of expressing

disagreement and the responses toward it which applied by doctorate English

program students from different parts of Indonesia in discussion. The finding is the

students in showing their politeness strategies are still influenced by the cultural

values existing in the collectivist society. The study by Pattrawut (2014) has been

done in classroom context. The finding confirms the differences of Thailand native

speaker and English native speaker in showing their politeness strategies of

disagreements to their lecturer.

Other previous studies in academic setting have been done in some focuses as

well, and have a similarity that is most of them used DCT (Discourse completion

text) to get the data. The studies by Sofwan and Suwignyo (2011), Behnam and

Niroomand (2011), and Nourozi (2015) focused on the English ability or skill of the

learners in choosing disagreement strategies. Meanwhile, the studies by Koczogh

(2011), Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and

Heidari et al. (2015) focused on gender and power. This present study is also

interested in taking gender case that is analyzing the differences between male and

female villains in uttering disagreement strategies.

Research on gender differences in conversational style has yielded results that

women are more likely soften their disagreements, while men tend to be direct in

expressing their disagreements (Koczogh, 2012:236). But apparently, there are

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his result, shows that women participating in his study tended to disagree much more

frequently and often in a more expressive and straightforward way than men did. The

result in the study by Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013) seems confirming the result of

Kozcogh (2012). They stated that gender is not a determining factor for being polite,

since their study showed no highly statistical differences between using politeness

strategies in disagreement and gender (Faharani & Molkizadeh, 2013:632).

Yet, the results from the recent studies that are by Bavarsad et al. (2015),

Aisyah (2015), and Heidari et al. (2015) show that women tended to be indirect,

polite and cautious in expressing disagreements. They strengthen Holmes statement

in Rohman (2011) that females’ speeches could be considered as being indirect,

conciliatory, facilitative, elaborative, getting some difficulties in taking turns,

person-oriented, and affectively oriented. Therefore, the results of those previous studies are

unintentionally separated into two sides. The first side is men are affirmed to be direct

and the second side is women are the ones who are more direct or there is no high

statistical difference between men or women. Hence, from those different results, it is

necessary to investigate the differences between male and female villains in uttering

their disagreement strategies, since they are in same danger situation that will make

them go to jail over their crimes, but they can use different strategy because of

different gender. Whether it can be the male villains who tend to be direct or the

female villains do. This study is also expected to enrich those previous studies in

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This present study is in “outside of academic context” field. Disagreement

studies which have been done in outside of academic context did not take any gender

case. A study by Tuval-Mashiach and Shulman in Rohmah (2012) that focused on the

differences of development between adolescent and adult romantic couples in

expressing different disagreement negotiations and resolution skills. A study by

Petryshen (1990) analyzed persistent disagreement between patients in psychiatric

hospitals and therapeutic recreation specialists. The findings confirm the existence of

persistent disagreement and its impact on the treatment process.

Recently, the areas of study about disagreeing strategies in movie or film

which is in the “outside of academic context” field have received many attentions by

various researchers in different movies and focus. Carolina (2001) focused on the

types of disagreement strategies applied by all characters, Panic-Kavgic (2013)

focused on the differences of disagreement strategies in US and Serbian movies,

Tifani (2015) focused on the disagreement strategies of the main character only, and

Arofah (2015) focused on the status and power. Most of those researchers studied

American movie, and none of them analyzed Asian movie yet. Therefore, Arofah

(2015) gives suggestion for future study to do a research toward Asians, who are

well-known for their indirectness.

Detective Conan is one of Asian animation movie series that comes from

Japan which is directed by Kenji Kodama, Yasuichiro Yamamoto, Masato Sato, and

Koujin Ochi. It is one of famous animation movies. It has been being shown since

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new episodes are still ongoing. It tells about many interesting cases, such as murder,

burglary, arson, and kidnapping cases which are solved by a genius detective named

Conan Edogawa. Sometimes those cases are also solved by other detectives and other

smart characters. Those cases are solved sometimes in one episode until 4 episodes.

In every solving episode, there will be always debates between the villain and the

detective or other character who accuse them. There are many types of disagreements

uttered by the villains over detective’s explanation in order to keep their self in save.

They really try hard to make strategies for disagreeing the detective’s and other

character’s accusation.

In fact, Detective Conan has been analyzed by some researchers before, which

is especially, in form of comic. Those researchers are Anugratamur (2013), and

Rahman (2015). Anugratamur (2013) focuses on the types of speech functions which

were uttered by Conan Edogawa and the other characters, and also the relationship

roles between them. Rahman (2015) focuses on the type of illocutionary act which

were uttered by the characters, and the perlocutionary act’s effect. Therefore, unlike

this present study, none of those researches use any theory of disagreements.

Thus, this study is the first study which analyzes disagreeing strategies in

villains when they argue with their interlocutors who are detectives or other smart

characters in cases of Detective Conan. The researcher only focuses on the

disagreeing strategies itself when villains do debate over the accusation, not on a

refusal. Since, refusal has its own and different area from disagreement. Chen in

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to deny involving in an action proposed by the interlocutor. The refusal can occur in

villains’ utterance when they refuse to be asked to go to jail, not when they do debate

with the detective over the accusation or detective’s deduction. Since, in the debate

they only try to disagree with the truth of their crime explained or proposed by the

detective. They try to make the detective’s deduction looked as an untrue fact, as

Rees-Miller’s (2000) argued that disagreement occurs when the speaker considers the

proposition uttered by the prior speaker is untrue.

The theory which inspires the researcher a lot to analyze the types of

disagreeing strategies is that from Muntigl and Turnbull’s taxonomy (1998). By this

study, the researcher also aims to explore not only the differences but also the

similarities found in this study between male and female villains by describing the

differences and the similarities. Hence, it is an interesting and worth analysis, because

there are various disagreeing strategies applied by the villains. The finding from this

study is expected to be able to give pictures of how a villain defends him/herself by

uttering disagreements when someone gives an accusation and try to reveal his/her

crime.

1.2 Research Problem

The research is conducted to answer the problem which is formulated into two

following questions:

1. What are types of verbal disagreeing strategies applied by male and female

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2. What are the similarities and the differences between male and female villains

in applying the disagreeing strategies?

1.3 Research Objective

Based on the research problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed:

1. To identify the types of verbal disagreeing strategies uttered by villains in

Detective Conan series.

2. To describe the similarities and the differences between male and female

villains in applying the disagreeing strategies.

1.4 Significance of the research

The researcher hopes that this study is able to help the readers in

understanding about disagreement topic especially in villains’ utterances, and give an

input about the similarity and the differences between male and female villains in

expressing their disagreement. The readers are also able to know how a villain shows

his/her disagreement when he/she is in danger situation such as when the detective

knows his/her crime. This study is also expected to be useful in providing appropriate

strategies when people want to express disagreement. It can be worth to help

minimize conflict, improve relationship and avoid misunderstanding. Thus, a good

and successful communication can be established between speaker and his/her

interlocutor. Furthermore, the researcher hopes this study can be useful for the

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1.5 Scope and Limitation

By doing this research, the researcher analyzes the utterances of male and

female villains which include disagreement. The researcher only focuses on verbal

disagreement produced by male and female villains in Detective Conan movie series.

For analyzing the entire data of disagreeing strategies and classifying the types of

those disagreeing strategies, the researcher is inspired by the theory of disagreeing

strategies from Muntigl and Turnbull’s taxonomy (1998). There are many villains in

this movie because there are many cases told as well, and each case has its own

villain who did the crime. The researcher takes 30 villains, 15 male villains and 15

female villains who express disagreement when a detective or other person points out

him/her as a culprit of the case. For the interlocutors, there are 6 characters chosen, 4

male interlocutors, they are Shinichi Kudo (Conan Edogawa), Kogoro Mouri, Heiji

Hattori, and Professor Agasa. There are 2 female interlocutors; they are Sonoko

Suzuki and Eri Kisaki. The writer ignores the other interlocutor of the villain when

he/she expresses disagreement utterances. Then, the writer identifies the similarity

and the difference between male and female villains in applying their disagreement.

1.6Definition of the key terms

In order to avoid misinterpretation about the used terms, it is important for the

researcher to give suitable meanings of the key terms. Some key terms are defined

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a. Disagreement: A speech activity that is used to express different opinion from

his/her interlocutor.

b. Villain: Someone who has done a crime such as a murderer, kidnapping, etc.

c. Detective Conan film series: The famous Japanese detective animation series

which is directed by Kenji Kodama, Yasuichiro Yamamoto, Masato Sato, and

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10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The important theories which are relevant to this study presented in this

chapter. Since the researcher investigated male and female villains’ disagreeing

strategies, the discussed theories are about disagreement. Men and women speech,

results from the previous studies about disagreement in gender, and synopsis of

Detective Conan movie series are obviously noted as well.

2.1 Disagreement

There are many ways which can be used in expressing feelings. One way to

express the feeling of discontent with others is by expressing disagreement.

Disagreement is a speech activity that is used to express different opinion from

his/her interlocutor. So, it can be said that the speaker makes an expression of

disagreement when she/he has different opinions from his/her interlocutor. The

speaker tends to express it in order to achieve his/her purpose. It usually can be

identified from its verbal structure which shows a different view from the preceding

talk (Sofwan and Suwignyo, 2011:42).

Disagreement can be source of conflict between speaker and his/her

interlocutor in social interaction. As Cahn states in Muntigl nd Turnbull (1998:185)

that conflict is interaction of people in expression their opposing interests, views, or

opinion. According to WordNet dictionary, conflict is a disagreement or argument

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interests. It can be concluded that the existence of disagreement in

conversation can create and cause conflict between the participants who take part in

that communication. Therefore, the speaker is supposed to use an appropriate strategy

in expressing disagreement to minimize the conflicts so that the speaker can maintain

good social relationship with the interlocutor.

2.1.1Types of Disagreeing Strategies

There are five types of disagreement are used to identify the utterances of

disagreement (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998). This taxonomy inspires and helps the

researcher a lot in analyzing the types of disagreeing strategies in male and female

villains. Muntigl and Turnbull (1998) proposed 5 types; they are irrelevancy claim,

challenge, contradiction, counterclaim, and contradiction followed by counterclaim.

2.1.1.1 Irrelevancy Claim

Irrelevancy claim is types of disagreeing strategies that the speaker seem to be

questioning or undermining their interlocutors’ previous claim by stating the previous

claim is not relevant to the discussion of the topic at hand (Muntigl and Turnbull,

1998:229). The speaker asserts the previous claim is not relevant to the discussion

because the hearer is not in a specific view of what is being argued about and what

constitutes an allowable contribution to that argument. When speaker uses this type, it

tends to be produced in overlap, without pause and mitigation (Turnbull, 1998:185).

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2.1.1.2 Challenge

Challenge, as the second type, typically has syntactic from of interrogative

with question particles such as when, what, who, why, where, and how; they

implicate that the addressee cannot provide evidence for speaker’s claim (Muntigl

and Turnbull. 1998:230). In expressing by using challenge, the speaker questions an

addressee’s prior claim and demands that addressee provide evidence for his/her

claim, while suggesting that the addressee cannot do so. Example: What is the

evidence that make me as the culprit?

2.1.1.3 Contradiction

In contradiction strategy, a speaker contradicts by uttering the negated

proposition expressed by the previous claim: that is, if A utters P, then B utters ~P

(Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:231). As Behnam (2015:208) stated that Contradictions

often occur with a negative particle such as no or not, as in No, I don’t. It indicates

that the prior claim is not true. These acts make the hearer appear to be “wrong or

misguided or unreasonable about some issue, such wrongness being associated with

disapproval.” Example: I didn’t kill him. However, Chen in Aini (2015) stated that

contradictions are not always preceded by a negation, but it also occasionally start

with contradictory statement, such as “I thought it was so boring.”

Sometimes instead of having negative contradiction markers, contradictions

will have positive contradiction markers, like yes or yeah which contrast to the

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2.1.1.4 Counterclaim

In expressing disagreement by using counterclaim, the speaker’s emphasis is

not on pure opposition such as irrelevancy claim, challenge, or contradiction strategy.

The speaker provides an alternative claim and/or reason for why she/he disagrees,

which invites negotiation of the previous claim by opening up the topic of discussion

rather than closing it down (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:244). Sadrameli &

Haghverdi (2016) stated that Counterclaims tend to be preceded by pauses, prefaces,

and mitigating devices like “Maybe you are right, but…”. The strategies of avoiding

explicit disagreement such as using positive markers, partial agreement or hedges can

indicate indirectness and being polite in the speech act of disagreement. Example:

Yes, I got it. But we should go to the scene first.

2.1.1.5 Contradiction followed by Counterclaim

In this type, the speaker begins the disagreement by contradiction then she/he

continuous with a counterclaim that provides a reason for why she/he disagrees to the

interlocutor (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998:236). Example: I don’t think so, because

everyone who is here can do it.

2.2 Men and Women speech

According to Trudgill (2000), men and women do not speak different

language, but they speak different varieties of the same language. In other words,

women and men do not use completely different forms of language. They use

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by social role they have in society. In spite of that, according to Holmes (1992), there

are other ways in which the linguistics behavior of women and men differs. She

claims that women are more linguistically polite than men, for instance, and those

women and men emphasize different speech functions. Besides, men and women

sometimes have different perceptions which are reflected in their language. This

different perception may due to their communicative competence. Brown (1987) also

says that women mostly involve their feeling of sensitivity and solidarity when they

talk while men’s speech is more matter of fact.

Holmes (1992) also says that women use more standard speech forms than

men for some reasons. First, women are more aware of the fact that the way they

speak signals their social class background or social status in community. Second, the

society tends to expect „better’ behavior from women than from men. Third, women

as subordinate group must avoid offending men, so they must speak carefully and

politely. Last reason is that men prefer vernacular forms because they carry macho

connotations of masculinity and toughness so that women do not want to use such

forms.

2.3 Disagreements in Men and Women based on the results of the previous studies

1. Kozcogh (2012)

In this study, both male and females students employed a very similar

proportion of aggravated, mitigated and unmodified disagreements, with the slight

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strategies of contradiction (27.08%), explanation (10.3%), and disbelief (8.1%) the

most frequently in simple disagreements, while women favored contradiction (30.1),

disbelief (8.6), and partial agreement/token agreement (8%). Women in this study

tended to adopt more direct strategies (e.g. contradiction, evaluation). Generally,

women were more likely to utilize direct strategies when the overall distribution of

strategies was considered, although the pattern was not found to be of statistical

significance.

2. Faharani and Molkizadeh (2013)

The results showed that male and female participants of this study used all

kinds of strategies nearly the same. Male and female participants applied

contradiction with frequency of 27% and 31%, counterclaims with frequency of 54%

and 57%, challenges with frequency of 1.7% and 2.5%, irrelevancy claims with

frequency of 2.5% and 1.3%, and finally contradictions followed by counterclaims

with frequency of 10% and 13% respectively. From those results, it can be drawn a

conclusion that female participants chose direct strategies in disagreeing than male

participants did. This study confirms the result of the study by Kozcogh (2011).

3. Bavarsad et al. (2015)

Bavarsad et al. (2015) did not only find types of disagreeing strategies in their

study, but also new patterns to mitigate the disagreements. In most of the types of

disagreements, male and female learners had percentages of the types nearly same.

Yet, in the patterns of mitigating the disagreements, female learners frequently had

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2%, and male learners’ percentage was only 0.44%. In providing reason, while

female learners’ percentage was 27.7%, male learners’ percentage was 22%. It

represented that female learners tended to mitigate their disagreements. The result of

this study showed that women are more indirect than men in expressing

disagreements.

4. Aisyah (2015)

The finding of this study showed that male and female students were different

when they made the Discourse Completion Task (DCT). In this case, the male

students deliver their responded clearly and conventionally different with female

students. Female students were more polite when they delivered their respond. They

tended to use counterclaim more frequently than male did. Male students used

contradiction strategy more often than female. Because the male students said directly

clear without good manners.

5. Heidari et al. (2015)

This study indicated that female respondents tend to be more indirect than

male respondents. It can be seen in the results that are female respondents used more

counterclaims with the highest frequency that is 34%. Counterclaim is one of the

types of disagreement strategy which is considered as an indirect type. Male

respondents tended to be more direct than the female respondents, with the frequency

of 28% for contradiction (female: 22%), 16% for challenge (female: 10%), and for

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2.4 Detective Conan

Detective Conan “Meitantei Konan” (Great Detective Conan) is a Japanese

detective manga series written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama. It has been

serialized in the Japanese manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Sunday since 1994 and

will be collected in eighty-seven Tankōbon volumes by August 18th, 2015. The

manga has been adapted into an anime series by the animation studio Tokyo Movie

Shinsha, directed by Kenji Kodama (episode 1 to 252), Yasuichiro

Yamamoto (episode 110 to 332, 667 to 677, 681 to the last episode to date), Masato

Sato (episode 318 to 504), Koujin Ochi (505 to 666, and 678 to 680), and is broadcast

in Japan on Nippon Television, Yomiuri TV and Animax. The series debuted on

January 8th, 1996 and will have broadcast 784 episodes by July 1th, 2015. The series

has seen high levels of popularity in both manga and anime formats in Japan since its

reception, and has also been adapted into nineteen Golden Week movies, with the

first released on April 17th, 1997 and since then followed with a movie released each

year, always in the month of April. Ten of the movies held a top 10 box office

position in the year they were screened. In addition, five Magic Files related to the

movies and twelve Original Video Animations have been released.

The story follows the adventures of Shinichi Kudou (also known as Jimmy

Kudo in Case Closed, North America name), a young detective prodigy who was

inadvertently shrunk into a child's body due to a poison he was force-fed by members

of a villain syndicate. Neighbor and family friend Professor Agasa strongly suggested

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about, so Shinichi takes the name Conan Edogawa. He goes to live with his childhood

friend Ran Mouri and her father, Kogoro, and tries to use Kogoro's detective agency

as a way to find the people who shrank him—without letting Ran figure out who he

really is, then many cases follow him, and most of them are solved by him. He also

has a best friend who a young detective as well named Heiji hattori. Heiji helped

Shinichi a lot, when he get a problem. He also sometimes solves the problem along

with Shinichi.

Shinichi who shrank into a child Conan often use Kogoro when solving the

case, since it is impossible for a child to point out who the culprit is when he has

solved the case. He makes Kogoro to sleep then uses his voice with a great tool made

by Professor Agasa which be able to make the voice turns into someone else voice.

But sometimes, Kogoro also can solve the case on his own. His smart wife Eri Kisaki

(an attorney), also ever take a lead in the solving of the case. Shinichi also ever uses

Professor Agasa and a female character named Suzuki Sonoko (Ran and Shinichi’s

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19 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The necessary procedures of doing great research are presented in this

chapter. Those are research design, instruments, data and data sources, the techniques

of data collection, and the techniques of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Based on the purpose of the study, this study aims to analyze what types of

disagreeing strategies applied by villains in Detective Conan movie series, and how

the similarity and the difference between male and female villains in applying their

disagreements. The research design which is appropriate to this study is qualitative

content analysis, since the source of the data in this analysis is in from of the

transcripts of movie series from Detective Conan movie. As Cole (1998) stated that

content analysis is a method of analyzing written, verbal or visual communication

messages. Content analysis allows the researcher to test theoretical issues to enhance

understanding of the data. Through content analysis, it is possible to distil words into

fewer content-related categories. It is assumed that when classified into the same

categories, words, phrases and the like share the same meaning (Cavanagh 1997).

Moreover, the researcher also adopted descriptive research design in

analyzing the data. According to Knupfer and Mclellan (2011), descriptive studies,

primarily concerned with finding out “what is”, might be applied to investigate the

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researcher described the data found in this study. As Ary stated in Liqaissa’adah

(2015) that descriptive studies deals with explanation and information given by the

researcher to describe the utterances expressed by the chosen characters.

3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1 Data and Data source

Detective Conan movie series that the researcher chose is in Japanese

dubbing, but with English subtitle. The source data of this study was in the

form of English transcripts of the subtitle from the episode which 30 villains

in Detective Conan series involve in. As Subroto (1992) stated that the source

data of qualitative research appears in the form of discourse, sentences,

clauses, phrases or words. The data of this study were the utterances of the

villains which contain disagreements strategies when they do debate with the

chosen interlocutors.

3.2.2 Instrument

The key instrument of the present study was the researcher herself.

Therefore, she spent a great deal of her time to read and understand the related

theories and concepts before collecting and analyzing the data. Thus, she

acted as an instrument and a data collector at the same time. The researcher

was the main instrument, since it was impossible to investigate directly

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3.2.3 Techniques of Data Collection

The data were collected from the utterances of 30 villains when they have

debate with the detective and other character who point out them as the

villains of a case. There were some steps that the researcher did in collecting

the data:

1. Watched all episodes in Detective Conan series. The researcher already has

845 episodes of Detective Conan series in her laptop. The episodes were

downloaded from www.gogoanime.com.

2. Selected some episodes which contain good debates between the villains and

the chosen interlocutors.

3. Chose 30 villains, 15 male villains and 15 female villains from the selected

episodes which contain good debates.

4. Re-watched the episodes which those 30 villains involve in to get better

understanding for those episodes.

5. Searched and downloaded the transcript of the episodes which those villains

involve in.

6. Read and got understanding in the content of the transcripts.

7. Selected the data from the transcripts by underlining the utterances of the

villains that contain disagreement when they do debate with the chosen

interlocutors over their accusation. The underlining was done as an example

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Picture 3.1 The example of underlining the data containing disagreeing strategies

In picture 3.1, the underlined utterances are the examples of disagreeing strategies. In

those utterances, disagreeing strategies appeared in different types, such as

contradiction or counterclaim. In this part, the researcher only noticed and underlined

the utterances containing disagreeing strategies in order to collect the data. Then, the

researcher filtered all the utterances containing disagreeing strategies, rechecked all

the utterances and revised some parts or utterances which did not include in

disagreeing strategies.

3.3 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data in some steps.

1. Identifying the selected data that indicate the types of disagreeing strategies.

The identifying process was helped by coding the data. The types of

disagreeing strategies which were used to help the researcher analyzed the

disagreement are based on Muntigl and Turnbull taxonomy (1998) of

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strategies proposed by Muntigl and Turnbul (1998). But the data of this

study found other types of disagreeing strategies besides those 5 types.

Totally, there were 11 types found in villains’ utterances in this study.

Since there were 11 types of disagreeing strategies, there were 11 colors

represented the types. Each type had its own color in order to make the

process of coding became easier. The color had a function to differentiate

from one type to other types. Male and female villains had the same colors

in types of disagreeing strategies, because in the transcripts, the episodes

of male and female villains were already separated. These are the colors

that were used in coding the data:

Table 3.2 The colors for each type of disagreeing strategies

No. Colors Types of disagreeing strategies

1. Irrelevancy Claim

2. Challenge

3. Contradiction

4. Counterclaim

5. Contradiction followed by Counterclaim

6. Counterclaim followed by Contradiction

7. Irrelevancy Claim followed by Counterclaim

8. Contradiction followed by Challenge

9. Counterclaim followed by Challenge

10. Challenge followed by Counterclaim

11. Contradiction + Counterclaim followed by

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After deciding the colors for each type of disagreeing strategies, the

researcher analyzed the types of disagreeing strategies by coding the data. For

the coding of the data was as the examples below.

Picture 3.3 The example of identifying utterances containing each type of disagreeing strategies by coding the data

Picture 3.4 The example of identifying utterances containing each type of disagreeing strategies by coding the data

2. Classifying the identified data by putting them into tables.

There were two tables presented to identify the data. The first table

was for male villains, and the second one was for female villains. Both of

the tables consists the same numbers of column and row. In the column,

there are numbers, the episode where the villains and the interlocutor do

debates, names of the villains, the name of the interlocutors and the 11

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strategies which appeared, the total amount of the utterances was

presented. It would show how many time a villain applied the type. The

names of the types of disagreeing strategies were abbreviated in order to

make a shorter and simple table. They are IC = Irrelevancy Claim, Ch =

Challenge, CN = Contradiction, CM = Counterclaim, CN+CM =

Contradiction followed by Counterclaim, CM+CN = Counterclaim

followed by Contradiction, IC+CM = Irrelevancy Claim followed by

Counterclaim, CN+Ch = Contradiction followed by Challenge, CM+Ch =

Counterclaim followed by Challenge, Ch+CM = Challenge followed by

Counterclaim, and CN,CM+Ch = Contradiction + Counterclaim followed

by Challenge. The table and the classifying data were as the examples

below:

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Table 3.5 The example of male villains’ table for classifying each type of disagreeing strategies

From the total of each type above, percentages of each type were

made for male villains and female villains. They were then charted to

comprehend the percentage between male and female villains. There were

2 charts made, 1 chart for male villains’ utterances and 1 chart for female

utterances. Male and female villains’ utterances were counted separately

from the beginning. The complete findings in the tables can be seen in

appendices.

3. Analyzing the similarities and the differences between male and female villains in applying the disagreements.

In order to get the similarities and the differences between male and

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between them need to be made. The comparison was made from the

percentages of each type which was got from the charts. It also used a

chart in order to be able to show and draw the similarity and the difference

from the percentages clearly. The chart presented as the example below:

Figure 3.7 The example of the chart to compare the percentages of each type between male and female villains

All types were compared between the percentages from male and

female villains as the chart illustrated above. The blue color represents

male villains’ utterances and the red color represents female villains’

utterances. From the chart above, it could be seen the similarity and the

difference between male and female villains in applying the

disagreements. It could show what the types which were often used by

male and female villains, or what type which was never used by male or

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female villains. For the similarity, it could show which types that was used

nearly same and had similar percentages.

To get more the differences between male and female villains, the

researcher made other classification among the types of disagreeing

strategies. From the 11 types of disagreeing strategies, it could be defined

into two classifications. They are direct and indirect disagreements. As

proposed by previous studies from Kozcogh (2012),

Faharani&Molkizadeh (2013), Bavarsad et al. (2015), Aisyah (2015), and

Heidri et al. (015), there were differences between men and women in

expressing disagreeing. The researchers of the previous studies, Kozcogh

(2012), Choyima (2014), and Bavarsad et al. (2015), tended to distinguish

men and women from the direct or indirect disagreement they used or

chose. The researcher of this study was inspired a lot from them in making

the classification. Thus, the classification of all types of disagreeing

strategies in this study was considered to be necessary. Since, there were

various disagreeing strategies. It also could be drawn obviously the

differences between male and female villains. The classification was done

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Table 4.4 Direct and Indirect disagreements

No Types of Disagreeing strategies Male Female Higher one

1. Contradiction followed by Challenge 10.7% 6.2% Male

2. Contradiction 21.4% 10.4% Male

ct 9. Counterclaim followed by Contradiction

10. Counterclaim followed by Challenge

11. Counterclaim

The 11 types of disagreeing strategies were divided into two kinds.

Those are direct disagreements and indirect disagreements. The direct

disagreements are the types of disagreeing strategies which have

irrelevancy claim, challenge, and contradiction as the first disagreements

in the disagreeing strategies such as challenge or challenge followed by

counterclaim. The indirect disagreements are the types of disagreeing

strategies which have counterclaim only or have counterclaim as the first