M.F. Abd El-Sabo ur, M.A. Abo El-Se o ud and M. Rizk
Physio lo gic al and c he mic al re spo nse s o f sunflo we r to the applic atio n o f pre vio us o rganic waste c o mpo sts to sandy so il
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 8 –1 3 2
a p p lied com p ost m ixt u r es w er e b iosolid a t t h e r a t es of 2, 6 a n d 8 p er cen t m ixed w it h on e d ose of w a t er h ya cin t h com p ost (5 p er cen t ). T h e sa m e a gr on om ic t r ea t m en t , sa m p lin g t ech n iq u e a n d sa m p les a n a ly ses w er e
em p loyed in t h is exp er im en t , a s m en t ion ed in exp er im en t on e.
Statistical analysis
T h e a n a ly sis of va r ia n ce of com p let e r a n d om -ized d esign w a s ca r r ied ou t a ccor d in g t o Sn ed ecor (1955).
Results and discussion
Dry matte r ac c umulatio n
As sh ow n in Ta ble I, t h e d r y m a t t er y ield of leaves, st em s a n d fl ow er a t eit h er ve get a t ive or fl ow er in g gr ow t h st a ges w er e sign ifi ca n t ly in cr ea sed by a p r ev iou s sin gle com p ost a p p lica t ion of a n y com p ost t y p e or r a t e. T h e p osit ive r esid u a l effect s of b ot h MSW a n d W t r ea t m en t s w er e a lw ay s h igh er t h a n Bs a n d con t r ol (t a fl a on ly a m en d ed sa n dy soil) t r ea t m en t s. It is wor t h m en t ion in g t h a t t h e su p er ior r esid u a l effect of W t r ea t m en t s w a s ob ser ved on h ea d s’ d r y w eigh t by t h r ee m a gn it u d es of con t r ol t r ea t m en t .
Sim ila r t r en d s w er e ob t a in ed in exp er im en t t wo; h ow ever, t h e p osit ive r esid u a l effect of or ga n ic on ly t r ea t ed soil w a s a lw ay s h igh er t h a n ot h er t r ea t m en t s in exp er im en t on e (or ga n ic + t a fl a m ixt u r e). T h is m ay su ggest
t h a t t h e com p ost m ixt u r e of Bs + W h a s va lu a ble fea t u r e a s a soil con d it ion er a n d n u t r ien t su p p lier. T h is fi n d in g cou ld b e con -fi r m ed by t h e r e p or t ed r esu lt s in p r ev iou s r eleva n t wor k (Ab d el-Sa b ou ret a l., 1995).
He ad yie ld and yie ld c o mpo ne nts
T h e r esid u a l effect of p r ev iou s com p ost a p p li-ca t ion s sign ifi li-ca n t ly in cr ea sed h ea d s’ d r y w eigh t a s w ell a s seed y ield in b ot h exp er i-m en t s (Ta ble II). Aga in W t r ea t i-m en t s sh ow ed a h igh er p osit ive effect t h a n ot h er t r ea t m en t s in exp er im en t on e. P r ev iou s st u d ies sh ow ed t h a t W t r ea t m en t s im p r oved t h e soil’s h yd r o-p h y sica l o-p r oo-p er t ies w h ich in t u r n sh ou ld en h a n ce p la n t gr ow t h (Ab d el-Sa b ou r a n d Ab o-E l-Seou d , 1996; Ab d el-Sa b ou r et a l., 1995).
Com p a r ison b et w een t h e ob t a in ed d a t a in t h e t wo exp er im en t s sh ow ed t h a t su n fl ow er p la n t s gr ow n on p lot s p r ev iou sly t r ea t ed w it h com b in ed or ga n ic com p ost (Bs+ W) t en d t o p r od u ce t h e h eav iest d r y w eigh t h ea d s a n d seed y ield .
Ta ble II sh ow s t h a t p r ev iou sly a p p lied com -p ost m ixt u r es (w it h t a fl a or or ga n ics on ly ) h a d n o sign ifi ca n t effect on t h e oil p er cen t a ge of seed s (g/ 100 g). Wit h r e ga r d t o t ot a l oil con t en t (g/ p la n t ) t h e su p er ior effect of or ga n ic com p ost m ixt u r es (exp er im en t t wo) a n d W + t a fl a t r ea t m en t s (exp er im en t on e) w a s ob ser ved . N a t u r a lly, su ch a n in cr ea se is a t t r ibu t ed t o a n en h a n cem en t in seed y ield r a t h er t h a n oil p er cen t a ge. T h e sim p le exp la n a t ion cou ld b e t h e p ot en t ia l n u t r ien t s su p p lied by p r ev iou sly a p p lied
Table I
Effe c ts o f pre vio us applic atio ns o f o rganic was te c o mpo s ts o n s unflo we r dry we ight (g/ plant)
Vegetation Flowering
Treatment Leaves Stems BYa Leaves Stems Flowers BYa
Experiment 1
Control 5 .8 1 3 .5 7 9 .3 8 3 .9 2 3 .4 0 2 1 .0 7 2 8 .3 9
BS1 1 0 .0 7 5 .7 1 1 5 .7 8 6 .0 7 4 .8 7 3 2 .4 0 4 3 .3 4
BS2 1 1 .2 7 6 .2 5 1 7 .5 2 7 .7 7 5 .9 7 4 3 .2 8 5 7 .0 2
BS3 1 2 .0 2 7 .2 6 1 9 .2 8 8 .6 1 7 .2 6 4 6 .8 8 6 2 .7 5
M sW1 1 2 .6 7 7 .2 0 1 9 .8 7 9 .6 0 7 .9 8 4 9 .9 3 6 7 .5 1
M sW2 1 6 .5 0 9 .4 8 2 5 .9 8 1 1 .6 0 1 0 .3 3 4 9 .4 0 7 1 .3 3
M sW3 1 9 .9 6 9 .9 4 2 9 .9 0 1 2 .9 8 1 1 .0 2 5 5 .7 1 7 9 .7 1
W1 1 1 .4 5 8 .1 1 1 9 .5 6 1 0 .4 3 7 .9 8 4 8 .5 4 6 6 .9 5
W2 1 7 .3 4 8 .2 8 2 5 .6 2 1 3 .0 1 9 .7 7 6 0 .8 9 8 3 .6 7
W3 1 8 .8 2 8 .6 2 2 7 .4 4 1 4 .5 6 1 0 .7 3 6 0 .0 3 8 5 .3 2
LSD (5 level) 1 .2 0 0 .7 6 0 .7 5 0 .7 5 0 .5 2 2 .9 7
Experiment 2
Control 2 .5 8 2 .1 9 4 .7 7 2 .0 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .4 4 1 7 .8 6
BS1+ W2 1 8 .3 1 9 .7 9 2 8 .1 0 1 4 .1 4 1 0 .6 8 6 1 .8 6 8 6 .6 8
BS2+ W2 2 0 .4 1 1 1 .1 1 3 1 .5 2 1 6 .0 2 1 1 .6 8 6 5 .9 6 9 3 .6 6
BS3+ W2 2 2 .1 6 1 1 .1 3 3 3 .2 9 1 7 .8 1 1 1 .7 0 7 6 .6 7 1 0 6 .1 8
LSD (5 level) 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2 .3 0 1 .6 0 0 .8 6 3 .6 7
M.F. Abd El-Sabo ur, M.A. Abo El-Se o ud and M. Rizk
Physio lo gic al and c he mic al re spo nse s o f sunflo we r to the applic atio n o f pre vio us o rganic waste c o mpo sts to sandy so il
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 8 –1 3 2
com p ost s w h ich h a d op t im u m a m ou n t s of m icr on u t r ien t s, a s w ell a s t h e con d it ion in g effect s on t h e soil’s h yd r o-p h y sica l p r op er t ies (Ab d el-Sa b ou r et a l., 1995). P r ev iou s wor k by Wa ssif et a l., (1989) sh ow ed t h a t Fe, Mn , Zn a n d Cu m ixt u r e (in or ga n ic or in or ga n ic for m ) h a s in cr ea sed su n fl ow er seed y ield a n d t h is b en efi cia l effect w a s m or e p r on ou n ced u n d er w a t er st r ess con d it ion s.
Chlo ro phyll, to tal hydro lysable
c arbo hydrate s and so luble sugar c o nte nt Ta ble III sh ow s t h a t t h e r esid u a l effect s of p r ev iou s com p ost t r ea t m en t s en h a n ced t h e t ot a l ch lor op h y ll, t ot a l h yd r oly sa ble ca r b oh y -d r a t es a n -d solu ble su ga r in p la n t leaves. T h e in cr ea se in t ot a l ch lor op h y ll m ay b e d u e t o a d eq u a t e su p p lies of m icr on u t r ien t s, p a r t icu la r ly Fe. In t h is r esp ect , J a cob son a n d Der t li (1956) su ggest ed t h a t Fe d ir ect ly or in d ir ect ly is in volved in ch lor op la st for m a -t ion v ia p r o-t ein sy n -t h esis. Also Ka zsr aya n et a l. (1975) fou n d t h a t folia r sp r ay in g of su n -fl ow er p la n t s w it h Fe in d u ced t h e b iosy n t h esis of ch lor op h y ll. In gen er a l, p r ev iou s com -p ost t r ea t m en t s en h a n ced t h e ch lor o-p h y ll sy n t h esis w h ich in t u r n in cr ea sed p la n t efficien cy t o p r od u ce su ga r s a n d ca r b oh y -d r a t es.
NPK c o nte nt
P r eviou s a pplica tion of com post (eith er w ith or w ith ou t ta fl a ) sign ifi ca n tly in cr ea sed th e con cen tr a tion of elem en ts in su n fl ower leaves (Ta ble IV) a t both tested gr ow th sta ges. Con -cen tr a tion of N, P a n d K in leaves of pla n ts gr ow n on com posttr ea ted soil con ta in ed r ela -tively h igh er levels of th ese elem en ts th a n th e cr itica l levels r epor ted by Melsted et a l., (1969). However, leaves of pla n ts gr ow n on u n tr ea ted soil con ta in ed lower levels of th ese elem en ts. Va lu es of con cen t r a t ion in d ices (Ci) given in Ta ble IV sh ow t h a t t h e m a gn it u d es of in cr ea se in t h e con cen t r a t ion of t est ed elem en t s in leaves va r ied d u e t o gr ow t h st a ge
Table III
Effe c ts o f pre vio us applic atio ns o f o rganic was te c o mpo s ts o n to tal c hlo ro phyll, to tal hydro lys able c arbo hydrate and s o luble s ugar c o nte nt (mg/ gdwt) o f s unflo we r le ave s
Total chlorophyll Total hydrolysable Total soluble sugars
(mg/ gd wt) carbohydrate (mg/ gd wt) (mg/ gd wt)
Treatment Vegetation Flowering Vegetation Flowering Vegetation Flowering
Experiment 1
Control 5 .3 7 4 .6 3 1 9 9 .9 1 8 0 .0 6 7 .8 0 7 5 .8 0
BS1 5 .8 0 5 .7 7 1 9 3 .8 1 8 7 .7 7 2 .9 0 7 5 .5 0
BS2 6 .0 8 5 .9 7 2 0 2 .6 1 9 1 .4 7 4 .8 7 7 5 .6 0
BS3 6 .4 8 6 .6 2 2 0 1 .9 1 9 1 .4 7 7 .3 7 7 7 .8 0
M sW1 6 .6 4 5 .6 5 2 1 2 .6 1 9 8 .5 7 0 .4 0 7 6 .6 0
M sW2 7 .4 0 6 .9 9 2 1 1 .0 2 0 3 .2 7 5 .9 7 8 0 .1 0
M sW3 7 .0 7 7 .1 1 2 1 4 .0 2 0 0 .9 7 8 0 .2 0 8 1 .9 7
W1 7 .4 7 6 .9 8 2 1 7 .3 2 1 0 .1 8 1 .5 0 8 2 .4 7
W2 7 .6 5 7 .1 2 2 2 0 .8 2 1 1 .6 8 5 .2 0 8 4 .5 0
W3 7 .6 8 7 .2 5 2 3 0 .4 2 2 6 .2 8 6 .3 0 8 6 .3
LSD (5 level) 0 .3 3 0 .3 8 4 .9 2 4 .2 3 1 .8 4 1 .8 7
Experiment 2
Control 4 .2 2 3 .1 8 1 7 8 .8 1 6 4 .1 5 9 .1 0 6 1 .8 0
BS1+ W 7 .3 3 6 .6 8 2 2 9 .8 2 2 4 .9 8 1 .0 0 8 6 .3 0
BS2+ W 8 .0 6 7 .1 6 2 3 6 .5 2 2 9 .3 8 4 .3 0 8 5 .1 0
BS3+ W 8 .3 8 7 .2 2 2 4 1 .2 2 3 1 .9 8 5 .2 0 8 6 .1 0
LSD (5 level) 0 .6 8 0 .5 6 5 .2 3 5 .7 8 2 .3 4 2 .0 9
Table II
Effe c ts o f pre vio us applic atio ns o f o rganic was te c o mpo s ts o n he ads and s e e d dry we ight, o il and to tal o il c o nte nt
Heads’ Seed
dry weight yields Oil Total oil content
Treatment (g/ plant) (g/ plant) (g/ 100g) (g/ plant)
Experiment 1
Control 4 0 .5 6 2 6 .0 8 5 3 .1 4 1 3 .8 6
BS1 7 4 .3 7 4 7 .7 5 5 2 .0 8 2 4 .8 7
BS2 8 3 .6 9 5 6 .1 0 5 3 .7 8 3 0 .1 7
BS3 8 5 .3 9 5 5 .5 1 5 3 .7 5 2 9 .8 4
M sW1 9 2 .9 2 6 0 .2 3 5 3 .5 4 3 2 .2 4
M sW2 9 6 .9 1 6 3 .6 6 5 3 .3 9 3 3 .9 9
M sW3 1 1 8 .5 5 7 7 .1 8 5 4 .2 8 4 1 .8 9
W1 1 0 2 .6 7 6 7 .6 9 5 4 .1 2 3 6 .6 4
W2 1 2 3 .3 6 8 0 .3 8 5 3 .3 3 4 2 .8 7
W3 1 1 3 .5 8 7 3 .8 2 5 4 .8 0 4 0 .4 6
LSD (5 level) 1 4 .2 0 3 .5 8 NS 1 .9 2
Experiment 2
Control 2 6 .1 4 1 6 .8 0 5 2 .9 0 8 .8 8
BS1+ W2 1 1 8 .5 1 7 8 .1 3 5 5 .0 0 4 2 .9 7
BS2+ W2 1 3 2 .7 2 8 5 .8 8 5 3 .4 6 4 5 .9 1
BS3+ W2 1 4 1 .0 9 9 1 .9 8 5 3 .7 2 4 9 .4 1
M.F. Abd El-Sabo ur, M.A. Abo El-Se o ud and M. Rizk
Physio lo gic al and c he mic al re spo nse s o f sunflo we r to the applic atio n o f pre vio us o rganic waste c o mpo sts to sandy so il
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 8 –1 3 2
a n d t y p e of p r ev iou s a p p lica t ion . T h e h igh est Ci va lu es w it h r esp ect t o p r ev iou s t r ea t m en t cou ld b e r e ga r d ed a s follow : Bs + W > W > MSW > Bs.
He avy me tals c o nc e ntratio ns
As sh ow n in Ta ble V t h e p r ev iou s com p ost a p p lica t ion sign ifi ca n t ly in cr ea sed Fe, Mn , Zn , Co, N i a n d P b con cen t r a t ion in su n fl ow er seed s in a ll t est ed t r ea t m en t s in t h e t wo
exp er im en t s. Alt er n a t ively, Cd levels in seed s w er e b eyon d t h e d et ect ion lim it . N o p h y t o-t oxic sy m p o-t om s w er e ob ser ved a n d o-t h e o-t eso-t ed m et a l con cen t r a t ion s w er e a r ou n d t h e r e p or t ed n or m a l levels in p la n t seed s or gr a in s (P en d ia s a n d P en d ia s, 1984). In gen -er a l, seed s of p la n t s gr ow n on t a fl a -a m en d ed soil (exp er im en t on e) seem t o a ccu m u la t e h igh er m et a ls t h a n t h ose gr ow n on or ga n ic m ixt u r e on ly a m en d ed soil (exp er im en t t wo).
Table IV
Effe c t o f pre vio us c o mpo s t applic atio ns o n NPK c o nte nt o f s unflo we r le ave s at diffe re nt gro wth s tage s
N-content P-content K-content
Vegetation Flowering Vegetation Flowering Vegetation
Treatment mg/ gd wt Ci* mg/ gd wt Ci mg/ gd wt Ci mg/ gd wt Ci mg/ gd wt Ci
Experiment 1
Control 2 9 .7 9 – 2 4 .7 6 – 4 .1 2 – 7 .2 5 – 2 3 .7 5
Bs1 3 1 .7 0 1 .0 5 2 5 .3 5 1 .0 2 4 .8 5 1 .1 8 7 .5 2 1 .0 4 2 6 .9 9 1 .1 4
Bs2 3 4 .7 3 1 .1 6 2 6 .6 0 1 .0 7 4 .5 9 1 .1 1 7 .3 5 1 .0 1 2 6 .8 7 1 .1 3
Bs3 3 6 .0 2 1 .2 0 2 8 .0 5 1 .1 3 4 .8 4 1 .1 8 7 .5 2 1 .0 4 2 9 .5 0 1 .2 4
M sW1 3 5 .2 3 1 .1 8 2 6 .8 0 1 .0 8 5 .2 0 1 .2 6 8 .0 4 1 .1 1 2 6 .7 9 1 .1 3
M sW2 3 6 .4 0 1 .2 2 2 7 .7 8 1 .1 2 5 .4 0 1 .3 1 8 .5 0 1 .1 7 2 8 .0 3 1 .1 8
M sW3 3 5 .7 9 1 .1 9 2 9 .2 0 1 .1 8 5 .8 8 1 .4 3 8 .3 2 1 .1 5 3 0 .0 2 1 .2 6
W1 3 8 .6 8 1 .2 9 2 8 .5 0 1 .1 5 6 .0 8 1 .4 8 8 .6 3 1 .1 9 3 0 .4 3 1 .2 8
W2 3 6 .7 8 1 .2 3 3 0 .1 0 1 .2 2 6 .7 5 1 .6 4 8 .8 2 1 .2 2 3 1 .7 3 1 .3 4
W3 3 7 .8 6 1 .2 6 3 2 .8 0 1 .3 3 6 .5 6 1 .5 9 9 .2 8 1 .2 8 3 2 .5 4 1 .3 7
LSD (5 per cent level) 1 .0 8 1 .0 3 0 .4 8 0 .3 8 1 .0 2
Experiment 2
Control 2 6 .9 4 – 2 2 .1 8 – 3 .8 1 – 6 .6 4 – 2 0 .5 5 –
Bs1+ W 3 8 .8 9 1 .4 4 3 3 .4 0 1 .5 1 6 .3 7 1 .6 7 1 0 .0 4 1 .5 1 3 4 .7 4 1 .6 9
Bs2+ W 3 8 .5 3 1 .4 3 3 3 .2 0 1 .5 0 6 .4 8 1 .7 0 1 1 .1 7 1 .6 8 3 3 .9 4 1 .7 8
Bs3+ W 3 9 .7 2 1 .4 7 3 4 .6 0 1 .5 6 6 .4 5 1 .6 9 1 1 .7 0 1 .7 6 3 4 .8 9 1 .8 3
LSD (5 per cent level) 2 .1 0 1 .5 4 1 .5 2 0 .4 2 1 .6 3
Note:Ci* = element in the untreated land
Table V
Effe c t o f pre vio us o rganic was te o n s unflo we r s e e ds (mg/ kg)
Treatment Fe M n Zn Pb Co Ni
Experiment 1
Control 4 5 7 .0 8 7 1 .0 1 1 .5 2 .3 0 1 5 .7 7
BS1 4 7 8 .8 2 7 4 .1 4 1 .7 3 .2 0 1 5 .9 4
BS2 5 4 8 .9 1 8 6 .5 2 2 .0 3 .6 0 2 0 .1 9
BS3 7 0 9 .7 8 9 3 .2 7 3 .6 3 .9 0 1 9 .4 5
M sW1 4 8 8 .8 0 7 2 .3 1 1 .5 2 .5 4 1 7 .7 6
M sW2 5 4 9 .7 5 8 2 .6 2 2 .9 3 .6 4 1 8 .5 6
M sW3 6 7 1 0 .0 3 9 8 .0 6 3 .6 3 .6 4 1 9 .4 6
W1 5 0 7 .2 0 7 4 .0 0 3 .1 3 .0 4 1 5 .8 5
W2 5 2 7 .6 0 9 4 .0 0 3 .5 3 .8 8 1 5 .9 7
W3 5 7 8 .7 0 9 8 .0 0 5 .1 4 .8 3 1 7 .5 2
LSD (5 level) 2 .0 3 0 .2 9 2 .7 1 0 .3 6 0 .2 3 0 .4 7
Experiment 2
Control 4 3 .7 6 .4 0 7 1 .0 0 1 .6 2 .8 7 1 5 .5 0
BS1+ W2 5 1 .7 7 .4 0 7 5 .0 0 2 .1 2 .9 1 1 6 .8 6
BS2+ W2 5 7 .2 8 .9 0 8 2 .0 0 3 .2 3 .4 0 1 7 .8 4
BS3+ W2 6 1 .2 9 .9 0 9 1 .0 0 3 .6 3 .9 5 1 8 .8 9
M.F. Abd El-Sabo ur, M.A. Abo El-Se o ud and M. Rizk
Physio lo gic al and c he mic al re spo nse s o f sunflo we r to the applic atio n o f pre vio us o rganic waste c o mpo sts to sandy so il
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 8 –1 3 2
T h is m ay b e a t t r ibu t ed t o t a fl a ca p a cit y t o a b sor b m et a ls r elea sed fr om t h e d e gr a d ed or ga n ic com p ost a n d , t h er efor e, m in im ize lea ch in g a n d losses of t h ese elem en t s fr om t h e r oot zon e a r ea , t h er efor e b ecom in g ava ila ble for p lila n t u p t ila k e. F r om t h e ila b ove m en -t ion ed r esu l-t s, i-t cou ld b e d ed u ced -t h a -t -t h e p r ev iou s sin gle a p p lica t ion of t est ed or ga n ic w a st es t o sa n dy soil h a d exh ib it ed a p osit ive st im u la t ion on p la n t gr ow t h a n d in cr ea sed soil p r od u ct iv it y, even a ft er fou r su ccessive sea son s of cu lt iva t ion .
Conclusion
Ba sed on t h e d a t a ob t a in ed fr om t h is st u dy, t h e r esid u a l effect of or ga n ic w a st e com p ost -a m en d ed soil h -a s b een fou n d t o st im u l-a t e t h e gr ow t h of su n fl ow er a s exp r essed a s d r y m a t t er a ccu m u la t ion a n d seed y ield .
P la n t s gr ow n on a m ixt u r e of b iosolid a n d w a t er h ya cin t h com p ost con t a in in g p r ev iou sly a m en d ed soil con t a in h igh er con cen t r a t ion s of N P K a n d t ot a l oil con t en t a s com -p a r ed w it h t h e u n t r ea t ed on es.
T h e r esu lt s of t h is r esea r ch in d ica t e t h a t la n d a p p lica t ion s of t est ed or ga n ic w a st e com p ost is a fea sible d isp osa l m et h od a n d a va lu a ble r ecyclin g t ech n iq u e in sa n dy d eser t soil.
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