“REVIEW : ACADEMIC TRIPS TO JAPAN”
Disusun oleh :
Nama : Imas Iin Lasmawati
NPM : 120820160006
Kelas : Eksekutif 47
KONSENTRASI MANAJEMEN SDM
PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
CHAPTER I MARKETING ANALYSIS
(Topic-3 : Souvenir)
What kind of souvenirs product results from SMEs business actor in Nakamise Dori Area?
Nakamise Dori is actually the main road to Sensoji Temple in Asakusa. Sensoji Temple is a temple built in the 6th century that became the oldest and most crowded temple visited by tourists. Sensoji Temple is also often called Asakusa Kannon Shrine.
Nakamise Dori connects Kaminarimon on the main road with Sensoji Temple on the inside. With a length of about 200 meters, Nakamise Dori is composed of more than 80 stores that sell knick-knacks and souvenirs typical of Japan, such as :
1. Mini Lanterns
There are lanterns everywhere in Sensouji Temple, from the main hall to the Kaminarimon Gate. We can find a small lantern that we can carry after the main gate.
for certain purposes, such as protection for the well-being of your family, and the realization of ambition. Ropes can have more than just bells and spells. Some have miniature lanterns. Items that bring good luck like this are good for gifts.
3. Wind Chime
Every summer, you can hear the sound of the bell that jerks the bell at Nakamise Dori. The sound is symbolic of the Japanese summer, that's the wind blending. Before Japan has air conditioning, people will feel the coolness in the sound (its voice is believed to make people feel cooler). In addition, during "Hoduki Ichi" in the early summer, they were distributed to ward off evil.
4. “Tabi” Socks
5. Chopsticks
Chopsticks are the need of Japanese cuisine. "Morita,", the makers of chopsticks at Nakamise-Dori decorate their chopsticks with elegant pictures. Chopsticks are something that we like, so much more use them for us, and is an indispensable daily necessity for the Japanese.
6. Furoshiki and Washcloth
as a towel, but also towipe the kitchen surface, or even to wrap small luggage.
7. Horifuda
CHAPTER II CULTURAL ANALYSIS
How is the culture of the Japanese associated with the shared religion, the values of life and other cultures? Associated with the religion adopted
There are several religions in Japan other than Shinto as folk belief and as a belief, among others Buddhism, Samawi religions, Shinshukyo and other religions coexist harmoniously. Although it is said that religion is not important in the life of the Japanese, but in fact the Japanese continue religious life in their behavior as cultural "guardians" of their culture.
In the daily life of Japanese people it seems that religion is not important. Japanese society has a very secular view and is not so concerned about religion. Generally the Japanese at birth get a ceremony in Shinto, and are followed by various other religious ceremonies and rituals of Hitoshi Miyake throughout their life, while married in Shinto or Christianity and in Buddhist ceremonies on death and respect for the ancestors. In addition to Buddha and Shinto, what reasons caused the Japanese to embrace more than one religion? This may be difficult to explain. Borrowing opinions from a religious researcher in Japan, Prof. Hanazono Toshimaro from Tohoku University who said that Japan is like a "museum of religions in the world". Many researchers do so, because in general Japanese do not believe in religion, but in reality they embrace more than one religion.
The original Japanese religion is Shinto which means "The Way of the Gods". After the entry of Buddhism through China and Korea around the 6th century, through a long struggle, there was a harmonious interaction between the Shinto gods with the Buddha known as honji suijaku. In general today the Japanese are not only Shinto or Buddhists alone but even also Christianity or with others. They place priorities or needs for each religion. Similarly to this day in the homes of the Japanese, especially in rural areas there are Shinto and Buddhist altars and sometimes there is a statue of the Virgin Mary. They also go to Jinja or Shinto Temple and go to Otera or Buddhist Temple, and may also go to Church or other religious activities according to their wishes and needs.
It can be said that Christianity had not had a strong influence on Japanese culture until now. The possibility of monotheism in this religion is difficult to accept or assimilate into Japanese culture. It is also possible that strict rules in Christianity also hamper the spread and development of Christianity as a religion because it is considered incompatible with Japanese temperament rules, which allow liquor, permit free sex practice as well as worldly matters of origin all of which do not interfere with the environment . The monotheistic that exists in Christianity in particular as well as other celestial religions hinders the development of that religion. In Japanese life can accept many gods and also have various functions. Which Japanese people can accept without confusion or conflicting feelings. Because of the Japanese, Shinto traditionally focuses on group welfare, while Buddhists pay attention to family welfare. Christianity is only present in the lives of urban individuals as well as the atmosphere of modern industrial life as well as lifestyle.
For the Japanese all natural phenomena that live or are considered alive (inanimate) and even man-made objects will be considered to have the potential to be considered alive if they believe there is a magical power in these objects. These things are known as folk belieft. On this point Harumi Befu said that indeed the people of Japan in the belief of their people have mixed or syncretism with religions from outside Japan, but the Japanese do not take a head on it. From this we can understand that the belief of the Japanese people is a belief system that only the Japanese and the Japanese land alone who understand and believe it despite the occurrence of syncretism but the color of the Shinto and Japanese tradition is maintained.
The attitudes include :
1. The same Japanese will worship or honor the gods of different religions without conflicting feelings. For example: In the house of the Japanese there were Butsudan (altar of Buddhism) and Kamidana (Shinto altar) and possibly they also placed the cross of Jesus, the statue of the Virgin Mary or other religious symbols. 2. The Japanese religious concept of a god can consist of different religions.
3. There is a place of worship that places the symbols of the gods of different religions.
Linked to the values of life
In Japan in choosing a name (first name) often choose words that symbolize the meaning of good, as a prayer for the child later good way of life. Especially in Japan, the number of strokes kanji used is also one particular consideration in choosing a letter for a child. Generally men in Japan end in "ro" (郎), while women end in "ko" (子).
Traditions in Japan, include :
1. In Japan, the family name is entered in the official civil registry.
2. In Japan after marriage a woman will change her name officially following her husband's surname.
3. The Kanji script that can be used to compose a child's name in Japan is limited by the government (about 2232
letters, called jinmeiyo kanji.
In Japan, the signatures that originally had an important role, became lost its role. Signatures in Japan do not have formal power. Tradition of Japanese society in signing is by using inkan (stamp). Usually this is inscribed with a family name. There are several types of inkan used in Japan, among others :
1. "Mitomein" (認印) is used for everyday purposes that are not very important, for example when receiving a shipment, filling the application.
2. "Jitsuin" (実 印) is used for important purposes, such as buying a house, buying a car. Inkan this type must be registered at the government office.
3. "Ginkoin" (銀ide 印) is used to open an account at a bank.
"Jitsuin" and "ginkoin" are very rarely used and should be kept well. Because if lost it will cause serious problems in business. For strangers when entering Japan must make an inkan. To create a bank account, we can not use signatures, and must use the inkan. Excepty yubinkyoku that still allow signature. Having no signature habits, many Japanese are required to sign (in passports for example), typically writing their full names in kanji.
One interesting topic is that Japan has a way of expressing gratitude, apology and so on using body language : 1. Ojigi
In Japanese culture ojigi is a way of honoring by bowing, for example when giving thanks, apology, giving a diploma at graduation, and so forth.
There are two types of ojigi:
a. Ritsurei (立 礼)
Ritsurei is ojigi performed while standing. When doing ojigi, men usually do this while pressing the butt to keep the balance, while women usually put both hands in front of the body.
b. Zarei (座礼).
Zarei is ojigi performed while sitting.
Based on the intensity, ojigi is divided into 3:
a. Saikeirei (最敬礼)
Saikeirei is the highest level. The body is bent about 45 degrees or more. Saikeirei is very rarely done in everyday life, because it is used when expressing a deep apology or to perform a prayer.
The longer and deeper the body is bent indicating the intensity of feeling to be conveyed. , To be warmer, ojigi is done repeatedly. For example is when I want to convey a very deep feeling of forgiveness. As for Indonesian culture, ojigi is not known.
2. Handshake
The tradition of handshakes performed in Japan symbolizes hospitality and warmth. The location of the hand after handshake done is also different. There are some people who then put a hand on the chest, there are some who also placed on the forehead, as the expression that it is not only outwardly, but also from the mind.
3. Kiss Hands, Kiss Cheeks and Sungkem
In Japan, kissing hand, kissing cheek and sungkem culture are unknown.
Japanese culture has its own uniqueness in expressing respect, apology. The Japanese are relatively homogeneous.
Association with other cultures
Japanese culture is still found and stood firm and side by side with various devices and modern icons imported from the West. (Boye de Mente, 2009: 26). As part of the traditional Japanese cultural character, this aspect of Japanese life is defined and named so that it can be discussed, understood, taught and passed from one generation to the next. These so-called aspects are called do and waza. What is meant is "way" while "waza" means "skill", it should also be understood that this word has both a physical and metaphysical meaning or a factor meaning Spiritual that sometimes is more important than physical factors.
In other words, Japanese society approaches life by combining the development of physical skills with the maturity of spirituality. There is no one field in the life of Japanese society that has no waza and do. Either through the mediation of parents, teachers, or artists; in each skill it embedded a special spiritual component that often manifests into the physical realm. So what important is the spiritual side in training and teaching in Japan, so training and teaching for this side seems to be dominating over training for its physical side. So as to be used as rituals such as Bushido (Charaksatria), Chado (how to drink tea), Karatedo (how to hand), Kendo (how to play the sword) and others. Under the powerful influence of the Samurai culture, Japanese society's behavior is structured in such a way that it is carefully patterned, highly styled and connected to one's social class, gender, and age in a society, where conformity to behavior’s worth often takes precedence over the purpose of an act itself.
There are several dimensions in understanding the character and spirit of Bushido contained in Japanese society. Bushido consists of the word bushi (knight or warrior) and do (way). Bushido or 'way of' is an ethical system or moral code of chivalry prevailing among Samurai especially in the feudal age of Japan (12-19th Century). The meaning of Bushido in general is a willingness to die for the benefit of the state / empire and emperor. In the feudal era, the grouping in society is very strictly executed, where bushi / samurai occupy the highest position. They are highly respected and feared by society, especially in the Tokugawa era, when applied Sakoku's politics (self-closure) from the outside world. It was then that Bushido was formally organized in an ethical form, applied strictly, and taught to the public.
The concept of Bushido in the Samurai can be considered in the minds of the Samurai. According to the Samurai the problems of life and death are not two fundamentally different circumstances. This is reinforced by the necessities set forth in the teachings of Bushido. Bushido can not be separated from the attitude of Samurai in running his belief. Generally they (the Samurai) embraced and practiced Zen Buddhist beliefs, based on the deepening that rising an attitude to seek harmony with the universe, especially with the natural environment. This condition of harmony is sought to obtain serenity, simplicity, and beauty. (Suharman, 1987: 123).
through a process of hundreds of years.
The most fundamental thing in the Bushido principle is the teaching to always live with honesty themselves; if not, they are considered not really living life as a whole. The doctrine even though seems simple, but is really meaningful and brings peace in the heart of each samurai. If ones have been honest with themself, then they will spontaneously be honest with anyone.
Bushido is a samurai ethical code that developed since the days of Kamakura (1185-1333). Bushido contains moral teachings such as courage, fortitude, purity, love of good name, loyalty, responsibility, shame, and honor. The spiritual aspect becomes an important aspect of bushido because through self-control, strength will arise so that samurai can conquer their opponents. Currently, bushido becomes the personality of the Japanese nation. Bushido comes from the teachings of belief in Japan, which is mainly Confucianism. From the teachings of the 5 Confucian social relations patterns, the term developing on, namely the obligation or debt to be paid for having received the good of others. Payment on divided into 2 types, namely gimu and giri. One form of gimu is called chu, which is a service to the Emperor. Chu is regarded as the highest on which should be priority on the other. Why the Emperor? Because the Emperor occupies the highest position in the life of Japanese. Devotion to the Emperor means devotion to the state. The value of courage in Bushido is widely applied to the Japanese in defending his country, like the Kamikaze troops who dared to die in World War II. The next payment type is giri. Giri includes the loyalty of followers to their master and keeps a good name. Loyalty to superiors is identified as the virtue of a samurai, so the samurai are willing to sacrifice their dying life for their master, who has been instrumental in taking care of it.
The Story of the Forty-Seven Ronin is one such example. The story tells about the samurai who are forced to violate Chu to avenge their master, and after that they are willing to commit seppuku to pay off their chu duties. For the sake of the giri, they are willing to leave their wife and parted with their family. This proves that for samurai, loyalty is everything. In addition, giri against good name is equally important in Bushido values. This giri obliges every Japanese to keep the honor of their name. In Japan, honor is a virtue and always wanted to be achieved by the people. One of the ways conducting this giri is by controlling themselves, for example being stoic. Samurai must be able to withstand hunger and pain without complaining or grimacing a bit. Their act is one form of self-respect. Giri is then developed into the mental of Japanese people who put love first name and it can not be achieved if there is still dirt (insult) that is still attached to them. If there is no other option that can clear their names, they are not reluctant to commit suicide because suicide is an honorable act to reestablish their image.
Therefore we often hear the events of seppuku done by samurai. Even in the last two decades, the choice to commit suicide as a name-clearing is still done by the Japanese, as in the case of the Kobe Mayor who committed suicide because he felt unable to perform the task of recovering Kobe City after the earthquake in 1995 and the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture in 2007 doing the same after stepping down from his post for a corruption case. Bushido began to become a unity of value held by the Japanese in the era of modernization, given the need for equality in the whole society. Bushido is taught in schools as a substitute for religious lessons and moral guidance. Bushido values that have been ingrained in the soul of the Japanese nation became the power of Japan to advance his country. The goal of honor causes them to strive to overcome developmental obstacles (rare natural resources and densely populated) into potential for economic progress.
Another factor supporting the success of Japan's economic system is loyalty to the state. The loyalty is reflected in the efforts of each prefecture to develop the industry according to the natural resources owned and the cooperation between the private entrepreneur sector and the government since the Meiji era. In politics, the Japanese government is clean and almost free from corruption because they have a very strong culture of shame. In addition, political life can run harmoniously by popular support that respects the government and the Emperor. Thus, the political system and economic system of Japan succeeded because the application of Bushido values of loyalty, honor, shame, and responsibility.
Broadly speaking Bushido's values can be explained as follows :
1. Integrity (Gi). Gi is the ability to make the right decisions with moral conviction, so that decisions can be fair and balanced for everyone, regardless of skin color, race, gender, or age.
2. Courage (Yu). Yu is the ability to handle every situation with courage and confidence.
3. Compassion (Jin). The jin is a combination of affection and generosity. Jin applied with Gi will make a samurai can reduce the desire to use their ability arrogantly or to dominate others.
4. Respect (Rei). Rei deals with good manners and attitudes to others. Rei also means having to respect all parties.
5. Honesty (Makoto). Makoto means being true to ourselves, just as we are honest with others. This means acting morally right, and doing it as well as we can.
6. Dignity (Meiyo). Meiyo can be achieved by thinking positively, but can only be realized if followed by appropriate action. Success is a noble goal to fight for.
7. Loyalty (Chungi). Chungi is the foundation of all moral principles; without dedication and loyalty to a goal or to others, one can not expect to achieve the results that he wants.
COMPANY VISIT
(Topic-4 : How to build people awareness in Indonesia to manage garbage properly from the garbage collection from the household, then collected by Dinas Kebersihan and dumped at the landfill ?)
How to build people awareness in Indonesia to manage garbage properly from the garbage collection from the household, then collected by Dinas Kebersihan and dumped at the landfill ?
Garbage is a mixture of all kinds of goods (unused, unpopular or something to be discarded) and the mixed reaction results are often never expected as a result. Sources of garbage can vary, including from households, markets, shops, offices, public buildings, industries, and roads. The problem of garbage in Indonesia, if not handled well will lead to adverse or unexpected change of environmental balance therefore pollute the environment both to the soil, water and air. The problem of garbage is not only a matter of the Department of Hygiene or other agencies in the region, but it becomes the affairs and interests of all parties, ranging from service users (households, markets, industries, organizations), hygiene providers (RT/RW, government, private companies), recyclers (scavengers, stall owners and recycled material manufacturers).
Good garbage management is one way to keep our environment clean like the slogans we often encounter "DO NOT LITTER". Nevertheless, the slogan alone is not enough, many factors influence the success of garbage management in Indonesia, including :
1. Culture, Attitude and Community Behavior
Indonesian people's awareness of the garbage problem is still very low. The level of community awareness on garbage disposal and garbage management is very important. Environmental community movements need to be created.
The problem of garbage in Indonesia should be taken seriously. Not only should not waste littering, but also must separate the various types of garbage before disposal, so no garbage is put into garbage bags "bulk".
Shame should be the key to the effectiveness of garbage management in Indonesia as well as in Japan. Early education programs, have been trained how to dispose of garbage according to the type. It builds a garbage disposal culture that can be embedded subconsciously.
There is a correlation between community behavior in garbage management with socio-economic characteristics (education, employment, family size, income, knowledge) and ethnicity / customs.
Changing the perception that garbage is a friend not an opponent, that garbage can be dangerous by destroying the environment and spreading the disease, but also can produce fertilizer and electricity. Everyone should have social responsibility and care about the environment. For example, the public must be responsible for the cleanliness of the ditch in front of his house.
In fact, it is not easy to get people to take responsibility for their own waste. When it comes to disposing of garbage, it takes a special time to think about what kind of garbage that will be disposed of. The process of change is not a trivial for some people. Imagine if in one day a person has to put the garbage into the trash ten times, then as many as ten times the person should be pensive for a moment in front of the dumpster to determine what kind of garbage he will dispose of. This fact brings a new way to solve the garbage disposal problem.
2. Regulations from the Government of Indonesia
Garbage processing should be done by the Government, not the private sector. The Indonesian government
must have laws governinggarbage processing. Improving
garbage management capabilities is one of the
most effective ways to streng then overall governance. This regulation is vital forgarbage management.
because if there is no great regulation garbage management will not work properly. The overall regulation is regulated by the central government, while the technical nature is regulated by the local government. The regulations that have been applied in Japan include:a. Clear Garbage Dumps Schedule
The garbage disposal schedule must be made by the Government and each region has a different schedule so it will not crash. This schedule is very important because it becomes one of the benchmarks in disposing of garbage. Do not get the wrong day because it will not be transported. For example, Monday is the schedule to remove the garbage that can be burned. If disposing other types such as plastic garbage, then the officer will not transport it.
b. Distribution of Detailed Garbage Type
The distribution of the type of garbage is explained together with the timetable of disposing of garbage with a very detailed division. Garbage is divided into household garbage that can be burned, plastic, newspaper, paper, bottle, glass, iron and non-combustible mixture. Certain types of garbage is charged.
c. Location of Trash Can
The location of the garbage is also arranged per area. For example area A place to dispose of garbage in B, area C place dump in D and so on. Can not be careless. It is strictly forbidden to dispose of the garbage in its place, such as roadside, river or empty place.
d. Different Color of Trash Plastic Bags
Each region publishes plastic bags of different colors and written regional names. Household garbage that can be burned is in green plastic bags, red for plastic garbage and yellow for paper. Plastic bags in a person's residence area only apply in the area. If dumped in other areas will not be transported by the officers.
The role of various parties in waste management determines the success of garbage management in Indonesia through Gomi Zero Movement or Non-Trash Movement, such as :
1. The Role of Educational Institutions
The role of educational institutions in garbage management is very important. One function of educational institutions in terms of garbage management is to awaken the younger generation about ethics, harm and bad effects of garbage through the education path from an early age. One of the interesting things is not only teaches the theory but also actively participate directly by mobilizing all students to clean up the garbage inside the school environment and surrounding areas. Not only in kindergarten and elementary school, the "gomi zero" or "no garbage" program among educational institutions is also done in the university level in the same way as primary school children, ie cleaning up the environment within the campus and beyond.
2. The Role of the Company
Awareness of hygiene and garbage management from neighborhoods, stations, highways and environments, parks, watersheds to urban centers is important to be socialized. Without community participation any planned garbage management program will be in vain. One approach of the community to be able to help the government program in its success is to familiarize the community with the appropriate behavior with the waste program that is changing the society's perception of the orderly, fluent and uniform waste management, changing the society's habit in the garbage management which is not good and the social factors, local structures and cultures.
Garbage management system to build public awareness in Indonesia in managing garbage properly
1. Garbage Separation
Garbage separation starts from the time of exit from the house to reduce the burden of Final Disposal (TPA). The government should consistently explain to the public the importance of sorting waste out of the kitchen. Until finally people always sort out the garbage from the kitchen and implanted it to children from an early age.
In principle, as in Japan, garbage is divided into 4 (four) types:
a. Burnt garbage (Conbustible)
b. Garbage that is not burned (Non Conbustible)
c. Recycled waste (Recycle)
d. Large size garbage
The community must raise awareness about how to dispose of garbage, and sorting out the garbage, making it easier to process it. For example, the movement adopted in Japan, the 3R Movement :
a. Reduce
- Reduce is to reduce everything that causes the garbage. - Reduce through action :
• Avoid the use and purchase of products that generate large amounts of garbage.
• Use rechargeable products, such as use of washing areas using refillable containers.
• Reduce the use of disposable materials, such as the use of tissue can be reduced, replace it with a
napkin or handkerchief. b. Reuse
- Reuse ie direct waste reuse, both for the same function and other functions. - Reuse through action :
• Reuse container / packaging for the same function or other functions, such as the use of used bottles for cooking oil containers from home industry coconut oil or containers for bee honey.
• Use containers or pockets that can be used over and over again for example, containers for basic
necessities made of durable materials, which can be used for a long time.
c. Recycle
Transportation is the activity of transporting garbage collected at a temporary shelter or from a garbage disposal site to a landfill. The success of garbage handling also depends on the transportation system being applied. The ideal garbage transport is with a certain container truck equipped with presses.
The Government of Indonesia should have a modern waste treatment facility as it is owned by the Government of Japan.
The garbage processing facility located in Japan is known as Kurin Senta or Clean Center. Garbage in Indonesia we are familiar with the term Final Disposal or TPA for garbage processing. But there are striking differences between landfill in Indonesia and in Japan. TPA in Indonesia is synonymous with garbage that amounts to mount and smells really bad. While in Japan what is called as TPA shapes like office buildings that have a tower. The surrounding environment also will not protest because it does not emit odor. Because the garbage collected is processed according to the type of garbage. For household garbage is burned while other types of garbage are recycled for other products. It may be said that nothing is left because all is processed further.
Here is an illustration of the garbage collection process to the processing facilities:
3. Recycling / Waste Utilization
The process of retrieving items that still have value from the waste for reuse is referred to as recycling. Examples of recycling activities include :
• Reuse of waste paper that can be used primarily for external purposes.
• Plastic used to be processed back as plastic ore to be used as a variety of household appliances such as buckets etc ..
• Used electronic appliances are separated from each building component (metal, plastic / cable, battery etc.) and sorting for each reusable component.
• Glass bottles are separated by glass color (white, green and dark) and destroyed.
The recycling process can be managed by the relevant product companies, and other companies or similar foundations to produce new products or by changing the behavior of communities in garbage management, from disposing of garbage into useful waste, by increasing community knowledge in garbage management and environmental hygiene.
MOVEMENT : OPEN DUMPING, NO WAY
Open dumping method is a garbage processing system by simply dumping / stockpiling garbage in a place without any special treatment or processing system correct, so open dumping system causing disruption of environmental pollution.
Landfill conditions in Indonesia are currently using open dumping techniques, where the garbage is only put in certain places, until exceeded the capacity, which is potentially cause disruption to the environment.
If Indonesia still applies the method, then the garbage problem in Indonesia will never be resolved. After a visit to Shin-Koto Incenaration Plant which is a modern waste treatment facilities in Japan. We can learn many things there, Indonesia should imitate what has been done by Japan in terms of garbage management.
Photo when in one room Shin-Koto Incenaration Plant (given explanation of garbage management process in Japan) :
