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CODE SWITCHING IN SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE THROUGH MOBILE PHONE

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

YENNI HASNAH

Registration Number: 082188330080

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

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iv ABSTRACT

Hasnah, Yenni. Registration Number: 082188330080. Code Switching in Short Message Service through Mobile Phone. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2012.

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v ABSTRAK

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i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is difficult to start dedicating her gratitude but certainly her gratitude goes to those who have given her contributions in the process of finishing this thesis. The completion of this thesis is nothing without the support of many people around and close her. However, it would be impossible to mention all, but in this precious oppurtunity, she would like to extend her indebtedness.

First and foremost, she would like to thank Allah SWT, The Almighty, the most gracious, and most merciful, for His Guidance and Blessings until she can succeed in presenting this academic work as one of the requirements to obtain the degree of Master Humaniora. Then, may greetings are shaded to our prophet Muhammad, his family and the noble friends.

First of all, the writer really owes the real debt of gratitude to Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D., her first adviser whose advice, encouragement, reviews, comments, suggestions, kindness, patience, care, and everything valuable have been the features in the writing process of this thesis from the beginning until the end. Then, her great gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., her second adviser whose time spent in giving the guidance, suggestions, comments, criticisms, and everything valuable to qualify the content of this thesis. Their unerring abilities to spot her mistakes saved her from many mishaps and inspired her to go further than they might otherwise have done.

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of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their assistance in the process of setteling the administrative processes during her study.

The writer is also much indebted to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP, as her reviewers and examiners for their constructive and valuable comments and suggestions for the improvement of this study. Her thanks also go to all her lecturers, Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., Prof. M. Butar-butar, M.A., Ph.D., Prof. M. Silitonga, M.A., Ph.D., and Prof. Dr. J. Naibaho for their great and valuable contribution in increasing her insights and skills in English Applied Linguistics during the course of her studies.

In the process of undertaking this study, she wishes to dedicate her profound and sincere indebtedness to her very beloved parents; Endra, S.Pd.I and Rohaniah, her lovely younger sisters; Irmayani, S.Pd, Salma Khairani, AM.Kep, Ida Mahira, and her dearest younger brothers; Hamdani Mazri and Muhammad Irwan Dani for their great attentions, supports, and prayers till the completion of this thesis.

Special thanks are given to her beloved adopted mother, Bunda Hj. Nur’ain Lubis, M.AP and the family for their great spirit and motivations in

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Ilham, Bang Reza, Pak Purwanto, Pak Salman, Pak Toni, Pak Sardon, Pak Marudut, Pak Arsen ) and all the English Applied Linguiistic students, especially intake XIV for their frienship. Last but not least, her thanks go to all friends who know her for the motivations and frienships.

May Allah SWT, The Almighty Bless Us!

Medan, April 2013 The Writer,

Yenni Hasnah

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 6

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

2.1Concept of Code Switching ... 8

2.2Types of Code Switching ... 12

2.3Processes of Code Switching ... 23

2.4Language and Communication ... 32

2.4.1 Language ... 32

2.4.2 Communication ... 34

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2.6Language in SMS ... 37

2.7Relevant Studies ... 41

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 44

3.1 Research Design ... 44

3.2 Source of Data ... 44

3.3 Instrument of Data Collection ... 44

3.4 Procedure of Data Collection ... 45

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 45

3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 47

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING, AND DISCUSSION ... 50

4.1 Data Analysis ... 50

4.1.1 Types of Code Switching ... 50

4.1.2 Processes of Code Switching ... 58

4.2 Finding ... 61

4.3 Discussion ... 62

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 67

5.1 Conclusion ... 67

5.3 Suggestion ... 67

REFERENCES ... 69

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page 4.1 The Differences between Situational and Metaphorical

Code Switching ... 57 4.2 The Differences between Insertion, Alternation, and

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vi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1 SMS Received on January 2010 ... 74

2 SMS Received on February 2010 ... 76

3 SMS Received on March 2010 ... 77

4 SMS Received on April 2010 ... 86

5 SMS Received on May 2010... 93

6 SMS Received on June 2010... 95

7 SMS Received on July 2010 ... 100

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

The great advancement in science and technology has touched many aspects of human life. Almost all people of different age groups are aware of the presence and influence of technology in the process of communication. One of the man gadgets is the mobile or cellular phone. Therefore, in the process of communication the different languages are used when they use that cellular phone. At least one can use the local (native) language plus the national (Bahasa Indonesia), and English as the international one.

Indonesia is a multicultural country and the emergence of local languages is inevitable among tribes. Consequently, Indonesians are at least bilingual since they master two languages, vernacular and Bahasa Indonesia. Moreover, it is not surprising if some Indonesians are bilingual and/or multilingual at the same time because of the foreign language learning. The more people master languages, the more their ability to switch codes from one language into another language because of the repertoire in their minds. Therefore, the phenomenon of code switching happens not only between local languages and Bahasa Indonesia, but also among local languages, Bahasa Indonesia and English.

Some previous studies have indicated that bilingual speakers continue their code switching behavior when sending text messages (Deumert and Masinyana, 2008; Haggan, 2007). Then, it is suggested that bilinguals could use

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code switching to maximize their communication efficiency (i.e., using the fewest possible characters or keystrokes to convey a message) in the domain of text messages (Bautista, 2004). These studies have indicated that the combination of technology and multilingualism may produce a new function for code switching. In essence, multilingual texters should be able to choose the shortest words and phrases from each language, perhaps mixed together, to reduce the number of characters or amount of key pressing required to deliver a message due to the limited sign of the screen.

Since the message sent through SMS is basically a medium of verbal communication, but can also portrays non-verbal through use of punctuation marks, for example ..-,??..!!!,it is certainly opened for linguistic analysis. The most obvious linguistic features found in SMS language is the use of language switching. Of course, it is commonly done by those who are bilingual or multilingual. It seems that people who often send messages through the SMS of their cellular phones are fond of mixing their Bahasa Indonesia with vernacular language or even English. Furthermore, the definition of a bilingual itself is given by Spolsky (1998) namely a person who has some functional ability in the second language.

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related to the phenomenon of diglossia, in which one language is considered higher than another (Fishman, 1972). Above all, there are still some factors that can motivate people in switching their languages when they are writing messages through their mobile phone.

The condition of Indonesia with most of the people live in a bilingual or multilingual community will encourage the people to be able to speak with at least two different languages. In other words, the people can use even alternate more than one language. In this case, it is often known as code switching. As stated by Grosjean (1982) that code switching as the alternate use of two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation. Then, Holmes (1992) argues that the feature of bilingual speech such as interference, code mixing and code switching are normal phenomenon because bilinguals often find it easier to discuss a particular topic in one language rather than another. It means that the occurrence of code switching cannot be avoided among bilingual and/or multilingual people.

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write up to 160 characters per message. It is sufficient for a short greeting, content, and closing. Third, the message is sent instantly to the receiver much faster than the fastest means of sending a letter. Consequently, the phenomenon of sending messages through SMS is becoming more and more popular until the present time.

SMS, as defined within the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) as digital mobile phone standard, is a service which enables its users to send short text messages from one mobile phone to another, or to a mobile phone via the Internet (Segerstad, 2002). The widespread use of cellular phones has led to the proliferation of messages sent using the SMS. The 160-character limit on text messages encourages the use of shortenings and other shortcuts of language in use. When bilingual or multilingual speakers use SMS, their access to multiple sources of vocabulary, sentence structure, and other language devices would appear to provide additional resources for addressing the character limits imposed in SMS, perhaps by increasing the available pool of short phrases and words.

Once, it should be noted that the normal capacity of the SMS is only 160 characters. There is one possibility that people may switch their languages for keeping the efficiency. It means that the senders want to save the charge by keeping the space so that it can contain a longer message. For example, the word ‘kamu’ needs four characters while ‘u’ will only spend one character. However,

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According to Hoffmann (1991), there are seven reasons for bilinguals to switch their languages. The seven reasons are: (1) talking about a particular topic, (2) quoting somebody else, (3) being emphatic about something, (4) interjection, (5) repetition used for clarification, (6) intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and (7) expressing group identity. Besides the reasons suggested by Hoffman, Saville and Troike (1986) gives additional reasons: (1) softening and strengthening request or command, (2) because of real lexical need, either if the speaker knows the desired expression in one language cannot be satisfactorily translated into second, and (3) to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience. However, In SMS messages, one reason of language switching that cannot be excluded is for the sake of efficiency. This reason is in line with Bautista (2004) who asserts that bilinguals could use code switching to maximize their communication efficiency (i.e., using the fewest possible characters or keystrokes to convey a message) in the domain of text messages.

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this case, the researcher focused on the types and processes of code switching used in SMS.

1.2Problems of the Study

The problems of the study are formulated as the followings.

1. What types of code switching are found in SMS through mobile phone? 2. How is code switching used in SMS through mobile phone?

1.3Objectives of the Study

In line with the problems, this study is intended to discover: 1. the types of code switching used in SMS through mobile phone,

2. the processes of using code switching in SMS through mobile phone, and

1.4Scope of the Study

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through mobile phone. In this case, the study was focused on the types and processes of using code switching

1.5Significance of the Study

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68

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data and referring to some findings of the study, conclusions are stated as the followings.

(1) There are two types of code switching used by the senders when sending their messages, namely situational and metaphorical. But, not all the situations of situational code switching are proven in this study. Some of them, the factor of participants’ status and type of interaction do not work in this study since

the study deals with written communication who enables the participants to edit the utterances they want to convey.

(2) The code switching is used by insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.

5.2 Suggestion

Relating to the conclusions that have been stated, the suggestions are presented below.

(1) Since this study is limited on sociolinguistic and grammatical aspects of code switching, while the psycolinguistic aspect is not included, it is suggested to the other researchers to develop this research especially in finding the other types and processes of code switching in another written media like e-mail, twitter, blackberry message, and so forth.

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69

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