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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini membahas tentang pertukaran kepribadian tokoh utama dalam

novel

yang

ditulis oleh

Jefrey Eugynides yang berjudul Mtddlesex. Pembahan karakter tersebut berlangsung dengan melewati beberapa tahapan kepribadian.

Akhirnya tokoh utama

mendapat kepribadian sebagaimana

yang

diharapkan sesuai dengan keinginannya dalam kondisi hermaphrodzte. Sehubungan dengan analisa karakter, maka skripsi

ini

tepat sekali dibahas melalui analisa psikologi.

Di

dalam

penulisan

skripsi

ini,

penulis

mengunakan

teori

"human

psychic zone" (teori

Kepribadian Manusia) dengan konsep analisa berkaitan

dengan ketidaksadaran. Selain itu, penulis juga _{menggunakan salah satunya teori}

self

defense mechanism yaitu sublimasi. Kedua teori tersebut disampaikan oleh

Sigmund Freud. Dalam menganalisa

novel

ini,

penulis menggunakan metode

kepustakaan

untuk

mengumpulkan data, selanjutnya

penulis

menganalisa data tersebut dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil akhir dari kedua metode di

atas dijabarkan dengan metode deskriptif.

Setelah menganalisa

novel

ini,

penulis menyimpulkan bahwa dalam mendapatkan perubahan kepribadiannya, karakter utama harus melewati beberapa tahapan. Dalam setiap tahapan tersebut, aspek-aspek kepribadian yang terdiri dari

id

(keinginan instingtual), superego (norma sosial) dan juga ego (interaksi dengan lingkungannya) memainkan peranan penting. Selanjutnya pertahanan

diri

juga dilakukan tokoh utama sebagai perwujudan dari ego dalam menghadapi

konflik.

Nana Stevani

I

CHAPTER

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Research

Literature

is

work

that

is

presented

in

words reflecting

in

daily

life.

Abrams in his book the

Mirror

and the Lamp stated that literature is one of human

art.

(10)

It

records human experiences, dreams and thoughts

of

human being.

It

also shows the psychological aspect of the human being in the story. As we know,

all human beings on this earth have their own habits. Moreover, in this

life

human

being cannot face his life by his own ways. They need the other to

fulfiII

the needs

of his

life.

Relationship

with

each other

will

take an important part in this

life.

By

the communication

with

the others, a human being can show their own habits and

personality. The bad communication

from

this people can make a bad impact to

the human relationship.

The psychological conflict in the entire human being often reflected in the

other

form of

human creativities. Some

of

psychologicai aspect

is

reflected into

literary works. Through

writing

a literary work, an author can indicated all events

of

social

life,

or people

life

and shows the experience

or

imagination

of

human

life.

Furtherrnore,

literary work

presents the reflection

of

human being

in

their

daily

life.

Some

of

psychological aspect

is

reflected

in

the

literary

works.

Sometimes, the psychological

conflict

reflects

in

the

form of

novels, plays, and

Nana Stevani 2

Novel as popular literary work also gets the impact. Today, novel becomes

the guide

to

understand the history and the author's community.

Novel

tells the

readers about the

history

or

an

even that happened

in

the

past.

It

can

be

the

historical event or reflection from the author

life

or his community. Even, author's

experiences and

all

the psychological conflicts have been showing

in his

novel.

The author's conflict that reflects in novel becomes the main theme and the main

data

of

the psychological developments from the characters. Mostly the character

in

a novel is a representation from the author's

life,

experience or his community.

Nevertheless, sometimes the author takes the social

life in

his community as the

main idea of his novel.

As

a writer, Jeffrey Eugenides has done the same thing. He explains the

novel based on somebody's

life

experience in his community. The entire event in

his life

becomes

the

basic data

for

his

novel.

Jeffrey

Eugenides

puts

the

psychological issues as the main theme for his novel especially Mrddlesex (2002).

Middlesex

is

a novel

about the psychological

conflict

that happen

in

its

main

character, Calliope Stephanides.

This

novel

is telling

about hermaphrodite life,

Calliope Stephanides from a baby girl becomes a young boy.

Middlesex tells about the

life of

a hermaphrodite, so the writer thinks that

psychological approach can

help us

to

see

the

psychological

problem

of

the

character

in

this novel. Psychological approach is one

of

the theories that can be

used

to

analyze a literary

work.

Generally, psychology deals

with

behavior and

metal processes which are found in every human. In

Critical

Theory Today, Tyson

(11) stated that

if

psychoanalysis can help us better understanding about human

I

i

Nanu Stevani 3

behavior; and then

it

must certainly be able

to

help us understand literary texts,

which

are about human behavior. (2006). Psychological approach established by

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

The

object

of

psychoanalysis actually can be the

psychoanalysis

of

the author or a particular interesting character. In this research,

the writer analyzes one

of

the characters

in

the novel Middlesex, namely Calliope

Stephanides. Because

after reading

this

novel, the

writer

assumes

that

his

psychological problems is plays important role. Then, the writer uses one

of

self

defense- mechanism theory that is sublimation for brings the attitudes to positive

way eventually. The

writer

also finds that this novel has never been analyzes by

the former student of English Department.

Based on the explanation above, the writer analyzes the novel by using the

psychological approach

by

Sigmund

Freud

and

explains about

the

unconsciousness and the mechanism of the id, ego and superego. Then, use one

of

self defense-mechanism theory that is sublimation that working in the character

of

Calliope Stephanides. The

writer

also wants

to

explain about hermaphrodite that

happened

in

Calliope's

life

because

of

the imbalance between Calliope's

id,

ego

and superego

until

have sublimation eventually. Therefore, the research

title

is

Calliope's

Sublimation;

A Self

Defense-Mechanism

in

Coping

with

Hermaphrodite in Jeffrey Euginides' M idd lezs ex.

1.2

Identification

of the Problem

The

research focuses

on

the

analysis

of

sublimation:

a

self

Nana Stevuni 45

CHAPTER

4

CONCLUSION

After

analyzing

calliope's

sublimation

in

Euginides' Middlesex;

I

conclude

that

this

novel

described about psychological

conflict

of

the

_main

character, Calliope Stephanides. The important issue in this novel is about the self

defense mechanism that is presented by Jeffrey Eugenides.

I

get a

full

description

of sublimation; a self defense mechanism that is presented by Jeffrey Eugenides in

his

novel Middlesex. There are several phase

of

Calliope's

which

employed by

character

who

has unconscious

conflict

between

id,

ego and superego, Made

Calliope's character got a psychological problem in himself since he diagnosed as

a hermaphrodite.

Firstly,

she was

born

as a baby

girl until

she entered adolescence. She

Nana Stevani 46

hermaphrodite. Cal wanted himself to be a man but her superego, in this case was

her

family

insisted her

to

keep her

identity

as

a

girl.

In

fact,

she

still

insisted

herself to be a man.

Secondly is the negotiation between Cal's

id

and superego

in

realizing his

desire.

cal

brought

to

Sexual

clinic

to

get

solution

his

problem

as

a

hermaphrodite.

In

there,

the

doctor

checks

again

her

body; calliope

is

^ hermaphrodite that has two genders. For that, Cal follows therapy

in

order to get

information

about solution

for

her

condition. Then,

the doctor

gave injection

hormone testosterone to Cal. But _{unconsciously, he wanted to be a man. Cal,s id}

won against superego because

Cal

wanted to be a man but unconsciously he tried

to find Obscure Object that

still

has desire to her.

Thirdly

is the

full

realization

of

Cal desire. When Cal runs away from his

house, he meets a girl who gives him passionate. Cal tends to get nervous sees the

girl.

Cal always tried to

fulfill

his desire to her. He wanted to accomplish his id. It

means that, Cal wanted

to

be a man. The imbalance

of id

and superego can be

observed when Cal finally won her id. She changed into. a _{man and decided to be} a

writer. That phase was concluded as sublimation.

Finally

her

family

accepts him

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Abrams,

M.H.

The

Mirror

and

The Lamp

New

york:

The

oxford

university

Press. 1996.

Barry,

Peter.

An

Introduction

to

Literary and

cultural

Theory.

New york:

Manchester.

Boeree, C. Gorge. Personality Theories, (Penerjemah : Hyiak R)

Yogyakarta:Prima2005.University Press. I 995.

Curtis, Jamie Lee, Hermaphrodite .20A7. --online-

(http://human-nature. com/urbanlegend>.html)

Emery, David. Is Lady Gaga a HermaphroditeT A Man? (lrban Legend!2009.

-online-(http ://www.webcitation. org/5 nhogYHWe)

Endraswara,

Suwardi. Metode Penelitian Sastra. yogyakarta:

pustaka

Widyatama.2003.

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Jeffrey. Middlesex-New

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First picador

paperback Edition:

August 2003.

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