Bukti Korespondensi Morphological characteristics of top soiling in the reclamation areas of post-coal mining at Kutai Kartanegara and Kutai Timur Regency

UDMLMI Submission Acknowledgement

From: Editorial Team (editorjdmlm@ub.ac.id)

To: ^mulyadi srm@yahoo.com

Date.

Friday,

August L9,2022 at 09:29 AM GMT+8

Mr. MulyadiMulyadi:

Thank you for submitting the manuscript, "MORPHoLoGlcAL OHARACTERISICS oF TOP SOILING

IN

THE RECLAMATION AREAS OF POST.COAL MINING AT KUTAI

KARTANEGARAAND KUTAITIMUR REGENCY" to Journalof Degraded and Mining Lands Management. with the online journal management system that we are using, you

will be able to track its progress through the editorial process by logging in to the journalweb _site:

Manuscript URL:

b!!pg,(jdnrlnr.

^{u b. ac. id/i}

ndeXptrdLdnrldgglhsdiubrnissiorr/l 3zl!

Username: mulyadi_unmul

lf you have any questions, please contact us. Thank you for considering this journal as a venue for your work.

EditorialTeam

Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management

httpldmlm.ub.ac.id

Re: UDMLMI Single Author

From: Mulyadi Mulyadi (mulyadi_srm@yahoo.com)

To: editorjdmlm@ub.ac.id

Date: Saturday, August 20,2022 at 08:33 AM GMT+8

Full Paper Mulyadi

On Saturday, August 20,2022 at 08:14:02 AM GMT+8, Mulyadi Mulyadi <mulyadi_srm@yahoo.com> wrote:

On Friday, August 19, 2022 at O6:57:22 PM GMT+8, Editorial Team <editorjdmlm@ub.ac.id> wrote:

Dear Dr Mulyadi,

we have received the submission of a manuscript entifled MoRpHoLoGlcAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOP SOILING

IN

THE RECLAMATION AREAS OF POST-COAL MINING AT KUTAI KARTANEGARAAND KUTAI TIMUR REGENCY. However, we found that only

one author wrote the manuscript. Please add at least one more author as this journal no longer accepts single-author manuscripts.

JDMLM EditorialTeam httpldmlm.ub.ac.id

Paper MORFOLOGI-Final Native Cheked - Copy.docx

601.9k8

From:

To:

Date:

Re: [JDMLM] ^Reviewer Comments

Mulyadi Mulyadi (mulyadi srm@yahoo.com) editorjdmlm@ub.ac.id

Friday,

September 23,2022 at L1:54 AM GMT+8

On Sunday, September 18,2022 at 08:01:24 AM GMT+8, Editorial Team <editor.jdmlm@ub.ac.id> wrote:

Dr. Mulyadi:

Your manuscript entitled "Morphological characteristics of top soiling in the reclamation areas of post-coal mining at Kutai Kartanegara and Kutai Timur Regency ". has been reviewed by the Journar of Degraded and Mining Lands Management reviewers. Based on the reviewer comments (attached), your manuscript needs REVISIONS.

You may revise your manuscript accordingly, and send the revised version back to us through this email address (editor.jdmlm@ub.ac.id).

Allthe best

Prof Eko Handayanto PhD Editor in Chief

h

ttpS://wwwsSAp

u s. com /so u rce i

d/2

h$pSJArung-sclnAgojlcom/journalsearch.php2q=21100979353&tip_Sjd&exael=!o httpSlisinle.kemdjkbud.go. [g!ljournats/detait?id=920

httpjdmlm.ub.ac.id

u 1343, MULYADI (reviewed-2).docx

tlil ^1.3M8

manuscript

notjust

a part of a research article

Formatted: Font: Times New Roman Formattedi Normal, No bullets or numbering

Formatted: Font:'1-lmes New Roman, Not Bold, Not Small caps

Formatted! Font: 'l'imes New Roman Formatted: Font: Times New Roman, Not Bold, Not Small caps

Formatted: List Paragraph, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0,63 cm + hdent at: 1,27 cm

Formatted: Font: 11 pt

Formatted: Font: Times New Roman Formafted: Font: 11 pt

Formattedt Font: Tmes New Roman Formatted: Font: 11 pt

Formatted: Fonti Calibrif Italic Formatted: List Paragraph, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0,63 cm + Indent at: 1,27 cm

Formatted3 Font: 11 pt, Italic Comment IME1]l ^Makhrawie Formatted: Not SuperscripV Subscriot

o

Some references need replacement andrecheckinB.

Morphological characteristics of top soiling in the reclamation areas of

post-coal mining at Kutai Kartanegara _and Kutai Timur Regency Mulyad i

da

n

IVIa

khrawiel:g$tg,flrtf},e3s

lFaculty of Agriculture, Mulawannatt University, Gedung C-8 Fakultas PertarriarrJalan Pasir BalengkongKampus Gunung Kelua Sarnarinda Kalimantan Tirnur, lndonesia

"corresponding author: rnulyadi_srm@yahoo.com

Abstract

ltt

_'iJ

,

ii'] I i i:i

.': iili

iit

:111 :ii l1i li

l:i: r'

iilil

lii

1\i

iii

i

₁₁

i, 'ir

:

Article histoty:

Received Day Month 20xx Accepted _Day Month 20xx Published Day Monlh 20>or

Keywords:

Morphological Characteristics Post-Coal Mining

Reclamation Areas Top Soiling

This study aimed to obtain information about the impact of different morphological characteristics and genesis at some reclamation sites after coal-mining activities. Two coal sites were chosen as study areas, i.e. the Separi site which is located in Kutai Kartanegara regency and the Bengalon site located

in

Kutai Timur Regency.

A

A-escriptive research method was used to identi$ the morphological characteristics of reclamation sites at different times (chronosequence). The resuits show that in-situ weathering indicated by soil leaching was the cause

of rainwater infiltration, leading to the development of an Ah horizon more than hvo years after reclamation activity; the moving materials and dumping (cut,

hll,

transporting an0trir*el+*nB) process

of

coal- mining operations tends to accelerate the decomposiiion of soit parent material and promote the fomation of a pre-cambic horizon: soil used

(A, B,

andC horizors)

for

the top-soiling

of

reclamation sites was originally Typic Hapludults and Typic Dystr-opepts

soil

materials, though Tropaquent and sandy par.ent materials were also used. Due to the impermeable layers of over-brudening wherc water channels in the soil profile and deeper layers have not yet formed as human-made soil and landscape (artificial) cause rainwater

to fail to infiltate

deeper layers so that with less heav.v rain the groundwater level will ^r.ise to the surface and the land will become waterlogged/flooded.

Comment IME2]r teveiling

To cite this article: Author, F., Author,S, and Author, 2O22.Papertitle the title should be a brielphrase describing the conlents

of

lhe

2022.000.0000.

paper. Joumal

of

Degraded and Mining Lands Managementg(0):00004000,0oi:lo.tsza:4amhn.

Introduction

Almost all coal-mining activities in East Kalimantan use an open-pit mining system. The process starts with land clearing, removing the surface layer of topsoil and subsoils-, moving the-overburden, and exlracting the coal (Noviyanto

et

al., 2017).

In

general, an- open-mine process invJlves ibrest-logging, eroding .Ioil luy"r, (Zulkamain et al.,2014), the formation of sinkholes (dredging), antl bacldilling,

i'ia itat p.o"i,

"on

"irr"

severg elvirglmental damage, which ultimateiy harms the

fertiliff

of the soil aJthe natural medium for plant gowth (Sopialena et al.,2017).

The natural landscape has been disturbed and damaged, along with the destruction of biodiversity within ecosystems through the removal

of

natural soils, plants, animals, microbes, etc. (flapsari et al., 20i0). The

This manuscript needs revisions

.,-t,.:.-.'

damage c^aused by activity such as digging and transporting stripped materials spreads to the dumping area, e]the1 a former mine (in a

pit)

or steep valleys (exaemat

pitl

_{to form a} planned topopgaphy and ele-vation (landscape). The bedrock (overburden materials) located above the coal seam is remor.d uring h"orry equipment (excavators) to be used as overburden material.

The placement of overburden materials according to their geochemical characteristics is one of the most important activities in this landscaping process (Pratiwi et al.,2d2D. Using topsoil and subsoil or ohanging the position ofparent _{materials and} bedrock on the surface on a large scale has-an impact on the deterioration ofsoil quality (Klraidir

et

a1., 2019), and overburden materials are Jtructureless, with high bulk density, due to the mov€ment of heavy machinery that obtains, contains and elevates the concentratioi of trace metais (pratiwi et a1.,2021); their characteristics hamper water circulation, limiting their capability to supporl the gpowth of plant roots. l'he body of reclamation soil in parent materials and bedroch which dift'er; betrveen layers,-has fluctuating properties based on the age ofreclamation Q(haidir.et al., 2019).

rate. of land degradation can be measured through the morphological characteristics of the soil and landscape

(Aji

et al., 2020). hditl,ar+aiae! et al. (2020)ltated thai

infoiration

on soil characteristics _and morphological prope(ies can be determined by observin[ ioit protitei.

a

soii pioflle

ii

a historiC iecora of aii the soil-forming factors and processes which form a snapslot of soil development.

The study-*ia*-lpinis$9 identlfy the

gfggt of.soil

_la1lering

of

dr." diqpgqal area over time on soil morphology and its characteristics _aCCoiding

to

tano rectamationl thC iesurts

bf

trris ituay

."*" ,.

Uu.r"

information for the optimal use of revegetation as a conservation strategy and for rehabilitation. The restricted result recommendation is to conduct an anticipation program given the-dangers of the impact that occurs as a

result

of

erosion and sedimentation on water quality and soit (Nasruain] 2021), such as

a

study

of

soil morphological characteristics.

Comment IME3I: ^Aditya

Comm€nt IilE4]: ^aimed

ilt ir _il:

ririi

il

Formattedl Font: 10 pt, Not ltalic Formatted: Font: 10 pt Not ltalic Formatted: Font: Not ltalic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Ihlic Formatted! Font; Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 p! Not Italic Formatted: Font: Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 pt Notltalic Formatted: Font: Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not ltalic Formatted: Font: Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not ltalic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Italic Formatted: funt: 10 pt, Not ltalic, Superscript

Formatted: Font: 10 pt Not Itelic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Italic, Subscript

Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Italic Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not ltalic, Subscript

Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Ihlic Formatted! Font: 10 pt Texture (claY- silt and sand content. pipette). 2 Coarse fi'agments (.fraction >2 mm. sieving). 3) Sioil reaction (pH

--...-:]-'

Figure 1. R"searchlo"ation

ofseoa.i

^'

PETA GEOLOGI

-';-; ^--- **

^-

.(&i.

_a:

:IT*,, ^-:',:l

U *..t.

E *.!t.

FEIA GEOLOGI ARALREXU$A3I UHAN

wil.

^-:*- E:=riitF-

E *..rq..

Fi€nre 2. Research location of Bengalon Site showing the geolog), of coal mining

Formatted: Font: (Default) Calibri, 11 pt, Not Italic

Formatted: Font: (Default) Calibri, 11 Not Italic

The develoPment (protile) of the soil is based on the presence of a soil horizon (horizontal dit'ferentiation)..

PhYsical and chemical composition rangng from the upper soil layer. the lower soil layer to the parent material laXer or

oB

laver" development of colour. soil shuchue and consistencJr. effective soil depth and groundwater depth or soil drainage class.

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

Formatted: Font: (Default) +Headings CS, 12 pt, Not Botd

Formafted: Normal, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 0,75 cm

Formatted: Font: Superscriptr Not Small

Comment IME5]: cotour

Comment [ME6]: ^atumtnium Comment flr7l: All analytical methods have to be shortly described, suppqted with references

Comment [ME8]: ^{Coat mining}

Comment IME9]l ^colour Comment [MEIO]: ^grey Comment IME11]l ^grey Comment [ME12]l ^grey Comment IMEl3]l ^colour

Comment IME14]: et at.,

Comment [ME15]: ^called

Comment [ME16]: ^grey Formatted: Indent; First line: 0,75 cm

Comment IME17]: ^greyed

@anrpte

^{pler ts 400} d,:4:!1e.:fu!|!:€qqqEq{q:9fsi;e4e#rr40-ffi,

md mere d€t€topment

$ow ;

@

^{30 ern; fettew€d}

by-drillingintertheseil*r.ed

;€g1e0-cm-i61l€r€fitg

;*e*

t'hielrpssr greund

;

@seturerisn

^{(96) md} hlurnhiwri safHei!9ll:eq!:L Results and Discussion

coal-fnining is carrle4-o1rt"tag

*a qpgn+4glllrc.qysJgql lhql ilvolygs dredgllg ^the lopqoit=q4fglgq{, ^thcq coal

hvorcgenciescistrietsinEastKa1imantanProvinceasaresrrltofcouI-mini,,g@

material is taken. Biophysical damage sightings on ei-coai mine tana in trvo Jrtes isepaii aiia

i*ilJiinj iri

Soil Morphological Characteristics of Land Reclamation Area (Separi!!!g) Morphological characteristits at < 2 years

The slope class ol the land reclamation area < 2 years after planting is classified as waw, which is betrveen

5-

7% and 6-10% with soil [otogrj from yellowish-brown or

F{:ed-brown.

^to

ettgq]w,tr, ^, ^.rgur* t" rlc

massive skucture. Soil generally _comes Aom parent maierr.ii otta

muasionelstrif;'ffr;;ft,"

the ploperties of the parent material are still commonfy lound in the soil.prolile in lhe flonn

ofgr+b9*nud.stptrl

rrggasllls.

Genetic characteristics such as polouf _texrrlre,

.aljl lhe_sgil

:tllctuie

ldeltrfred ^a1_e

pea@eji"

propgfti;.of the.

original soil from where the soil is taken, espeCialiy in n ana c ioit hoiizoni.

fhe

i,iyen of horizons found in the ^' soil profi1e are generally A-C, BC-C, A-BC, and A-OB-BC. The weathering process of ex-mine land in this atea is mainly physical _and biological. A mechanical process causes the disiniegration ofconsolidated massive rock into similar pieces and is a change brought about by living agents* whic'L are mainly controlled by the plevailing environment and are responsible for both physical and chemical changes

6oui!let..

^j2Ortl.

fn"

oharacteristics of soil horizons show that the parent maierial layer is very dominant in the soil, ^'even up to tfi" roii surface. The OB layer in subplot

II UlKl

dominates from the surface layer to a thickness

of

100 cm, and in subplot

III UlKl

after the

A

horizon,

it

is covered by an OB layer and another soil horizon

@Cl

"ta

^nCZ;.

Shale is a sedimentary rock, it is a fine-grained detrital rock made up of clay and silt-sized particles (Singh ani Chandran,2015), that forms from the compaction

of silt

and clay-size mineral particlis,commonfyiAfud mudstone.

The soil layer which wa1^ta!g1

frol

the swamp (I

UlKl)

forms a yellowish-brown to ppey..]g.eylA-g 12y61..

with brown mottles of about

3M0%

and crackers (Figure. 1 and Figure 2) that formed due to the oxidization

of

swampAvetland soils ('igure. 3 and Figure 4), as represented in the soil profile < 2 years old. Marshland soils can be identified using soii morphological indicators, such as the accumulation

of

organic matter, _€say€d

lBrt$$oil

colow'q1 gor! mgllling,;lrgnglMalgq1r qqgrggariolg, oxidiziry rogt 9harur9..1q, and-soi! pore-fining qqlO reduction of suifur and carbon. The

oB

layer i^s geneiaily missive ano CompaCtlsiictiy,

*ilich

is the caise of water locking so that it cannot be penetrated by water. According to Arisnawan (2015), changes in the water content

of

clay shale from air dry

to

saturated conditions have a significant range

of

chanles

in

physical, mechanical, and dynamic parametff values after the clay shale changes.

lt

is suspecLd that thiJ causes the Od

layer 1o become compact so that an impermeable iayer is formed. Soil reaction (pH FLO) qt a dep!! of < _{J0 9m,} 10-30 cm, and >30 _cm soil samples composited at less than 2 yeals old is classified as icid, rvith very tow to tow organic matter content (< 2 years old) at 0-30 cm soil thickness and low at more than 30 crr of soil thickness.

Cation exchange capacity/CEC (c mol

+;

content shown was low (< 2 years old), classed frorn the suface to tnore than 30 cm

of

soil thickness.

In

more detail, the morphological characteristics

of

the land

in

this reclamation area can be seen in Table I .

Formafted: Subscript

Formattedi Font: 10

llr ta{3*

+**,r

*rn**

.gt{a-

*rFfr

-

I

Fieurel

t

I

Formattedi Font: 10 pt

( Comment llrlS]r

te

tieure is brurry

I

G..ln"tt""

Jrrtifi"d

iirart

Iti*rar rllr*fir r.i!GIr**,

t,i

igure4,Topsorl from marshland and crack (Crack Fomation, < 2 years old)

Table I charactqistics of rpclamation area (< ₂

I utrtn ^{5J I*it} p-."r.

³

OB

layer

^>115

U1K2l1 5-7 Soil+psavelly

0-30

Soil+gravelly

30-120 OB

layer

^>120

U1K3/I 5-7

^BC

layer

^O-25

BC

layer

25-135 OB

layer

^>135

A

¹⁰

YR6/4

S- blocky

Swampclay 3-115 C 7.SyR5/6

S-blocky

Formatted Tabie

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, First line: 0,02 cm

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,04

- Mottling

Massive cm

BC1 l0YR714 Massive

5.08

BC-C

l0 YR

5/4 Massive (JlKt)

BCI

^{10 YR}

5/4

S-blocky

FlC2

10 YR

7/6

S-blocky

BC3 -

Massive

0.36

^14.45

GrKr)

cJ1K1)

UIKl/II

UIK2/Ii

7-10 OBlayer

0-100 6-10

Insituprocess

0-6

BC

layer

6-150 OB

layer

^>150

tOVP.IU

S-blocty l0 YR

6/6 Massive

5.24 10 YR

6/l Massive

(U1K2) l0 YR

5/2

S-blocky

10

YR6/6

^S-blocky

l0

YR6/i

Massive

2.54

17.28

clrK2)

^(rJ1K2)

A

BC

UlK3(II) 5-8

Insitu

process

O-2 BC

layer

^2-140

OB

layer

^>i40

A BC

UlKl/IiI

6-10

Insituprocess 3ll)

BC/OB

layer

3fi0-60

10 YR

6/4

S-biocky 5 YR

5/2

^Massive

A

* ,t

#

o-_-,^

^Slope characteristicsof

DumpingAr"u'""',"';;;irt:::Ltrarac

chemicalproperties

Dampte rc),

(%) - origin

Thick (cm)

ro.oon*.

OB

layer

^>60

U1K2/III 5-8

Insitu

process

O-9 BC

layer

9-l 13 OB

layer

^>113

UlK3/lll

8-10 Insitu

process

0-4 BC

layer

^4-70

BC/OB i0 YR6/1

Massivc

10 YR

6/2 S-blocky

5.38

3.01

19.35

A

¹⁰

YR6/6 S-blocky (J1K3) (J1K3) (JlK3)

BC

10 YR

6/1

Massive

-

10 YR

713

S-blocky

A

l0 YR

7/6

S-blocky OB

layer >i0 BC

¹⁰

^yR6/1

Massive

Reciamation soils (< 2 years) are formed from different soil materials and not ananged sequentially as top.

soil, subsoil, parent material, and bedrock. The different coloqrs (change) from grey to yellowish-red do not indicate the occurrence of epipedontrecause lvet dry fluctuations in raiJait do not"migrate soil parlicles which decrease5 soil materials (fl1idirp1

31,,-0!9J ^Mgna-1rq1 (1!..9) r9f1

tt"

_19p qoi! 9_{gpei;pit coaliplnlpg iq v-e.y heterogenous and has high

fill

weight,1ow total poies, low N and F contenf trigtr ei'611a irag

r*ervei

aIa

, io;

soil-microbial population, compared to forest land surounding it. The application of compost to ex-mineral sand mine land was unable

to

improve the soil skucture after ieclamati# has-lgdbeen carried out

for

2 years (Schloeder et al., 20 I 0).

Morphokryical characteristics at 2-5 years

The slope class at 2-5 years old in the Separi mine land reclamation area is relatively gentle when compared to

<2 _yeats old. Soil colour is from yellorvish-brown to brownish yellow, with angular to massive soil structure.

The coloqr and structue of the soil are properties of the originai soil (l3C and

f

horizons). The fbrmation of a precambic horizon was identified, especiaily in subplots U2K3 (I) and U2K3 (III). The subsoil in the B, BC, and C horizons is partially mixed with the parent material, so that in the same soil irorizon there is pareni

-uLriut

and soi1. The thickness ofthe top soil is quite thick, around 60 cm, but in subplot U2K1

(I)

there is no soil layer.

The.oB layer is generally massive. and only partially soft, with the characteristic of being ielatively easy to hoe.

In

the upper part

of

overburden layers, roots can penetrated because

of

the fractureJin the parent'rock. A massive OB layer formed because the water could not penetate _deeper (Fig. 3). Chaubery et al.

(i}l2)show

that the state of C-organic soil on ex-mining reclamation land is inlluencid by fre condition

ofth"

vegetation planted after land reclamation, so that the land-surface condition

will

be filled with leaf litter from plaited

,g"tution.

Soil formation of soil is influenced by climate, parent materials, vegetation, topography, and time

6uit

^{et at.}

201 1)

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

Formatted: Font color: Auto

Formatted: Left, Indent: Left: 3,25 cm, Right: 2,75 cm

Figure5.The OB iayer is impermeable to water and roots develop infractures (Crroundwater table (impermeable)2-5 years oltl)

Comment flr19]; The figure is blurry;

please replace it with a higher (better) rEolution.

Figure5.The OB layer is impermeable to water and roots develop in

fractures (Root growth in cracked,2-5 years old) Formatted: Left, Indent: Left: 3,25 cm, Right: 3 cm

Formatted; English (United

Table 2. Morphological characteristigs of the rcciamation area (2-5 years o1<i)

Sample tg;

----r'- v' _origin

1T:\ ,o"ror "** * l{-- ^9"X - ^{crc 1}

^,.

Formatted: Right: 0,76 cm Formafted Table

Formatted: Indent: Hanging: 0,19 Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,18 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

Formatted: Right: -0,2 cm Formatted Table

.uury rn"rrl____1]1l_fl11l

U2KI _)-1 lrsrlu

(I)

^processprocess

5 A

10

yR5/4

_{S_}

blocky ^\

BC

layer 5-83 BC

l0

yR6/6

_{S- blocky}

OB

layer >83

Massive

TI)V)

"A; 0-2 Insitu 4/23 Ah

^{10 yR}

3/3 S-btocky 6.61 t.st

^12.19

BC

laver 4/23-85 BC

^{r0 yR}

s/2 ^S-blocky (u2Kr) (u3K1)

(rJ2K1)

.

OB

layer >85 - l0

^yR

6/1

Massive

U2K3

^Insitu

(r) o-2 p*.. 0-6 Ah

¹⁰

\aR6/3

^S-blocky

BC

layer 6-tB/12O BwIBC

10 yR

6/6

^S-btocky

OB

layer >lZ0 -

^{10 yR}

6/1

^Massive

Fomattedi Indent: Hanging: 0,18 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

10 YR 3/3

u2K2 _.

<

OD

^L.J

U2K3

(ID

^5-E

C layer Insitu process

BC s.stone OB layer

lnsitu process BC layer OB layer

0-18

I 8-r00 0-2 2-41/100

>100 0-5

5-21t60

>60

5.17 C

A BC

A BC

C A BC

10 YR

3/3

Massive l0YR

4/1

Massive

l0

YR

5/3

^S-bkrcky

10YR

5/4

^S-blocky

10 YR

6/1

Massive 5 YR

5/6

^S-blocky

l0

YR 5/6 10 YR6/1

S-blocky Crumb

1.68

12.69

(J3K2) (J2K2).

Formatted Table

Formatted: Indent: Hanging: 0,18 cm, Right: -0/2 cm

Formatted: Indent: Hanging: 0,17 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

(u2K2)

2-3 Insitu process BC layer

0-5

5-21/83

10 YR

5/6

^S-blocky

10

YR6/6

^S-blocky

10

YR6/l

Massive 10 \aR

3/3

S-blocky 10 YR

5/2

^S-blocky

Massive crumb

S-blocky

5.04 1.45

17.47

(J2K3) (U3K3) 0J2K3).

Formatted: Indent: Hanging: 0,19 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

Formatted Table

Formatted: Riqht: -0,21 cm

Formatted: indent: First line: 0,7S cm

Formattedi Font color: Auto Gn)

U2K2 (IID

Ah BC v-,/.

OB

layer

^>83

Insinr plocess o-4

BC

layer

^4-23185

U2K3

Gn)

0-2

OB layer >83 ₁₀ YR6/1

10 YR4/3 10 YR6/3 Insitu

process 0{

^A

BC

layer

6-18/120

BdBC

OB

layer

^>120

- l0 YR6/1

^Massive

Morphological churacteri.s"tics at> S years

The slope classes of land reclamation areas more than 5 years old are relatively flat (OJ%).Most of the Ah layer.

forms as_a result of mixing organic matter and soil minirals with adart brown soil colo11r. The fuy"r.

fo*j

in this land reclamation area generally derive from the weathering

of

the pment material

of

mudstone antl sandston€, but have pedogenesis at their place

of

origin (ex situ) with br-own to yellow-brown coloqrs and subangular structures to crumbs. The layers formed in this land reclamation area are Ah-BC-C, A-BC, a;d

Ah-

Bw-BC. The formation of the cambic horizon (III U3K2) is a pedogenetic process that occru.s as a result of local processes that may be due tolhe.soil being. used astopsoiling,

*hich

is soil that has weathered in its original place (ex situ). The cambic horizon

is

a horizon

fomed

aJ a result

of

physical alteratior4 transformaiioil chemical transler, or a combination of two or more of these processes (Soil Survey Staff, Z1l1aj.

The thickness of+he topsoil is quite thick r+hi+h due io the weaihering of sandstone and mudstone parent*

materials. The soil texture in several subplots tends to be coarse sand with'a crumb sfucture because the soil material _that is spread comes from a weathered sandstone parent material or which has physically _changed from

fTp*!

^to erseked-qrgqklugdue

to

mechanical activity (excavated). The formation of tne

"u*6t

^hoizon

^(III

U3K2).is a pgdogenetic process that occurs as a result of local proc€sses that may be due to the soil being used topsoiling, which is soil that has weathered in its original place (ex situ;. 'rhe thickness of the top soiting afipteJ is quite thick, the soil texture in several subplots tends to b"

"ouir" ^sani with a crumb structure. The

oi

Iayer is generally massive and causes a water lock so that it is difficult for water to penetrate this layer, anrl when it iains, lateral water movement is more dominant (Fig. 5 and Fig 6). The identified p"aog";"ti" charactedstics of the 1ocal plocess (in situ) are the formation of a thin Ah layer and a cambic horizon.

Siil

reaction (pH H2o) is acid to slightly acid, crganic matter content is very low, and cation exchange capacity in the uppe-r part

( to

cm thick) tends to become moderate (18.20 meq/l00-gram soil). The morphilogical characteristics of a reclamation area more than 5 years old can be seen in Table 3.

Looking at the values ofthe chemical charactedstics, these indicate that the soil has been mixed in a state

of a. landfill,

Pd

i1

it

^{poor as a result of washing and} reversing the original position that occurred during the

9"99i"t

^and landfilling process (Karlawisastrapnd c1ru,2p2.Q),1.!arta! _{001_aj}

S1S19.s rt,ut tte hich uulk aeislty facilitates roots_penetrating the soil due to the-availabiiity of

;ufn;i;nt

po;;J, eittiei macro or micro.

All

soil,s physical and chemical variables rise to a level suitable

for

food crops after being reclaimed

for

12 years (I{ermawan, 201 I ).

.Top soiling is taken fi.om soft

layers @iece of sandstone , uncrushed, > _{5 years)}

Formatted: Left, Indent: Left: 3 cm, Right: 3 cm

Comment [r2O]l the figure is blurry

Formatted! Left, Indent: Left: 3 cm, 3cm

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

.

..In

t"

p-ost-coal mining soil reclamation area, the physical characteristics of the reclaiming materials were*

fte limiting factors in the revegetation process. Materials taken fi'om a swamp

*"u

"u*"

^{high-soil compaction}

so that plant _roots find it difftcult to penetrate the soil, but it is easier to penetrate sandy ma6rials, as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. The results show that the high bulk density in the whole of the resear.ched Separi area was followed by^soil porosity _descent. In the.< 2 y"o.r old soii reclamation area, the soil had the highesibulk density (1,44 g/cm3), more than 2-5 vears old (1.36 g/cm3) and. more than 5 years

olJli.rs glcri:;.

_Bulk

dens(

d::."T":

with the increasing age of land reclamation (Mukhopadhyay et'al., 2014). Thorias et al. (2+Xl0202ti) state that the growth of a root system and the addition of bi'omass

io rs-io

yeai-otd post-coal

*inirg l*1j

reclamation can rebuild soil porosig.

Top soiling is taken from soft sandstone OB

i

layers (Grogndwater table in sandy material, > 5 years)

Table 3.Morphological cbgracteristic of a reclamation area (> 5 years old)

Samnre srope _ ^area __ ah;;;i;;ilr;; _ __ao".,.ul

^Properties

" origin TtI Horizon H oM cEC

^-.:,

u3K1/I o-7 Insitu

o-7

Formatted Table

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,13 cm, Right: -0,18 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,27 cm Formatted: Indent: Hanging: 0,14

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, Firstline: 0,07 cm, Right: -0,18cm Formattedi Indent: Hanging: 0,19 cm, Right: -0,1 cm

U3K2/I

u3K3/I

^0-2

process

BC

layer

7-57 /100 OB

layer

^>100

Insitu

process O-7

BC

layer

7125-104 OB

layer

^>104

Insitu process o-5

BC

layer

5-32/100 OB

layer

^>100

10 YR4/1

10 YR4i2

10 1'R.3i3

10 1T.6/6

l0

YR6/1 10 \G.4/1

10 YR

3/2

cnrmb

l0 YR6/l

Massive

S- bloctT Crumb Massive

S-blocky 5.66

1.10

S-blocky

CJ2KI) (U3Kl) Massive

crumb Ah

BC

Ah BC

Ah BC

i8.20

(u2K1) .,

U3KI/II

0-2

ll3K2tll

^0-2

U3K3/II

0.2

Insitu process OB layer OB layer Insitu process BG layer OB layer Insitu process

BC S- stone

0-3/5

315-70

>70 0-3

3-30/66

>66 0-3/6

3/6-60 AT BC

A

BC

BC

10 LR

5i3

^S-blocky

IOYR

6/6

^S-blocky

l0 YR6/1

Massive 1OYR

5/6

^S-blocky

10 YR

6/6

S-blocky 10

\T.6/l

^Massive

10 YR

3/3

^S-blocky

10 YR

5/6

^S-blocky

5.08 0.75

16.1 I

u2KD A3K2) A2K2)

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, 18 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,19 cm, Right: -0/19 cm

u3K1(rr

I

Irsitu process BC layer OB layer Insinr process BC layer OB layer Insitu process

0-10

10-100

>100

0-5

5-t5t140

>140

0-6

10 YR5/6

10 YR 6/3 10 YR6/1 10 YR 3/3 10 YR6/2

10 YR 6/1 10 YR5/6

Crumb

S-blocky Massive

S-blocky

5.47 A

BC 0-2

u3K2(rrr

0-2

U3K3/III 0-2

Ah Bw/BC

A

0.72

^14.03

BC

layer 6-28t5 BC

t0 yR

6/6

^S_ bircky Morphological condition and Reclamation of Bengalon Mining Land-soil Area Morpholagical characteristics of a reclnmation

arci.

^{2 y"ors}

,hl

The slope class of the land reclamation atea < _{2 years} old is quite gentle, namely behveen O1%o and 3-5o/o w;th soil cologr from yellowish-brown or pale brown to brownish-yello:w

witl

an angular to a massive structue that characterizes pedogenic processes such as oxidation-rerluction, transportation, #anslocation _and transformation of parent material, especially the

tlpe

of mudstone that occurs in the original soil, and the properties of the parent material are still

fourd in

the soil solum

in

the form

of 61a+-g{

mudstone tiagrnents in tire laira reclamation area. The genetic characteristics such as soil cologr,

teirr". a"Isoil

structure that are identified are the.pedogenetic properties of the original soil taken (ex situ), especially in A/8, B, and C soil horizons. 'fhe horizon layers found in the topsoiling are generally o-A,ts

-c,

^AIB-BC,

^A-Bw*dc,

^and A-BC.

The formation of the

o

and

A

horizons located on the surface rvas caused more by the decomposition

of.

topsoiling tnaterial and the organic matter that had not treen weathered. The soil-horizon laver shows that the S-blocky (U2K3)

(J3K3) (U2K3)

*, Massive

S- blocky

Formaftedl Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, -0,18 cm

Formattedi Indent: Left: -0,19 cm, Right: -0,19 cm

Formafted: Left

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

0-3

parent material layer is quite dominant. The number of fractures produces macropores that help soifoxygen circulation and water infiltlation, so that roots and living things can deveiop.

fhe pn

hyer

is

generaliy massive and compact/sticky, but the presence

of

crackers results in unidentified inundation. Probably, a little dorvnshifting process in the lower layers ofthe soil can cause crzcks in and even damage to the horizon surface (Noviyanto _{et al.,} 2020). Soil reaction is very acid, with little organic matter, anil lorv cation exchange capacity.

In

more detail, the morphologicai characteristics

of

the

;il in this

land rrcclamation area can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Morphologic3l charateristics of arcclamation

ar"@

sampre lyt

Formatted: Centered

('/o) origin IT:u ^{Horizon corour} ti.*r*" _^r,T, 9# ^9rq

Formatted Table Formatted: Right: -0,21 cm Formatted: Indenti Left: -0,2 cm, Hanging: 0,07 cm

Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left:

-0,14 cm, Right: -0,31 cm Formatted: Centered, None, Rightt -0,31 cm, No bulleb or numbering, Don't keep with ne& Adjust space between Latin and Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and numbers Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,43 cm/

First line: 0,12 cm, Right: -0,19 cm Formatted: indent: Left: -0,18 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,2Scm U1

0) ^0-2

U1K2 0)

U1K3 (r)

I.itter BC layer OB layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer Insitu pl'ocess BC layer OB layer

I

1-5160

>60 0-3/10 3/10-55

>55

0-3t6 3/6-55

>55

S- blocky Massive

S- blocky S-blocky Massive

S- blocky S- blocky S- blocky

o

AB/BC

10 YR 6/2

-

10 YR6/1

AIB

10 \G.5/6

BC

10 YR7i3

-

10 YR6/1

A/B

iO YR6/6

BC

10 YR7/6

-

10 YR6/1

3-5

3-5

J)

3.93 2.40

9.81

ulKr) (ulKl) _3l1Kt)

UIKl

OD

IJ1K2

(r)

U1K3

(r)

Insitu process BC layer OB layer Insihr process BC layer OB iayer Insitu process BC layer OB layer

0-2 2-9194

>94 0-2t4 2t4-55

>55

0-2/9 2/9-90

>90 A Bw/BC

A BC

A/B BC 0-2

0-2

44684

l0 YR5/6

^S-blocky

l0 YR

6/6

Massive 1OYR

7611

S-blocky

10 YR

5/6

S-blocky 10

YR6/3

S-blocty

10 \aR

6/i

Massive 10 YR

5/6

S-trlocky 10 YR

6/6

S-blocky 10

YR6/i

Massive

3.59 2.32

^10,10

(J1K2) (ulK2)

(J1K2)

Formattedi Indent: Left: -0,08 cm

Formaftedl Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, Right: -0,14 cm

Formatted: Centered, Indent: Lefti cm, Right: -0,15 cm Formatted: Right: -0,25 cm

TJlKI

(1rr)

U1K3 OII)

44684 nsltu

process o-2

A

BC B- A BC

10 YR

6/6

^S-blocky

5

YR6/6

S-blocL1, 10

YR6/1

Massive 10

YR6/6

S-blooky 10

YR7/3

S-blocky 10 YR

6/1

Massive l0

YR6/6

S-blocky

10YR7/2

S-blocky 10

YR6/1

Massive

3.62 2.73

9.92

01K3) ^(UlK3)

^(UlK3)

Formatted: Right: -0,25 cm

Formatted: Right: -0,25 cm Formatted; Indent; Left: -0,18cm,

14 cm

Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left:

-0,23 cm, Right: -0,19 cm Formafted: _{Right: -0,25 cm}

BC/OB

_2-44

rayer

OB

layer

^>44

Insitu

^-,) la process

BC

layer

2/4-90 OB

layer

^>90

44684

l1litu

_process

o-2fi0

A BC

layer

2110-94 BC OB

layer

^>94

*ovl=organicm@

Comment ilr211: The figure is blurry

Formatt€d: Left, hdent: First line:

2t75 cm

Comment flr221: ^{The figure is blurry}

Formatted: Left, hdent: First line:

75 cm

Morphological characteristics of reclamation area > _2-5 years old

The slope classes between 2-5 yeats old at the reclamatiorarea of the KPC mine are quite gentle, namely 0.2%

to 5-8%. The coloqr of the soil is from brownish yellow to brown, it is angular stocky io mi'ssive, and crumbly, which indicates that the soil has undergone a decomposition process so that a B cambic layer has formea.

fhe

formation of Ah and Bw horizons is caused by the' conribution of organic matter on the soil surface, and a pedogenesis process in the original soil. The subsoil in the B, BC, anilC horizons is partialty mixed rvith tlie

F igure 9.Representation of the soil profile (< 2 years)

Figure i 0.Representation of the soil profile (2 - 5 years)

parent material. The thickness oj

tS

top soiling is quite thick, namely2 41 cm to ¹ 10 cm, and in some parts of the soil there are frach,ues in the Bw and BC layers. The

oB

layei is generally mudstone and massive, the presence of fractures in the layer above helps the decomposition process dui to the presence of water and air.

The massive B layer with clacking and topsoil processei can be seen in Figure 1 1 and Figu-e 12. Soil reaotion is veq alid' with low to very low organic matter content, ancl very low catio*n exchange capacity. Most of the soil med for topsoil in this area was originally taken from the forest area. IJltisols

,iortfi fo"i,

in warm humid climates under forest vegetation (Soil Survev staff, 2013), between the surface horizon and the lower soil is a leaching zone that is lighter in cololr (Soil Suvey Staff; 2013; 2014b). Ultisols have limited water _retention, fum consistency and slow to good permeahility (Fandicha, 201 1).

Soils generally exhibited a

let

negative charge. ancl the point _o.l zein clarges rva.s reachexl at ni-i 3 e--Roiii pqb![taI qn-{4\]irrlable plerpbetcs _{-'re,e_} Lelry,_q,rd !h9.19 !\"$

-q!.q]dj@

fbr phosr:hate fixation. 'i'hc low.conterrt

ol

exohangeal',le uotassirun in

t;i.,soii';;d

s;iisoilln-dicat;J-a-positive g9!'"lation

*ith

potertial potassiur.t. Cluy mi,r"ral wa.

"t,nu.,os"d-hiffikuolirrG.

iuith onall

;;rL,

^(rt'

rllitc. yqrqtsul{e. and qua:1zt-l_,ra.sc$ti2-ct a_l_, 20 l_O.

Bi*tep+entent+-nu{nen't and eatien-exehange

eapae4y-,(Gq-I4*-KrNa}-efler+-s+".*++ltgh-*#u*+A1

WThemost9o.mm9nclaymineralfoundinU1tisolsisKaolinite1Buoietal.,20ll),

_and its fraction is dominated by low.activity clays such as kaolinitg hafer;re-ha1ol silgand iron anO

at

oxlaes;

ii

ha_s a low negativ-e, charge and a pqlnt. rd-zero charges.-pem+

(Zl:gzci tt6--or

close

to

the actual pH (l{emawan e++d;2011).

Mrrphological characteristic of reclamation area > 5 years old

The slope class of the land reclamation area is more than 5 years old, ranging from flat (0-2%) to 3-5%. The layers found in this land reclamation area generally derive from weatherin! oi the parent material of mudstone and sandstone, but they have undergone pedogeneiis at their place of origi'n with brown to yellow cologrs and angular to massive soil stuuctures. The properties of the parent material

ire

identified in the solum of the soil profile of land reciamation areas in the

fom

of coarse fiagments or other physical forms. The soil layers formed in this land reclamation area are Ah-BC-C, Ah-Bw-BC, Ah-Bw-nC, and R _gC.

The cambic horizon is quite dominant in subplots

u3K

(I), u3K3 (I),

uv3Kl

(II), U3K2)II) and

u3K1.

$]D, fomg$ due to local processes that may occur due to the topsoiling having weathered in its original place.

The topsoiling is quite thick, due to the weathering of the parent material ofniudstone and sandstone. The OB layer is generally massive and causes u'ater lock, 6ut the presence of fractwes in the Bw-BC layer can reduce the risk ofinundation in the event ofrain. The identified pidogenetic characteristics ofthe local piocess (in _situ) ate the formation

of

thin

o

^and Ah layers and a cambic horizon. Chemical characteristics iend to increase organic matter content in the uppel _Rart

(<

^{10 cm} thick) e€{ap{res{9!!p4radto areas < _{5 years} old (3.21 %). The morphological characteristics of the reclamation area > S years old cuilbe seen in Table O. The moryhologcal characteristics ofsoil rlnder forests are different from rcclamation soils at all sites.

The lorver silt fraction and organic matter content of reclamation soils are less fettile compared to forcst soils.. Silt and the organic matter content of soil are vital to nutrient availability, as lveil as foiimproved soil aeration and structure. Furthemote, the higher clay content of reclamation

roik -oy

predispose

it

to high compaction, poor aeration, and poor penetration ofplant roots (Ezekol&t al ,,?O-2-g)

Formatted: hdent: First line: 0,75 cm

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

Formatted: Font color: Auto I'able characteristics of a rcclamation area

Sample

characteristics of dumptng

area ffffiIfffi:

Chemical Properties Thick

rrngm ^_-_.-. (cm) _{/^_\} Horizon 'vruur Cologr Lurugf Structure p]ruuure jT., :X ,cl!

fft Ol (n

^(meS)

Ah

10

\G.4/2

S-blocky BC

layer

3-111104

Bw/BC

10 yR

6/6

S- blocky Slope

o//o

10 YR

6/l

Massive

10 YR

5/2

^S-

blocky 3.90 2.64

10.96

10YR6i6

S-blcrcky

(u2Kt)

Cr3K1) (J2K1)

10

YR6/1

Massive

l0

YR

3/3

^crumb

10

YR6/6

S-blocky

10 YR

6/1

Massive

Formatted Table

Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left:

-0,14 cm

Formatted: Right: -0r18 cm Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,13cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,19 cm Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,18 cm, Right: -0,19 cm

Formatted; Indent: Left: -0,19 cm, Right: -0,18 cm

u2Kl (t) o-2 Insitu

process 3

u2K2

(r)

0-2

OB layer Insitu process

>104

0-2

Ah BC

layer

2-13185 OB

layer

^>85

Insitu

plocess O-2

BC

layer

12-2160 OB

layer

^>60

Bw/BC

Ah Bw/BC u2K3

(r)

o-2

U2K1 (ID

U2K2 (II)

U2K3 (ID

Insitu process BC layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer

0-2 2-13t60 0-4 2-13/58

>58 0-2 2-9/41

>41

A BWBC

A

Bw/BC

A BwIBC 2-5

5-8

10

YR3/3

S- blocky 10

YR5/4

S-blocky

10

\R 3/3

^Crumb

10

YR6/6

S-blocky 10 YR

6/l

Massive 5 YR

5/2

S-blocky 10 YR

6/3

^S-blocky

Formatted Table

0-2

4.03 1.62

8.85

(J2K2) (J3K2)

(J2K2) .,

10 YR6/1 S-biocky

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,18 cm.

Right: -0,19 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,1g cm, Right: -0,2 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -Ol7 cm, -0,21 cm

U2K1 (rII)

U2K2 (IID

Insitu plocess BC layer OB layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer

0-2 2-17/72

>72 0-2 2-110

>110 0-2 2-16/65

>65

A

BC

A BC 3-5

3-5

5 YR5

/2

Crumb 10 YR

6/3

^S-blocky

10

\iR6/l

^Massive

10

YP.712

S-blocky l0 YR

6/6

S-blocky 10

YR6/1

Massive 10 YR7

/2

S-blocky I0 YR

6/3

^S-blocky

Massive

3.98 2.69

10.88 (u2K3) (rJ3K3)

(U2K3)

.,, U2K3

(IID ^2-3 A

BilBC

Topography is a factor that inlluences the development

ofsoil

morphology, while identifying the genetic.

horizon suggests observing the.soil profile according

to

the hor.izon

forna"ry,

_horizon thickness, textue,

!t-l}ct*q

consistency, effective depth, type and numbei of pores, and other

"t

*r'"'i".r.ti"*

(Adrtyai-laide+et _al., 2021).

Generally, the soil cologr is dark €ra+lshgfQI$h brown to dark brown (A), with yellow pale brown to brorvnish- yellow accumulate organic

@)

and gre,+-gqy soil matter (Aditr-at-lstder et al., 2020).

(oB)

horizons. The dar*er coloq' at horizon

A

rrigg".tr a sufficient duration to

-,- ^T!:

iryre-ayjne soil depth^(subsoil) has.undergone brownitication from yellowish-brown to yellow (10

yR.

6/6

to l0

YR 7/6) Markley QolT) ^{states that}

"

^{d,'owno cologr of soil} generally indicates a high content of goethite, and a redder soil coloqr indicates higher hematite content. Bedrock

(oB

materials )

>

4U/o causes the land-to be damaged, which is marked bv limiied and lateral soil development.

e *iia"pil,

of less flran 60 cm rcsults

in

easily degraded land, causing trees to collapse because

th# ;t d;;ot

get enough water and nukients (Aji et al., 2020).

JF

^{t:11 in the.} study sites can be characterized _as acidic with lower content of exchangeable cations (K, Na, Ca,

tvtg)

Tlt

number of exchangeable bases was much lower than the cEC value,

*ai".iiig t

rt trre development of lnegative ^charge

of

soil organic matter would be limited under acidic

roii

"o.,aiiion, (.yu-soffKh+iru]-€t _al., 2017) r+oidflFAd{yaet al. (2020) _{also state that the} higher cEC in surface soil

;"*;;

due to a higher quantity of organic carbon in surfhce layers, soil texture,

clai

mineralogi"ur

"o*foriffi^uio

o"gr""

of

erosion. _The inJluence of selected soil properties _{such as} pI{ and

tuk

dersit} on baotiial

"o*-u*ti",

suggests that post- mining reclamation practices must.ensure minimizing

*i

"o-po"tiors

;;";;;;;.g th";;il;g

;;i1 horizon and quality, as well as including _measures for sJil pH amelioration.

Formafted: Indent: First line: 0,75 cm

Formatted: indent: First Iine: 0,75 cm

Formatted: _Indent: Left: -0,1g cm, -0,19 cm

JgTmatted: ^Indent: Left: -0,18 cm, -0,2 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -O,ll cm, 1cm

Sample

^ShPe

Table 6.

u3K3

(r)

^3-s

characteiistic of a reclamation area (> 5 years old) Characteristics of dum pin g

alqea

&:"*J_:::ffi::

chemicarproperties Formatted: Centered

Formatted Table Formatted! Centered

Formatted: indent: Left: -0,!7 cm, cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,2 cm, Right: -0,27 cm

Formated: Indent: Left: -0,1 cm Formatted; Indent: Left: -0,28 cm

origin Xiu ^{Horizon Cologr Strucrure} JT, 9J ^cEC

¹

U3K1

(I) 0-2 Liuer

^I

BC

layer l-5/60 AB/BC

10 yR

6/2

^{S- blocky}

OB

layer

^>60 l0

lTt 6/l

^Massive

u3K2

(r)

3-s Insitu

process u-3/t0 NB

10 YR

5/6

^S-

blocky 3.97 3.21

9.45 BC

layer 3110-55 BC

t0 yR

7/3

S-blocky

CJ3K1) (u3Kt) U3K1) ^..

OB

layer >55 - l0

^yR

6/l

Massive

Insitu

_03/6

process

BC

lal.er

3/6-55 OB

layer

>55

10

YR6/6

S- blocky 10

YR7/6

S- blocky 10

YR6/1

S- blrcky A/B

BC

Insitu

process O_2

BC

layer

2-9/94 OB

iayer

^>94

Irsitu

_o-2r4

process

RC

layer

2/4-55 OB

layer

^>55

A

10

YR5/6

S-blocky

Bw/BC l0

YR

6/6

^Massive

- 10YR76/1

S-blocky U3K2

(ID A

BC

0-2

l0 YR5/6

S-blocky

l0

YR6/3

S-blocky 10

11R.6/1

Massive

l0

YR

5/6

^S-blocky

10

YR6/6

^S-blocky

10

YR6/l

Massive

4.22 2.67

^11.25

u3K2) ^(U3K2)

(tr3K2)

..

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,18 cm, Right: -0,2 cm

U3K3

(ID ^J-) lH:.. ^o-zts

^A/B

BC

layer 2/9-90

BC OB

layer

^>90

U3K1

(IID

A

BC B.

A

BC

A BC 3-5

3-5

3-5

Insitu

process O-2

l0 YR6/6

S-blocky

U3K2 (m)

U3K3 (IID

BC/OB layer OB layer Insitu process BC layer OB layer Irsitu process BC layer OB layer

2-44

>44 0-2/4 2t4-90

>90 0-2t10 2/10-94

>94

5 YR 6/6 10 YR6/1 10 YR6/6

10 YR7/3 l0 YR6/1

l0

YR 6/6 10 -rR7/2 101T.6/l

S-blocky Massive

S-blocky S-blooky Massive

S-blocky S-blocky Massive

4.08 2.57

12.75

(J3K3) G3K3) 03K3) .

Formatted: Indent: Left: -0,18 cm.

Right: -0,2 cm

Formatted! Indent: Left: 2,25 cm, Rjght: 2,5 cm

Formatted: Indent: Left: 2,5 cm, 2,5 cm

Comment flr23]: ^{The figure is blurry}

Formatted: Indent: Left: 2,5 cm, cm

Conclusion

The thickness of topsoiling less- than 2 years ranged from 3/10-150 cm (separi) arld 44-90 cm @engalon), for 2-5 years betrveen 0-120 cm (Sepan) and

4l-110

cm @engalon), while >'s years old it ranged fi.om 3/5-150 cm.(Separi) to 65-110 cm (Bengaion). Soil layers generalli trave ttre

r**ili;;;hological

characteristics under forest stands (external weathering), i.e. soil

ciotg,

textwe, _and part of the shuctue. Leaching processes indicate that weathering has begun and the reciamation area post-coal mining was only

sen

at more than two years old

.Morphologically, it sholY-l that swamp soil (Tropaquents) and parent materiau pment-rock _sandstone

@saments) are also used for top soiling (separij alongivitir ottrer

r.iil-r*.i rvpl"

i+piuault

i rypi"

Dysbopepts igue. 1 3Representation o1' soil