C O N S T A N T M A R K E T S H A R E , I N T R A I N D U S T R Y I N D E X , C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S
I N D E X , G I N I - H I R S C H M A N I N D E X
IndikatorDaya Saing(2)
ConstantMarket Share(CMS) model
Introduced by Richardson (1971), based on the
assumption that without changes abroad and
maintained competitiveness at home, a country’s share in the world market should remain unchanged
in the world market should remain unchanged overtime.
Four components making a deviation are world
trade, commodity composition, market distribution, and a residue.
CMSA
The intrinsic norm of this analysis is that a country's export share in a given market
should remain unchanged over time.
Keeping the market share constant, the model expresses the competitiveness term as
negative or positive to adjust the actual change in market share.
CMSA
The difference between the actual export growth
from a member country into a given market and the unchanging export share implied by the ‘constant market share norm’ is attributed to the following market share norm’ is attributed to the following three factors:
1. The effects of a general increase in demand for imports in the given market
2. Commodity composition, and 3. Changes in competitiveness
Carapengukuran CMS
• X: exports of country A to country B
• Xi: commodity i exports of country A to country B
• m: Percentage increase in country B's total imports from period 0 to period t • mi: Percentage increase in country B's imports of commodity i between
period 0 to period t. • and X=∑Xi
CMSA
The right hand side can be divided into three components 1. The general rise in country B's total imports
2.The commodity composition of country A's exports to B in period 0,
3.An unexplained residual indicating the difference between country A’s a ctual exports increase to country B and the hypothetical increase if cou ntry A maintained its share of exports of each commodity group in
ntry A maintained its share of exports of each commodity group in country B.
If a country fails to maintain its market share in a given market, the competitiveness term will be negative. This indicates that the relative price increase for that country is greater than its
CMSInsights
The first term, world trade effect (standard effect) estimates the export growth that attributes to the overall growth in the world exports.
The second term, commodity-composition effect (product effect),
estimates a difference in the growth rate of each commodity export compared to the world average. A positive value means a
concentration of exports in commodities with growth rates higher concentration of exports in commodities with growth rates higher than the world average.
The third term, market effect, isolates the effect of differences in the growth rates of each commodity in each market. A positive value indicates concentration of exports on high growth market.
The final term is the residual change and referred to as the competitive effect.
Manfaatdari pengukuranCMS:
Mengetahui kondisi umum dunia/pasar regional
(General Factor)
Mengetahui daya serap komoditi potensial dari sisi
permintaan (Composisition Factor)
Mengetahui daya saing komoditi potensial dari sisi
Mengetahui daya saing komoditi potensial dari sisi
penawaran (Comparative Growth Factor)
Kombinasi daya serap dan daya saing (Combination
Shift Share Market Analysis
The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are ofte n considered as an index of their trade competitiveness.
Given changes in demand, the relative medium term inertia of geographical and sectoral specializations
partly affects such outcomes. partly affects such outcomes.
For a given period, the model distinguishes the impact of a country’s initial position in different markets relative to its capacity to adapt and to its
Shift Share Market Analysis
The export growth of a given country is divided into:
1. Global demand effect
2. Sectoral composition effect 2. Sectoral composition effect
3. Geographical composition effect
4. Competitiveness effect, captured by the residual term
Shift Share Market Analysis
INTRAINDUSTRY INDEX
Barang yang diperdagangkan di dunia ekonomi yang modern saat ini sebagian besar merupakan barang yang terdeferensiasi dan bukan merupakan barang yang homogen. Barang-barang tersebut
terdeferensiasi berdasarkan variasi dan ciri khas yang dimilikinya. Misalnya adalah mobil dengan yang dimilikinya. Misalnya adalah mobil dengan
brand Toyota sudah tentu tidak sama dengan mobil
dengan brand Honda karena masing-masing memiliki spesifikasi yang berbeda-beda.
Perdagangan antar jenis barang yang sama (dalam industri yang sama) tetapi terdeferensiasi inilah yang kemudian disebut dengan intra-industry trade.
IITI
Munculnya intra-industry trade dikarenakan oleh adanya pengambilan keuntungan sebagai akibat dari adanya perbedaan skala ekonomis dalam produksi. Adanya kompetisi internasional
mengakibatkan setiap perusahaan memproduksi mengakibatkan setiap perusahaan memproduksi hanya satu jenis variasi atau model saja dari suatu produk guna mengurangi biaya sehingga dapat
bersaing dalam mendapatkan pasar. Karena
dengan sedikitnya variasi dan model maka mesin akan lebih terspesialisasi sehingga dapat
digunakan untuk kegiatan operasional yang terus-menerus.
IITI
Intra-industry trade menjadi hal yang sangat penting karena seperti analogi pada comparative advantage yang terjadi akibat dari adanya perbedaan factor endowment, maka
intra-industry trade terjadi sebagai akibat adanya
perbedaan skala ekonomis dari industri yang sama. Oleh karena itu, intra-industry dapat dianggap sebagai salah karena itu, intra-industry dapat dianggap sebagai salah satu hal yang penting karena walaupun menghasilkan produk yang sama tetapi produk tersebut masih dapat diperdagangkan antar negara
Mengukur intra-industrytrade
Pengukuran tingkat dari intra industry trade dapat dilakukan dengan intra industry trade index (T):
Di mana X dan M adalah nilai ekspor dan impor dari industri tertentu atau kelompok komoditas. Nilai T berkisar antara 0-1.
Ketika suatu negara tidak melakukan intra-industry trade maka nilai index T = 0 sedangkan jika suatu negara secara maksimal melakukan
CompetitivenessIndex
Competitiveness in trade is broadly defined as the capacity of an industry to increase its share in
international markets at the expense of its rivals. The competitiveness index is an indirect measure of The competitiveness index is an indirect measure of
international market power, evaluated through a country’s share of world markets in selected export categories.
Mengukur CI
The index is the share of total exports of a given
product from the region under study in total world exports of the same product.
100
dx
isdx
Where s is the country of interest, d and w are the set of all countries in the world, i is the sector of interest, and x is the commodity export flow. In words, it is
the share of country s’s exports of good i in the total world exports of good i.
Gini-Hirschman
The Gini-Hirschman coefficient is defined as follows:
with Xij
= Exports from country I to = Exports from country I to country j, Xj = Total Esport volume of country I, i= 1…n
Manfaat pengukuran
marketshare & Gini-Hirschman:
Mengetahui komoditi utama penghasil nilai tambah
ekspor di tiap negara
Mengetahui sebaran proporsi ekspor
Jika distribusi ekspor makin meningkat maka angka
index akan semakin besar yang berarti semakin index akan semakin besar yang berarti semakin rentan karena resiko ekspor tidak merata.
CMS Manufaktur Indonesia
CMS Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil
CMS Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil
CMS Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil
IITIndonesia
Marius Brülhart and Michael Thorpe, Published in Asia Pacific Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2): 34-47, 1999
IITIndonesia
Marius Brülhart and
Michael Thorpe, Published in Asia Pacific Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2): 34-47, 1999
