LANDSCAPE
STRUCTURE:
PATCHES
Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN Referensi:
Forman & Godron (1986), Dramstad, Olson & Forman (1996) dan Farina (1998)
Dr. SYARTINILIA Dr. KASWANTO
PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP (ARL 230) DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP
CONTENT
1.
Patch
Origins and
Change
1.
Patch
Origins and
Change
2.
Patch Size
3.
Patch Shape
4.
Patch Number and Configuration
5.
Additional sources
What
is
Landscape
Ecology?
•…..focuses
on
(1)
the
spatial
relationships
among
landscape
elements,
(2)
the
flows
of
energy,
mineral
nutrients,
and
species
among
the
elements,
and
(3)
the
ecological
dynamics
of
the
landscape
p
mosaic
through
g
time
PATCHES
Obyek yang memiliki sifat seperti Patch,
termasukquilts (selimut), mosaics, tanah,
b k d l d d l
bercak pada Dalmatian, dan awan di atas langit.
Suatu permukaan area yang non‐linear yang
berbeda penampilannya dari area sekitarnya.
Bervariasi dalam ukuran, bentuk. tipe,
heterogeneity, dan boundary characteristics.
Sering dikeliling oleh MATRIX yaitu area sekitar
Sering dikeliling oleh MATRIX, yaitu area sekitar
yang memiliki perbedaan struktur jenis atau
komposisinya.
BASIC
CONCEPTS
E.g. After big fire the blackened landscape
T fi h d i i d i l h
Two separate fires had ignited a single patch
was blackened nearby, and an extensive fire had
swept the area beyond.
Unburned area a little swamp; a clearing and
gazed at a patch of grain wave gently in the
breeze
Fo r t pes of patches each ith a
Four types of patches, each with a
fundamentally different origin.
The small burned area was created by a local
disturbance, fire. The little swamp resulted from wet soil The clearing resulted from cutting the vegetation and planting the crop The key CAUSATIVE MECHANISMS, or ORIGINS for these patches involved disturbance, environmental heterogeneity, and human planting. These patches for years to come, the differences in their SPECIES DYNAMICS would become still more evident SPECIES DYNAMICS would become still more evident succession PATCH TURNOVER, the rate at which patches appear and disappear
DISTURBANCE
PATCHES
Disturbance
of
a
small
area
in
a
matrix
produced
a
Disturbance
of
a
small
area
in
a
matrix
produced
a
DISTURBANCE
PATCH.
Mud
slides,
avalanches,
windstorms,
ice
storms,
herbivore
outbreaks,
mammal
trampling,
and
many
other
natural
change
give
rise
to
patches
Human
activities
also
cause
disturbance
patches
logging
in
forest,
burning
in
grassland,
and
strip
Coal Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003) Nickel Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)
Penggundulan hutan akibat penambanganerosi dan lanskap
yang tidak baik…
Source: HS Arifin (2003)
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN AREA IS DISTURBED?
The post‐disturbance species dynamics population
sizes of many species change rapidly
THE FIRST RESPONSE: Dropping sharply as a results
f d th d f i di id l C t i i
of death or damage of individuals; Certain species
become locally extinct they disappear from the
patch area; Some species normally survive and
remain in lowered population sizes, or in dormant
forms such as seeds, spore, eggs, or cysts.
THE SECOND RESPONSE: another drastic change in
population size of many of the surviving species
population size of many of the surviving species
number increase, often more than compensating for
the initial loss of individuals.
THE THIRD RESPONSE: in rapid order is immigration,
the arrival of species previously absent (animals,
seeds, spores)
SUCCESSION or RECOVERY FROM DISTURBANCE INVOLVES ALL THREE PROCESSES
Major
population
size
change
Extinctions
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE PATCHES
The origin of each patch is due to the
heterogeneous or patchy distribution in space of
environmental resource water and soil for the
plants, or water and flowers for the animal
communities.
In many cases the ECOTONE – or overlap zone –
separating a patch from the matrix is commonly
h d b d h
the case in disturbance‐caused patches.
Environmental Resource Patches: are relatively
permanent and patch turnover is extremely low.
INTRODUCED PATCHES
When humans introduce organism to an area an introducedpatch results
PLANTED PATCHES people introducing plants: rice paddies,
pine, golf courses, and arboreta, form planted patches in a matrix
the species dynamics and patch turnover depend largely upon
the maintenance activities of people.
HOMES or HABITATIONS house,, associated yard,y , courtyard,y ,
farm buildings, and immediate surroundings.
Habitation ecosystem includes 4 types: people, introduced plants
and animals, introduced pests, and immigrating native species.
2
PATCH SIZE
2.
PATCH
SIZE
PATCH SIZE
Land use – what is the minimum patch size
needed to accomplish a particular objective?
Wh t i th ti t h i ?
What is the optimum patch size?
The answers to these questions are crucial to the
understanding and management of landscape.
The primaryp y characteristics considered are
ecological: energy, mineral nutrients, and
species. Others: the ability to operate planting
and harvesting machinery, the distance to
habitations and market, or topographic
EFFECT ON SPECIES
Large islands have more species than small islands.
Relationship between species diversity and island size
is not linear, but CURVILINEAR.
Mountainous islands have more species than flat
island of the same size.
Island with evidence of considerable human
disturbance activity often have fewer species than
h h h
those without such activity.
The relationship plotted between increasing area
and the number of species is called a SPECIES‐AREA
CURVE
TERRESTRIAL LANDSCAPE
Patches in the landscapediffer significantly from
islandssurrounded by water.
islandssurrounded by water.
Landscape patches may high average turnover
rates, whereas island are essentially permanent.
The landscape matrix often has extremely high
heterogeneity.
The landscape matrix may be used as a rest stop
The landscape matrix may be used as a rest stop
for many species moving between patches,
particularly in the limited area of a landscape
compared with the extensiveness of oceanic
archipelagos.
3
PATCH SHAPE
3.
PATCH
SHAPE
Ukuran dan bentukpatchmerupakan atribut penting
yang mempengaruhi aliran (fluxes) abiotik dan biotik.
Di alam umum dijumpai bentukregulardanirregular
Di alam umum dijumpai bentukregulardanirregular.
Semakin irregular semakin banyak “edges” yang
tersedia. Hal ini mempunyai implikasi yang sangat
besar terhadap penyebaran tanaman dan pergerakan
hewan.
Dengan menggunakan ratio L/2A, di mana L
= keliling patch dan A = luas, dimungkinkan
untuk mengevaluasi jumlah dari “edges”.
Lingkaran mempunyai ratio 1 dan menerangkan
gambar geometrik dengan ratio minimum
antara keliling dan area.
NILAI NUMERIK JUMLAH PERIMETER, LUAS DAN EDGE DARI BERBAGAI BENTUK PATCH.
Patch
Perimeter
Area
L/2VA
π
1 659 10,027 1.857
2 277 4,900 1.119
3 373 3,652 1.745
4 1,125 9,736 3.217
5 269 5,222 1.051
1 2 3 4 54
PATCH NUMBER AND
4.
PATCH
NUMBER
AND
CONFIGURATION
PATCH NUMBER AND CONFIGURATION
Patches
generally
g
y
do
not
exist
singly
g y
but
are
numerous
in
a
landscape.
A
single
large
patch
contains
more
species
than
several
smaller
patches.
More
More
species
species
are
are
found
found
in
in
several
several
patches
if
the
patches
are
widely
LANSKAP DAN KOMPONENNYA (PATCHES) DAPAT DIKLASIFIKASIKAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN “ANTHROPOCENTRIC”, ATAU
DENGAN PENDEKATAN YANG TERGANTUNG PADA KAPASITAS
1.
STRUCTURAL
PATCH
2.
FUNCTIONAL
PATCH
RESOURCE
PATCH
TERGANTUNG PADA KAPASITAS PENGAMATAN KITA:
3.
RESOURCE
PATCH
Stucture patch:secara umum terdiri dari satu tipe tanah yang dioverlap oleh asosiasi vegetasi
Fungsional patch:suatu area yang homogen nt k sat f ngsi ata sat pendeskripsian untuk satu fungsi atau satu pendeskripsian fisik, seperti altitude, temperatur, kelembaban, penetrasi cahaya.
Resource patch:sebagian besar
berhubungan dengan ekologi hewan; suatu lanskap dapat diuraikan sebagai satu
kombinasi dari beberapa resource patches bagian dari home range hewan (pakan,
tempat bersarang tersedia dengan gampang). See Fig. 1.13
Habitat patch:
dapat didefinisikan
sebagai tipe komunitas tanaman
g
p
tertentu yang secara umum lebih besar
dari pada home range individu.
Corridor patch:
sebagai satu bagian
dari mosaik lahan yang digunakan oleh
organisme untuk pindah/bergerak,
organisme untuk pindah/bergerak,
menjelajah, menyebar dan migrasi.
Klasifikasi adalah suatu prosedur yang relevan di dalam studi “land mosaic”, khususnya seperti yang diketahui untuk perspektif manusia.
Pendekatan ini umumnya digunakan oleh ahli ekologi lanskap yang tertarik dalam studi interaksi antara aktivitas manusia dan lanskap. Khususnya berguna untuk
persiapan “master plan”, perencanaan “nature reserve”, dan secara umum sebagai panduan pada beberapa tipe manajemen lanskap. Tidak ada aturan yang pasti, tetapi perubahannya sesuai dengan tujuan, skala investigasi, waktu dan ketersediaan sumber daya finansial.
Sejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksiSejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksi kalsifikasi yang baik dan berguna. Sumber-sumber utama : foto udara, citra landsat (satelite digital images), cadastral maps, peta-peta geologi, hidrologi dan tanah, peta-peta geografi dan biotematik (vegetasi, land use, distribusi hewan). Contoh klasifikasi lanskap di Belanda berdasarkan pada hirarki wilayah
PHYSIOTOPE
Unit spatial yang dicirikan oleh faktor-faktor keadaan abiotik yang relatif homogen.
Physiotope secara umum diklasifikasikan dengan menggunakan geologi, aspek dan “slope rate” (tingkat kemiringan). Physiotope merupakan dasar untuk klasifikasi lanskap lebih lanjut.
Klasifikasi secara hierarchipada level yang terendah kita ketahui : physiotope, kemudian ecotope, land unit, land system. (meskipun pada beberapa kasus physiotope dapat lebih besar daripada ecotope).
ECOTOPE
Unit
lahan yang
terkecil yang
masih
merupakan suatu unit
yang
holistik.
Ecotope memperlihatkan dimensi topologi
suatu lanskap.
Physiotope – Ecotope – Land
Unit
– Land
System
System.
Contact Address:
kaswanto@ipb.ac.id
www.kaswanto.staff.ipb.ac.id
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