LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE: PATCHES

(1)

LANDSCAPE

STRUCTURE:

PATCHES

Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN Referensi:

Forman & Godron (1986), Dramstad, Olson & Forman (1996) dan Farina (1998)

Dr. SYARTINILIA Dr. KASWANTO

PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP (ARL 230) DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP

JADWAL KULIAH

PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP

Week Date Topic PIC

1 10 Feb 2015 Introduction to Landscape Ecology HSA 2 17 Feb 2013 FOUNDATION:

Times Changes, Objective

HSA

3 24 Feb 2013 Development of Landscape Ecology;

Landscape Ecology Today

HSA

4 3 Mar 2013 Patches KAS 5 10 Mar 2013 Corridors and Connectivity SWI 6 17 Mar 2013 Mosaics SWI 7 24 Mar 2013 Edges and Boundaries KAS

8 Mid‐term Exam (UTS)

References:

1.

1. PrinciplesPrinciples andand MethodsMethods inin LandscapeLandscape

Ecology

Ecology AlmoAlmo FarinaFarina

2.

2. LandscapeLandscape ecologyecology principlesprinciples inin

Landscape Architecture and Land use

Planning

Planning WencheWenche E.E. DramstadDramstad,,

James D. Olson, Richard T.T.

Forman Forman

3.

3. InternationalInternational JournalsJournals

PPT would be uploaded to the BLOG PPT would be uploaded to the BLOG

CONTENT

1. Patch

Origins

and

Change

1. Patch

Origins

and

Change

2. Patch

Size

3. Patch

Shape

4. Patch

Number

and

Configuration

(2)

What

is

Landscape

Ecology?



•…..focuses

on

(1)

the

spatial

relationships

among

landscape

elements,

(2)

the

flows

of

energy,

mineral

nutrients,

and

species

among

the

elements,

and

(3)

the

ecological

dynamics

of

the

landscape

p

mosaic

through

g

time

(Forman

1983)

1

1. PATCH

ORIGINS

AND

CHANGE

ASAL

dan PERUBAHAN

PATCH

PATCHES

 Obyek yang memiliki sifat seperti Patch,

termasukquilts (selimut), mosaics, tanah,

b k d l d d l

bercak pada Dalmatian, dan awan di atas langit.

 Suatu permukaan area yang non‐linear yang

berbeda penampilannya dari area sekitarnya.

 Bervariasi dalam ukuran, bentuk. tipe,

heterogeneity, dan boundary characteristics.

 Sering dikelilingi oleh MATRIX yaitu area sekitar

 Sering dikelilingi oleh MATRIX, yaitu area sekitar yang memiliki perbedaan struktur jenis atau komposisinya.

BASIC

CONCEPTS



E.g.

After

big

fire



the

blackened

landscape



Two

separate

fires

had

ignited



a

single

patch

was

blackened

nearby,

and

an

extensive

fire

had

swept

the

area

beyond.



Unburned

area



a

little

swamp;

a

clearing

and

gazed

at

a

patch

of

grain

wave

gently

in

and

gazed

at

a

patch

of

grain

wave

gently

in

the

breeze



The

small

burned

area

was

created

by

a

local

(3)

DISTURBANCE

PATCHES



Disturbance

of

a

small

area

in

a

matrix

produced

a



Disturbance

of

a

small

area

in

a

matrix

produced

a

DISTURBANCE

PATCH.



Mud

slides,

avalanches,

windstorms,

ice

storms,

herbivore

outbreaks,

mammal

trampling,

and

many

other

natural

change

give

rise

to

patches



Human

activities

also

cause

disturbance

patches



logging

in

forest,

burning

in

grassland,

and

strip

mining

for

surface

coal

or

minerals.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN AREA IS DISTURBED?

The post‐disturbance species dynamics population

sizes of many species change rapidly

 THE FIRST RESPONSE: Dropping sharply as a results

f d th d f i di id l C t i i

of death or damage of individuals; Certain species

become locally extinct they disappear from the

patch area; Some species normally survive and

remain in lowered population sizes, or in dormant

forms such as seeds, spore, eggs, or cysts.

 THE SECOND RESPONSE: another drastic change in

population size of many of the surviving species 

number increase, often more than compensating for

the initial loss of individuals.

 THE THIRD RESPONSE: in rapid order is immigration,

the arrival of species previously absent (animals,

seeds, spores)

SUCCESSION or RECOVERY FROM DISTURBANCE INVOLVES ALL THREE PROCESSES



Major

population

size

change



Extinctions



Immigrations

Coal Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003) Nickel Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)

Penggundulan hutan akibat penambanganerosi dan lanskap yang tidak baik…

(4)

2

2. PATCH

SIZE

UKURAN

PATCH

PATCH SIZE

 Land use – what is the minimum patch size

needed to accomplish a particular objective?

 Wh t i th ti t h i ?

 What is the optimum patch size?

 The answers to these questions are crucial to the

understanding and management of landscape.

 The primaryp y characteristics considered are

ecological: energy, mineral nutrients, and

species. Others: the ability to operate planting

and harvesting machinery, the distance to

habitations and market, or topographic

(5)

(6)

EFFECT ON SPECIES

 Large islands have more species than small islands.

 Mountainous islands have more species than flat

island of the same size.

 Island with evidence of considerable human

disturbance activity often have fewer species than

those without such activity.

 Relationship between species diversity and island size

l b

is not linear, but CURVILINEAR.

 The relationship plotted between increasing area and the number of species is called a SPECIES‐AREA CURVE

TERRESTRIAL LANDSCAPE

 Patches in the landscapediffer significantly from

islandssurrounded by water. islandssurrounded by water.

 Landscape patches may high average turnover rates, whereas island are essentially permanent.

 The landscape matrix often has extremely high heterogeneity.

 The landscape matrix may be used as a rest stop for many species moving between patches,

particularly in the limited area of a landscape

compared with the extensiveness of oceanic

archipelagos.

3

3. PATCH

SHAPE

BENTUK

PATCH

 Ukuran dan bentukpatchmerupakan atribut penting yang mempengaruhi aliran (fluxes) abiotik dan biotik.

 Di alam umum dijumpai bentukregulardanirregular

 Di alam umum dijumpai bentukregulardanirregular.

Semakin irregular semakin banyak “edges” yang

tersedia. Hal ini mempunyai implikasi yang sangat besar terhadap penyebaran tanaman dan pergerakan hewan.

(7)

 Dengan menggunakan ratio L/2A, di mana L = keliling patch dan A = luas, dimungkinkan untuk mengevaluasi jumlah dari “edges”.

Lingkaran mempunyai ratio 1 dan menerangkan gambar geometrik dengan ratio minimum

antara keliling dan area.

NILAI NUMERIK JUMLAH PERIMETER, LUAS DAN EDGE DARI BERBAGAI BENTUK PATCH.

Patch

Perimeter

Area

L/2VA

π

1

659 10,027

1.857

2

277 4,900

1.119

3

373 3,652

1.745

4 1,125

9,736

3.217

5

269 5,222

1.051

1 2 3 4 5

(8)

4

4. PATCH

NUMBER

AND

CONFIGURATION

JUMLAH

DAN

KONFIGURASI

PATCH

PATCH NUMBER AND CONFIGURATION



Patches

generally

g

y

do

not

exist

singly

g y

but

are

numerous

in

a

landscape.



A

single

large

patch

contains

more

species

than

several

smaller

patches.



More

species

are

found

in

several

patches

if

the

patches

are

widely

(9)

5

5. ADDITIONAL

SOURCES

TAMBAHAN

MENGENAI

PATCH

LANSKAP DAN KOMPONENNYA (PATCHES) DAPAT DIKLASIFIKASIKAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN

“ANTHROPOCENTRIC” ATAU DENGAN

1.

STRUCTURAL PATCH

2.

FUNCTIONAL PATCH

3

RESOURCE PATCH

ANTHROPOCENTRIC, ATAU DENGAN PENDEKATAN YANG TERGANTUNG PADA

KAPASITAS PENGAMATAN KITA:

3.

RESOURCE PATCH

4.

HABITAT PATCH

(10)

 Struktural patch:secara umum terdiri dari satu tipe tanah yang dioverlap oleh asosiasi vegetasi

 Fungsional patch:suatu area yang homogen nt k sat f ngsi ata sat pendeskripsian untuk satu fungsi atau satu pendeskripsian fisik, seperti altitude, temperatur, kelembaban, penetrasi cahaya.

 Resource patch:sebagian besar

berhubungan dengan ekologi hewan; suatu lanskap dapat diuraikan sebagai satu

kombinasi dari beberapa resource patches bagian dari home range hewan (pakan,

tempat bersarang tersedia dengan gampang). See Fig. 1.13



Habitat patch:

dapat didefinisikan

sebagai tipe komunitas tanaman

g

p

tertentu yang secara umum lebih besar

dari pada home range individu.



Corridor patch:

sebagai satu bagian

dari mosaik lahan yang digunakan oleh

organisme untuk pindah/bergerak,

menjelajah, menyebar dan migrasi.

(11)

 Klasifikasi adalah suatu prosedur yang relevan di dalam studi “land mosaic”, khususnya seperti yang diketahui untuk perspektif manusia.

 Pendekatan ini umumnya digunakan oleh ahli ekologi lanskap yang tertarik dalam studi interaksi antara aktivitas manusia dan lanskap. Khususnya berguna untuk

persiapan “master plan”, perencanaan “nature reserve”, dan secara umum sebagai panduan pada beberapa tipe manajemen lanskap. Tidak ada aturan yang pasti, tetapi perubahannya sesuai dengan tujuan, skala investigasi, waktu dan ketersediaan sumber daya finansial.

 Sejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksiSejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksi kalsifikasi yang baik dan berguna. Sumber-sumber utama : foto udara, citra landsat (satelite digital images), cadastral maps, peta-peta geologi, hidrologi dan tanah, peta-peta geografi dan biotematik (vegetasi, land use, distribusi hewan). Contoh klasifikasi lanskap di Belanda berdasarkan pada hirarki wilayah hidrologis, geomorfologis dan struktur vegetasi Contact Address: kaswanto@ipb.ac.id www.kaswanto.staff.ipb.ac.id FB Regan Leonardus Kaswanto

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