sma11kim PanduanPembelajaran Suwardi

PANDUAN PEMBELAJARAN

Untuk SMU & MA

Penulis:

Suwardi, Soebiyanto, Th. Eka Widiasih Editor:

Siti Mukaromah Setting/Lay Out: El-Ibrahim Perwajahan:

Wahyudin Miftakhul Anwar Ilustrator:

Adi Wahyono Sumber Sampul: Chemistry Seventh Edition

Panduan Pembelajaran Kimia XI

Untuk SMA & MA

540.7

SUW SUWARDI

p Panduan Pembelajaran Kimia : Untuk SMA & MA Kelas XI / penulis, Suwardi, Soebiyanto, Th. Eka Widiasih ; editor, Siti

Mukaromah ; ilustrator, Adi Wahyono. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009

vi, 218 hlm. : ilus. ; 25 cm. Bibliografi : hlm. 203-204 Indeks

ISBN 978-979-068-717-2 (No. Jil. Lengkap) ISBN 978-979-068-719-6

1. Kimia-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul

II. Soebiyanto III. Th. Eka Widiasih V. Siti Mukaromah VI. Adi Wahyono

Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009_{, telah membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini} dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan kepada masyarakat melalui si-tus internet (website_{) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional.}

Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 9 Tahun 2009 tanggal 12 Februari 2009.

Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para penulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia.

Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load₎,

digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku teks pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.

Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepada para siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat kami harapkan.

Jakarta, Juni 2009 Kepala Pusat Perbukuan

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas limpahan rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan buku Panduan Pembelajaran Kimia XI untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas dan Madrasah Aliyah.

Buku ini disusun menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and Learning). Materi disajikan menggunakan bahasa yang mudah dipahami, serta setiap kajian dilengkapi dengan arahan tugas yang dapat dilakukan siswa. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar siswa dapat membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang dimiliki dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Soal-soal latihan juga diberikan guna mengetahui sejauhmana siswa mencapai kompetensinya.

Penyusun telah berupaya semaksimal mungkin untuk berkarya dengan harapan buku ini dapat digunakan sebagai pegangan guru dan siswa dalam proses pembelajarannya, khususnya untuk materi kimia. Tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih dan rasa penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada guru dan siswa yang menggunakan buku ini. Kritik dan saran yang membangun akan sangat membantu kami demi kesempurnaan buku ini.

Jakarta, Mei 2007

Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) ... ii

Kata Sambutan ... iii

Kata Pengantar ... iv

Daftar Isi ... v

Bab I Teori Atom Mekanika Kuantum dan Bentuk Molekul ... 1

A. Teori Atom Mekanika Kuantum ... 3

B. Konfigurasi Elektron ... 9

C. Bentuk Molekul ... 16

D. Gaya Antarmolekul ... 23

Bab II Termokimia ... 31

A. Entalpi dan Perubahan Entalpi ... 33

B. Penentuan Perubahan Entalpi ... 39

C. Energi Bahan Bakar dan Perubahan Entalpi ... 48

Bab III Laju Reaksi ... 55

A. Konsep Laju Reaksi ... 57

B. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi .. 60

C. Persamaan Laju Reaksi ... 69

Bab IV Kesetimbangan Kimia ... 81

A. Konsep Kesetimbangan ... 83

B. Tetapan Kesetimbangan ... 89

Evaluasi Semester I ... 107

Bab V Larutan Asam dan Basa ... 113

A. Konsep Asam Basa ... 115

B. Sifat Asam dan Basa ... 121

C. Reaksi Asam dan Basa ... 131

Bab VI Kesetimbangan Ion dalam Larutan ... 139

A. Larutan Penyangga ... 141

B. Hidrolosis Garam ... 150

C. Pengendapan dan Hasil Kali Kelarutan ... 157

Bab VII Sistem Koloid ... 167

A. Macam Sistem Koloid ... 169

B. Sifat-sifat Koloid ... 174

C. Pembuatan Sistem Koloid ... 182

Evaluasi Semester II ... 191

Evaluasi Akhir ... 194

Glosarium ... 200

Daftar Pustaka ... 203

Indeks ... 205

Lampiran ... 207

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Untuk reaksi yang melibatkan gas, seperti pada reaksi pembakaran, kalorimeter yang biasa digunakan disebut kalorimeter bom. Pada kalorimeter bom, reaksi berlangsung dalam sebuah bom (wadah yang terbuat dari baja) yang dibenamkan di dalam air dalam bejana kedap panas. Kalorimeter bom dirancang secara khusus sehingga sistem berada dalam keadaan terisolasi. Oleh karena itu, selama reaksi berlangsung dianggap tidak ada kalor yang hilang. Kalorimeter sederhana dapat dibuat dari dua gelas gabus (Styrofoam) atau plastik, yang dilengkapi dengan termometer dan pengaduk. Gabus dan plastik bersifat isolator (tidak menyerap kalor) sehingga selama reaksi berlangsung dianggap tidak ada kalor yang hilang.

Sebanyak 2 g naftalena (C₁₀H₈), zat yang berbau tajam dan biasa digunakan untuk mengusir ngengat, dibakar dalam kalorimeter bom. Dari hasil pengamatan, suhu air dalam kalorimeter naik sebesar 5°C. Jika kapasitas kalor kalorimeter adalah 10,17 kJ/°C, tentukanlah perubahan entalpi pada reaksi tersebut!

Penyelesaian: Diketahui:

Massa naftalena (m) = 2 g

Massa molar naftalena (M_r) = 128 g/mol Mol naftalena = 2 mol

8

Kapasitas kalor kalorimeter (C) = 10,17 kJ/K Perubahan suhu (∆T ) = 5°C

Jawab:

Reaksi pembakaran naftalena merupakan reaksi eksoterm yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya kenaikan suhu. Untuk menentukan perubahan entalpi pada pembakaran naftalena, dihitung dulu kalor yang diserap oleh kalorimeter menggunakan rumus Q = C × ∆T

Q_sistem = Q_reaksi + Q_kalorimeter = 0 Q_reaksi = –Q_kalorimeter

Q_kalorimeter = C × ∆T

= 10,17 kJ/K × 5 K = 50,85 kJ

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