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Page E G A P E L T I
T ... i E G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii N A H A S E G N E P N A M A L A
H ... iii E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... vi STATEMENTOFWORK’SORIGINALITY ... v
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ... vi T C A R T S B
A ... iv i K A R T S B
A ... iiv i S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... x..i S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi S E L B A T F O T S I
L ... vx i S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... xv
N O I T C U D O R T N I I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .
A ResearchBackground... 1 .
B ResearchProblems ... 3 .
C ProblemLimtiaiton ... 3 .
D ResearchObjecitves ... 3 .
E ResearchBeneftis... 4 .
F De ifniitono fTerms... 4
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H
C ... 7 .. .
A Theoreitca lDescirpiton ... 7 .... .
1 Af ifxaiton... 7 .
a pre ifxdsi- ... 9 .
b pre ifxe -n ... 11 .
c pre ifxr -e ... 12 .
ii x
.f suf ifx- eis ... 14 .
2 Morphologica lProcess ... 51 .
a Conversion ... 16 .
b Cilpping ... 61 .
c Blends ... 71 .
d Backformaiton ... 81 .
e Acronyms... 81 .f Coinageandeponyms... 91
.
g Borrowing ... 02 .
h Morphophonology ... 1..2 .
B Theoreitca lFramework ... 22 ....
Y G O L O D O H T E M H C R A E S E R I I I R E T P A H
C ... 32 .
A ResearchMethod... 32 .
B ResearchObject... 42 .
C Insrtumen tandDataGatheirngTechnique ... 52 .
D DataAnalysi sTechnique ... 7..2 .
E ResearchProcedures ... 72
S G N I D N I F H C R A E S E R V I R E T P A H
C ANDDISCUSSION... 03 .
A Morphologica lProcesse so fVerbsi nTheJaka traPostEdtio irals .... 03 .
a pre ifxdsi- ... 03 .
b pre ifxe -n ... 43 .
c pre ifxr - e ... 53 .
d suf ifx-en ... 73 .
e suf ifx-i yf ... 93 .f suf ifx- si e ... 14 .
ii i x .
A Conclusions... 54 .
B Suggesitons... 46 .
C Impilcaitons... 74
S E C N E R E F E
v i x
T ea bl Page
v x
Appendix Page
f o s l a ir o ti d E .
1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the researcher presents the background of the research. The
background of the research covers information about the nature and the content of
the study. The researcher divides this chapter into six parts, namely research
background, research problem, problem limitation, research objectives, research
benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
As stated in Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006), most languages have a
word forming process called affixation, and so does English. English has a large
number of affixes which modify words from various parts of speech in the
language, including verbs, which are considered as the most important word in a
sentence. Hornby (1984) clearly states that “verb is the most important word in a
sentence for anyone who is learning to speak or write correct English.” The
understanding of the words categorised as verbs will help people determine the
core of the sentence they read or hear.
However, an affix does not make the most concrete and distinctive
contributions to the meanings of the words formed by affixation, but the roots do
(Carstairs-McCarthy, 2006). By decomposing an affixed word and supported by
knowledge of the affix(es) constructing it, English learners can reveal the base and
involve other morphological processes and these processes possibly occur more
than once in an affixed word. As stated in Szymanek (1989), some words “display
certain features of two or three process-types combined in various ways” (p. 105).
Therefore, other processes involved within the word formation should be
observed.
Based on the fact above, the researcher conducted a research to reveal the
morphological processes happening within the verb affixations. In order to obtain
the appropriate result, the researcher chose text media. The Jakarta Post, a daily
English language newspaper, was selected as the object of the study. The
newspaper was founded on April 25, 1983, which means that The Jakarta Post
has such experience that it is credible enough. The researcher focused the research
on a rubric called editorial. As retrieved in thejakartapost.com, The Jakarta Post
is aimed to be an English-language newspaper with highest editorial quality,
which motivates the researcher to choose the editorial rubric of the daily
newspaper. As Wardani (2005) says about the rubric, the researcher chose it as the
object of his research since “the information provided in this column usually
becomes the point of departure in several scientific writings and show a resolute
attitude of newspaper editorial on a particular issue”. Aside from the opinion that
may be formed by the writer, the researcher want to reveal the morphological
processes occurring within the affixation, which may blur the visibility of the
In order to make this research focused, the research question is formulated
as follows.
1. What are the morphological processes of the verbs in the editorials of The
Jakarta Post?
C. Problem Limitation
The wide use of the affixation and the important role of a verb in a
sentence are the main reasons motivating the researcher to conduct this research.
The research will discuss nothing but verb affixations and morphological
processes happening within the affixation. Considering the different
characteristics of English affixes, the researcher takes six affixes which consist of
three prefixes and also three suffixes. They are dis-, en-, and re (prefixes); and
-en, -ise, and -ify (suffixes). The fact that those affixes are the most productive
prefixes and suffixes found in the editorials also motivates the researcher to
analyse them.
The writer will figure out the bases of each verb and the morphological
processes found in the verb affixations as formulated in the research problem. The
only data used in the research are The Jakarta Post editorials in September 2011.
D. Research Objectives
There is one objective that will be obtained through this research.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher expects that this study can be beneficial for:
1. Readers of this research
The research will provide information about how affixation happens,
especially in verbs, and some morphological processes which possibly occur
within the affixation.
2. Students of English Department
This research will contribute to morphology study, especially related to
affixation, which will enrich the students’ knowledge of certain
morphological phenomena occurring within the use of affixation. It can also
help them build more words by combining affixation and some
morphological processes. Besides, this research are also meant to inspire the
students to be critical to morphological phenomena found.
3. Future researchers
This research can be used as a reference to conduct similar researches related
to affixation and morphological processes in words.
F. Definition of Terms
The topic of this research deals with some terms such as verb affixations,
morphological processes and newspaper editorial. To avoid misconception about
the terms used in this study, the researcher provides a brief explanation about
According to Carstairs-McCarthy (2006), affixation is the process whereby
an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –
ness is attached to form fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which
pre- is attached to form premeditate). From the examples above, it can be
concluded that the affixation occurring in a word can happen once or more, and
they are still called affixation. It brings an understanding to the researcher that
affixation is the process whereby an affix or affixes is or are attached to a base.
2. Morphological processes
It is possible to find other morphological processes besides the affixation
in the affixed verbs. O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller (2010) clasify
the processes that may happen during the process of forming words, in this case
the verbs: cliticization, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms,
onomatopoeia, coinage, eponyms, and borrowing. Those happening processes will
make the readers difficult to determine the bases. However, some of the process
are not very productive and rarely found within the affixation occurring.
Therefore, the researcher omitted cliticization and onomatopoeia. On the other
side, the researcher added a morphological process included in morphophonology
since it occurs quite often within the affixation.
3. Newspaper editorial
Spencer (1924) defines editorial as “an expression of fact and opinion in
concise, logical, pleasing order for the sake of entertaining, of influencing
editorial in a newspaper may have different point of view from other newspapers.
An editorial contains subjectivity factor so that the researcher would eliminate the
subjective elements, which are not related to morphological factor. Therefore, the
7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the literature related to the
research. It consists of two main parts. The first part is named theoretical
description. In the theoretical description, the writer reviews the main theories
which are directly related and used as the references to the research, i.e. the
affixation, which presents a short explanation about affixation and the six affixes
discussed, and the morphological processes. In the theoretical framework, the
researcher explains the theories’ relevance to answer the research question.
A.Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher discusses the theories of affixation, especially
the derivational one. The researcher also discusses the specified prefixes and
suffixes which are categorised as productive in the editorials. Besides, the
researcher provides the theories related to morphological phenomena in this part.
The theory will discuss and limit the phenomena analysed in this research.
1. Affixation
As stated by Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006), “the most common
morphological process for modifying a root is by adding something to it – the
process of affixation” (p. 66). It is clear that affixation, which modifies an already
The process of affixation cannot be separated from some specified terms.
The first thing to consider is morpheme. According to Katamba (1993), a
morpheme is “the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical
function which word are made up of”. He also adds that it cannot be decomposed
into smaller units. English morphemes can be classified into free morpheme and
bound morpheme. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself.
Meanwhile, bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand by itself (Finch,
2000, p. 104). It always occurs with some other elements attached to it (Katamba,
1993, p. 42). Another term commonly related to affixation is base. Plag (2003)
defines base as “the part of a word which an affix is attached to”. He adds that a root is a base which “cannot be analysed further into morphemes”. Finch (2000)
states that a root is “the free morpheme to which the bound ones are attached” (p.
105). Affixes are the examples of bound morphemes (Katamba, p. 44). In his book
English Morphology, Dwijatmoko (2003) defines affix as “a bound morpheme which is attached to an already existing word to form a new word or to show a
syntactic meaning” (p. 9). Based on the place of the occurrence, an affix is
categorised into three groups: prefix, suffix and infix. A prefix is an affix that is
placed before the root; a suffix is an affix placed after the root; an infix is an affix
placed inside the root, but it is rarely used formally (Katamba, 1993, pp. 44-45).
English has two main affixation processes, i.e. derivational affixation and
inflectional affixation (Katamba, 1993, p. 47). Inflectional affixation always adds
(Carstairs-McCarthy, 2006). Derivation itself is an affixation process that forms a word with
a meaning or category distinct from that of its base (Szymanek, 1989, p. 274).
While according to Bauer (1988), derivation is the process of adding affixes to
change sub-categorisation features associated with the base (p. 76).
As stated in the previous chapter, this research would analyse only the
derivational affixes since English is a language with little inflection (Lehmann,
1972). Therefore, all inflectional affixes found would be ignored. To construct a
better understanding about the changing or effects derivational affixes make, the
researcher referred to a theory about derivational affixes found in Katamba
(1993). He states that derivational affixes create new lexemes by “modifying
significantly the meaning of the base to which they are attached, without
necessarily changing its grammatical category” (e.g. kind and unkind ). The
second one is changing the grammatical category of a base as well as a possible
change in meaning (e.g. hard (adj) and hardship (N(abs)). The last one is that
“they may cause a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it
into a new word-class (as in the case of friend (N(conc)) and friend-ship (N(abs))”
(p. 50). Because this research is dealing with certain derivational affixes, the
researcher will provide some theories related to the affixes.
a. Prefix dis-
There are two entries of prefix dis- found in Webster’s Third New
dis- which means twice or double and the other one. This research will not discuss
the “double” dis- but the other one. The dis- discussed in this research has four
meanings. The first is “to do the opposite of: to reverse (a specified action)”; “to
deprive of (a specified character, quality, or rank)” ; “to exclude or expel from”.
The second meaning is “opposite of: contrary of: absence of”. The third meaning
is ”not”. The fourth meaning is “completely”. This dis- is derived from Old
French des-, dis- and from Latin dis- which means apart, to pieces (p. 642).
According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985), the prefix
dis- “combines with open class items including verbs” (p. 1540). This statement is also supported by a research conducted by Widyastuti (2002) which emphasises
that the prefix dis- can modify four parts of speech, i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs. From the tally, the words modified by the prefix consist of 165
nouns, 116 verbs, 47 adjectives, and 27 adverbs.
Szymanek (1989) classifies the usage of dis- into three: negative,
reservative, and privative. When forming reservative verbs, the prefix dis- can be
paraphrased as ‘cause to be no longer V-ed’. It is commonly combined with verbs
which is derived from Latinate and Romance bases, mostly beginning with a
vowel (p. 294). Besides the reservative function, the prefix dis- also has privative
function which enables the prefix to be paraphrased as “to deprive of
(something)” or “to free from (something)”. There is also an ablative function of
the verbs it is attached to. As the consequence, the prefixed verbs can be
there are derived words with the prefix dis- that cannot be analysed because they
already had the prefixes when they adopted into English (p. 1541). From the
statement, it indicates that there is a morphological process named borrowing
involved. It will confuse the researcher in analysing the prefixed verbs, especially
to reveal the bases. Therefore, the researcher would refer to some dictionaries to
identify the confusing prefixed verbs.
b. Prefix en-
As stated in The New Oxford American Dictionary, prefix en- is used to
form verbs. Sometimes en- is attached to adjectives and sometimes to nouns. The
difference between the parts of speech of the bases correlates with a semantic
distinction. Katamba (1993) states that “the en- attached to adjectives has a
causative meaning”. This kind of en- (which is attached to adjectives) can be
interpreted as “make”, e.g. to ensure is to ‘make sure’, to enlarge is to ‘make
large’, etc. Meanwhile, another en-, which is attached to nouns can be paraphrased
as ‘put in or into’. For example to endanger is to ‘put in danger’ and to encourage
is to ‘put in courage’ (pp. 50-51).
The prefix en- also has a variation, i.e. em- (Szymanek, 1989, p. 286). It
will be followed by bases which are initiated in /b/ or /p/. Szymanek also adds that
there is a similarity between prefix en- and suffix –en. However, the prefix is
c. Prefix re-
English has a type of prefix which is repetitive. When attached to a base,
this kind of prefix will mean ‘V again or anew’ or ‘achieve a certain result again’
(Szymanek, 1989, p. 301). The prefix re- is a very productive suffix. Therefore
Szymanek (1989) cites Marchand (1969): “today almost any transitive verb can be
prefixed by re- [...]”. He also adds that both native and Latinate verbs may be
combined with re-.
Semantically, not all verbs using the prefix re- have the same meaning.
Szymanek (1989, pp. 302-303) says that there are three distinct uses of the prefix
re-:
(a)”the result is either imperfect or unattained. Re- then denotes repetition with a
view to changing or improving the previous inadequate result” (Thompson 1974:
11) cf. rearrange, repack, retype.
(b)”The result of the action or the former state has come undone. In this usage, re-
restores the previous state” (Thompson 1974: 11). In other words, Marchand
(1969: 190), as cited by Szymanek calls this kind of prefix as “re- reverses the
reversal”.
(c)”Re- can also simply carry the message ‘to achieve a result again’ “(Thompson
1974: 12); cf. re-enter, republish, reuse, resubscribe.
However, in fact, the uses of re- can appear at once at the same derived
Szymanek also underlines that some re- prefixed verbs have bases which
are nouns. There are also some intransitive verbs playing a role as the bases.
Though, some other intransitive verbs cannot apply the use of the prefix re-.
The New Oxford American Dictionary provides the usage of this prefix.
Modern English tends to use the prefix without hyphen. But in certain occasion,
hyphen can be added to avoid misinterpretation, e.g. recover and re-cover.
d. Suffix -en
Suffix –en can be added to form either adjective or verb (Bauer, 2003). In
The New Oxford American Dictionary, the suffix –en can form an adjective when
it is attached to a noun (e.g. wooden) and it will construct a verb if following an
adjective (e.g. soften). However, as written in the dictionary, there are still four
other entries of the suffix. Since this research deals with verb formation, the
researcher would take the suffix –en which is attached to an adjective, e.g.
freshen, whiten, and brighten. Szymanek (1989) says that the suffix –en functions
as causative. It is also stated that the adjectives to which the suffix –ens are
attached are non-Latinate adjectives. In term of productivity, the suffix –en is not
very productive due to the phonological constraint on its use. Szymanek firmly
states that based on many studies, “–en attachment is subject to a powerful phonological constraint: the adjectival base must be monosyllabic and it must end
“there are no –en derivatives from monosyllabic adjectives ending in vowels (cf. dry, free, new) or in sonorants (cf. clean, full, slim)” (p. 281).
As stated by Szymanek (1989), the rules should be specified that a
monosyllabic adjective ending in a nasal followed by an obstruent cannot add the
suffix –en to form a verb. There are also some cases that should be excluded from
the constraint. Lengthen and strengthen are the examples of the exceptions and
they are categorised as irregular (p. 281).
e. Suffix -ify
As explained on www.merriam-webster.com, the suffix is originally from
Middle English -ifien, which is from Anglo-French -ifier, which is from Latin
-ificare. Further, the Latin -ificare is analysed as -i- plus -ficare, which becomes
-fy in English. As stated in The New Oxford American Dictionary, suffix –(i)fy is a
verb-forming suffix. Szymanek (1989) categorises the suffix as “causative”.
Unfortunately, there are not many English verbs of the form Xify easily
decomposed into the form of base plus the suffix –ify. He adds that there is an alternative approach when the base ends in /i/. How to analyse it is by adding the
suffix –ify after dropping the stem-final /i/ before (p. 285).
f. Suffix –ise
the 16th century. The New Oxford American Dictionary states that the suffix –ize can be attached to a noun or an adjective to form a verb (p. 896). Quirk,
Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1972) adds that the suffix –ize can function to
form chiefly transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives (p. 1001). Szymanek
(1989) adds that the suffix is very productive in forming causative verbs in
English. It can be attached to bisyllabic and polysyllabic Latinate bases ending in
–al, -an, -ar, -ic, and sometimes also –ile (p. 283). The suffix –ise also has
another function named ornative function. When it is attached to a base, it can be
paraphrased as ‘provide with (something) (pp. 296-297). Another fact to consider
about the suffix is the spelling. The suffix –ise, as cited from The New Oxford
American Dictionary, is an alternative spelling, especially in British English,
reflecting the French influence. Meanwhile, -ize is commonly used in American
English.
2. Morphological Process
As stated by Veisbergs (1999), word-formation processes have some rules
that make the processes regular but there are some irregular patterns used, which
make the processes have many variants and look “untidy”.
Veisbergs also points out that there is still a controversy in English study
about what processes are in the word-formation scope and what are not.
Therefore, the researcher determines the morphological processes analysed in this
a. Conversion
Katamba (1993) states that conversion forms a new word without
“modifying the form of the input word that serves as the base”. Conversion is a
word forming process that changes the word class of an already existing word to a
new part of speech. Conversion is also called zero derivation since it makes
change in syntactic category (O’Grady et al., 2010). For example, the word better
is originally an adjective since it is a comparative form of the adjective good.
Though, it can be used either as in(i) or (ii).
(i) I am better than him.
(ii) You can better yourself.
The word better in (ii) is a verb. Based on the fact that it is originally an
adjective and the only change occurring is in the syntactic category, it can be
concluded that conversion appears in the sentence. Other examples of conversion
are run as a verb converted into a noun; and drink, which also change its syntactic
category from verb to noun. It proves that conversion is widely used and can be
applied in any part of speech.
b. Clipping
According to Bauer (2003) clipping is “the process of shortening a word
without changing its meaning or its part of speech, though frequently with the
Harnish (2001) add that the spelling of a clipped word “has been shortened but its pronunciation is not (necessarily) altered. Here are some examples of clipping:
doc, which stands for doctor; lab, which stands for laboratory; and blog, which
stands for web log.
Lehmann (1976, p. 146) states that clippings can be applied to affixes,
especially suffixes. He names the process suffix clipping. The application of the
process is when a suffix -ician is taken from the supposed base and fitted onto
geometry so that it becomes geometrician. Other similar examples are beautician
and mortician. From the fact, the researcher assumed that some clippings are also
applied in certain affixes the researcher selected as the objects of the research.
c. Blend
According to Bauer (2003), a blend is “a new lexeme formed from parts of
two or more other lexemes.” It is not necessary to form blends from meaningful
parts of the morphemes. Even, most of them are unrecognisable. Blends are also
called portmanteau words. Brunch is an example of blends. It stands for two
lexemes, i.e. breakfast and lunch. The blends brunch got the first two letters of the
lexeme breakfast and four last letters of the lexeme lunch. Other examples of
blends are smog, which stands for smoke and fog, and modem, which stands for
modulator and demodulator. Sometimes, blends are combined with compounding
to create words as seen in e-mail, which stands for electronic mail, and
d. Backformation
Backformation is a process removing a real or supposed affix from another
word in the language to create a new word (O’Grady et al., 2010). Therefore, it is
often called as the opposite of affixation. The example is the word editor. It ends
in –or which is similar to a suffix forming nouns from verbs. Therefore, some
people thought that the base of editor was edit. In fact, editor is lexicalised before
edit since edit is a product of backformation. Another example of backformation
is baby-sit. Nearly similar to the previous example, it is a verb formed from a
noun baby-sitter.
The fact that backformation is the opposite of affixation made the
researcher wonder whether it is possible to combine those two morphological
processes. Since backformation deals with suffix, there is still possibility to
combine its product with prefix. Backformation is also used by the researcher to
analyse some verbs which are not products of affixation.
e. Acronyms
Acronyms are word-forming processes of which each letter spelling the
word are from other complete words. Although each acronym product has some
words constructing it, speakers ignore the origin elements and admit the new
product as independent (Akmajian et al., 2001, p. 25). According to Akmajian et
al., this type of word formation is widely used to form computer terms. O’Grady
terminology. One example of acronyms is radar. Not many people know that it is
actually not an independent word. Radar stands for radio detection and ranging.
Other examples of acronyms are computer terms LAN, which stands for Local
Area Network and DOS, which stands for Disc Operating System.
The use of acronyms which is more widely spread will make people get
accustomed to the acronyms and ignore what they stand for. Therefore the
researcher is also interested in the morphological process. Referring to the fact
that English speakers admit the new product as independent, the researcher is
interested in whether affixation can occur in such words. It is quite interesting to
analyse whether acronyms can be affixed and transformed into other syntactic
categories or they are stuck and any change impossibly occurs in acronyms.
f. Coinage and eponyms
As stated by O’Grady et al. (2010), coinage is a word created from scratch.
Also known as word manufacture, this phenomenon is especially common in the
case of product names, e.g. kodak, dacron, and teflon. A similar process called
eponyms uses people’s name to describe scale or events related to the people’s
role, e.g. boycott, watt, and richter.
The researcher assumes that the products of coinage and eponyms belong
to certain parts of speech. Whether it is possible to derive the words is something
the researcher wants to look for. The words diskodak, endacron, and teflonise are
g. Borrowing
According to Campbell (2004), borrowing is a process in one language to
take words from another language and make them parts of its own vocabulary.
The product of borrowing is usually called a loanword.
All English verbs do not always originate from one language. English
verbs could be derived, in a whole word or only a part, from many donor
languages. For example, the English verb to surface was derived from French sur
and English face (McKean, 2005, p. 1700)
According to Radford, Atkinson, Britain, Clahsen, and Spencer (1999),
new and unfamiliar concepts – new technology, new plants, new animals, and
even, new and unfamiliar foods motivate people to develop words. Besides,
another reason of using borrowing is prestige. Certain culture will be related to
specific terms that other languages do not have. Frequently the certain cultures are
prestigious activities, e.g. soup, restaurant (French). Campbell (2004) also affirms
it by his statement that “languages borrow words from other languages primarily
because of need and prestige.”
A borrowed word is often gradually changed so that it fits the
phonological and morphological structure of the borrowing language or dialect.
These borrowings are very often assimilated to the phonological and
morphological structure of the new host language (Radford et al., 1999, p. 256).
give an example that the plural form of pizza in Italian is pizze. However, English
applies its own plural morpheme to the borrowed word, hence pizzas (p. 255).
h. Morphophonology
According to Spencer (2001), morphophonology “refers to the interaction
of word formation (morphology) with the sound system of language
(phonology)”. He adds that those two linguistic subsystems often occur together
in some languages. The morphophonology is also related to phonological
alternation of a stem or affix and vowel harmony involving both stems and
affixes. Therefore, the researcher attached the theory about morphophonology
since most affixation cannot be separated from this process. Some people use the
term ‘morphophonemic’ to call the same concept (Coates, 2006).
Coates (2006) also states that morphophonology may change the
morpheme due to some phonetical rules. He gave an example that /d/ and /s/ are
two different phonemes which distinguish pairs of words as day and say. In
constructing adjective through the suffix –ive, some words ending in /d/ sound
change their /d/ sound into /s/ sound and it also affects the form of the morpheme.
For example the verb evade is pronounced as /IveId/ whether the derived adjective
evasive is pronounced as /IveIsIv/. This phenomenon is usually called alternation
in morphophonology. It is closely related to the term allomorph since allomorph is
Since there are not many references found related to this concept, the
theory provided in this subchapter will function as additional information to other
theories of morphological processes.
B.Theoretical Framework
In analysing the data, the writer will use related theories presented earlier
in theoretical description. There are two major theories used in the research,
namely theory of affixation and the other one is theory explaining morphological
phenomena. These theories were used as guidelines in analysing The Jakarta Post
editorials.
As stated in the beginning of this chapter, affixation is described as the
most common morphological process for modifying a root. Since there are many
affixes involved in affixation, the researcher chose several affixes which have
various characteristics. The affixes are the prefix dis-, the prefix en-, the prefix re
-, the suffix -en, the suffix -ify, and the suffix -ise. Based on the characteristics of
each affix, the researcher revealed the bases of the affixed verbs.
After revealing the bases of the affixed verbs, the researcher compared the
bases and the affixed verbs. The researcher would then observe the morphological
change occurring within the affixation process. The morphological processes are
specified into conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms, coinage,
23
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents detailed information about the methodology in
accomplishing the research. The methodology is meant to answer the research
problem. The problem was to find out the morphological processes of the affixed
verbs in The Jakarta Post editorials. The discussion in this chapter is presented in
five parts, namely research method, research object, instrument and data gathering
technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research is categorised as qualitative research. Borg and Galls (2007)
defines qualitative research as “a research which presents facts in a narration with
words.” One of the characteristics of qualitative research is the use of descriptive
data. Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002) state that managing the large volume of
descriptive data generated from interviews, observations, and the collection of
documents is an important consideration in qualitative research. Using the
editorials of The Jakarta Post in September 2011, this research analysed the
morphological processes found within the formation of the affixed verbs.
The researcher used content analysis in analysing the data found in this
research. According to Neuman (2000), content analysis is “a technique for
gathering and analysing the content of text”. He later adds that the term content
can be communicated.” Meanwhile, the text is “anything written, visual, or spoken
that serves as a medium for communication” (p.292). It is further defined as
nonreactive since “the process of placing words, messages, or symbols in a text to
communicate to a reader or receiver occurs without influence from the researcher
who analyses its content” (p.293).
The study conducted by the researcher was applied based on the
definitions above. The content in this research were words which were specified
into verbs and the text were the editorials of The Jakarta Post. This research is
also nonreactive since the researcher did not make any intervention to the object
of the study. The researcher analysed the verbs which already existed before the
researcher conducted the study. From the already existing data, the verbs were
analysed through relevant theories, in this case theories of affixation and
morphological processes.
B. Research Objects
The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia
which was established on April 25, 1983. The newspaper is owned by PT Bina
Media Tenggara. Besides improving the standard of English language media in
Indonesia, the English language newspaper had an objective to be a quality
newspaper with an Indonesian perspective to counter the domination of Western
The Jakarta Post is considered having a generally high quality of
reporting. Even, Eklöf (2003) calls it as Indonesia’s leading English language
daily. It is proven by several awards won by the English daily. As retrieved from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/about#785, in 1994 The Jakarta Post received the
International Newspaper Marketing Association – Editor & Publisher Award,
winning first place among newspapers with circulations under 50,000 copies daily
in the category of public relations printed materials, which continued their success
in winning four similar awards, awarded in 1991 and 1993.
The facts above ensured the researcher to choose The Jakarta Post,
especially the editorial rubricas the object of the research. The researcher selected
editorials in September 2011 to study further. The editorials of this month was
chosen as the research was started in September 2011. The data retrieved was still
relevant over years since the research analysed morphological process, which has
not changed. It is possible that there are more than one editorial in one edition
although there can be no editorial as well. Some of the editorials are named The
week in review rubric as they express some issues of the week. It resulted in the 32
editorials retrieved in a month.
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
The primary instrument in qualitative research is human instrument (Ary
et al., 2002). Sugiyono (2005) states that a human instrument in qualitative
source(s), collect the data, asses the quality of the data, analyse the data, interpret
the data, and draw conclusions on his or her findings. As the instrument of the
research, the researcher himself determined the focus of the research, i.e. the
morphological processes happening within the verb affixations in The Jakarta
Post editorials. The data in this research, i.e. The Jakarta Post editorials, were
also processed by the researcher from choosing the data source until the
conclusion.
In content analysis, the researcher may also use written documents to
obtain the data. The documents meant can be autobiographies, diaries, letter,
books, films and videos (Ary et al., 2002, p. 435). In this research, the documents
were printed transcripts of The Jakarta Post editorials. In collecting the data, the
researcher found out transcripts of the editorials from the internet. The researcher
accessed thejakartapost.com and then copied all editorials published in September
2011 and pasted them directly to a Microsoft Word file. The researcher did not
make any change to the editorials. The number of the editorials collected by the
researcher is 32 editorials. Here are the first five editorials’ titles and their date of
publication.
no date of publication title
1 September 2, 2011 Growing pains
2 September 3, 2011 Welcome to Jakarta
3 September 4, 2011 Gifts for the needy
4 September 5, 2011 The eastern laggard
5 September 6, 2011 Is Muhaimin corrupt?
[image:42.595.104.514.248.725.2]
D. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher used content analysis to analyse his findings about the verb
affixations in The Jakarta Post editorials. The researcher would take a note on
each affixed verb and those suspected as affixed verbs which were found in the
editorials. The researcher referred to some dictionaries and encyclopedia to find
out the affixed verbs to analyse. The next step was determining and listing the
bases of each verb. If the researcher could not reveal the base of the verbs, the
researcher would provide some information about the verbs in the discussion. To
obtain the answer to the research problem, the researcher compare the affixed
verbs to their bases. Every letter in the affixed verbs would be compared to the
letters constructing the bases. The researcher would also consider the parts of
speech of each base to identify the word class changing. By looking at the
morphological processes happening which caused the bases to transform into
certain verbs, the researcher then analysed the changing based on the theories the
researcher referred to. Besides, the researcher would also refer to some
dictionaries to compare the affixed verbs to the roots or bases, especially related
to the borrowings.
E. Research Procedure
In this section, the researcher explained the steps in conducting the
research. The researcher firstly determined the verbs which contained certain
the verbs were eliminated. The data collected were categorised based on the
derivational affixes constructing the verbs. After the data were collected, the
researcher put each category into a table as presented below.
no verb base (word class) morphological process freq
Table 3.2 Form of the data gathering
no : number
verb : affixed verb found
base : base of the verb
word class : part of speech of the base
freq : frequency of the verb in the 32 editorials
morphological process : the morphological process happened within the verb
affixation
In order to avoid confusion due to the chaotic organisation of the table, the
researcher will provide one table for one affix. As there are six affixes to analyse,
there are six tables presented in this research.
The paragraph in the following page is an example of the paragraph in The
Jakarta Post editorials. How the researcher analysed the verbs containing certain
affix will also be shown in this example. The affix analysed in the paragraph is
There has been no official statement from either the House or the government about the planned endorsement. Fears are heightening that the House will endorse the bill without altering several provisions deemed to threaten democracy and endanger human rights.
(par.2 The Jakarta Post, September 16, 2011)
no verb base (word class) morphological process freq
1.
2.
heighten
threaten
height (noun)
threat (noun)
-
[image:45.595.97.517.216.623.2]-
Table 3.3 Examples of analysing the verbs found
*the frequency column is filled when the researcher finishes analysing all editorials
The next step is answering the research problem. First, the researcher
decomposed the affixed verbs so he can reveal the bases of the verbs. Then, the
verbs were analysed by comparing the affixed verbs to the bases. The researcher
observed the morphological process in forming the verbs and analysed the
changing occurring during the process so that he could obtain the answer of his
problem formulation. Since the example in table 3.3 does not show any
morphological process, it is concluded that the affixation does not involve another
morphological process.
The final step of the research is concluding the results based on the
research question. The conclusions showed the readers the bases of the affixed
verbs in the editorials of The Jakarta Post. Besides, the results also showed the
30
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The researcher divides this chapter into two sections in analysing the data,
i.e. morphological processes of verbs in The Jakarta Post editorials and summary
remarks. The analysis of the study is based on the research question. After
revealing the bases, the researcher analysed any morphological processes found
during the formation of the verbs and then summarised the results.
A.Morphological Processes of Verbs in The Jakarta Post Editorials
The researcher provides a data presentation which shows the affixed verbs
found in the editorials. The verbs presented in the tables ignored the inflectional
affixes occurring in the original text. There are also other columns which are
mentioned in the previous chapter, which are meant to show the bases with their
word classes, and the morphological processes happening within the affixation.
Besides, there is a column called frequency which shows how often each word
occurs in the whole 32 editorials. The data presentation also provides some
information dealing with numbers and the percentage of occurrence of each affix
as additional references to the readers.
1. Prefix dis-
The verbs containing prefix dis- in the editorials were not widely used.
containing prefix dis-. Based on the occurrence per day, one prefixed verb
occurred once in almost three days. From that amount, some verbs occurred more
than once, i.e. discourage, discover, and displace. The table below also shows that
all the dis-prefixed verbs have eight different bases, which are mostly verbs. The
only verb of which base is not a verb is discourage. Here is the table showing the
whole verbs containing prefix dis- in The Jakarta Post editorials.
no verb base (word class) morphological process freq
1 disappear appear (v) - 1
2 disclose close (v) - 1
3 discontinue continue (v) - 1
4 discourage courage (n) conversion 2
5 discover cover (v) - 2
6 discredit credit (v) - 1
7 displace place (v) - 2
[image:47.595.100.506.278.590.2]8 disregard regard (v) - 1
Table 4.1 Verbs containing prefix dis-
Based on the findings presented in the table above, almost every verb
started with prefix dis- had a verb base. In other words, the prefixed verbs were
formed from verbs. In fact, the prefix dis- is not a kind of verbaliser so that it does
not change the word class of its base. In her undergraduate thesis, Widyastuti
(2008, p. 22) states that compared to the whole words containing prefix dis-, there
are only 32.67% words which are categorised as verbs. It means that there are
67.33% words containing prefix dis- which are not attached to verb bases. From
the editorials, the researcher found seven verbs of which verb bases were attached
to. There was only one verb of which base was not a verb, i.e. discourage. The
another morphological process happens. The word became a verb without any
other affixation and other letters added, decreased or changed as well. In other
words, the only change happening was the word class. Thus, the conclusion is that
the morphological process happening was conversion.
Another fact revealed from the findings is that there was not any
morphophonology process found. It means that the bases of the verbs were still
visible when the prefix dis- had been attached to them. All the prefixed verbs can
be analysed into prefix dis- plus the base, e.g. disappear can be decomposed into
dis- plus appear; discontinue can be decomposed into dis- plus continue; and
discredit can be decomposed into dis- plus credit.
Related to the prefix dis-, there were some other phenomena which
hindered the researcher to firstly determine whether the verbs were modified by
prefix dis- or not. The first one was borrowing. There were some words borrowed
from other languages and the affixation happened in the donor language. For
example, the word is disburse. The researcher could not decompose this word into
prefix dis- and the base burse since the verb burse does not exist in English. This
prefixed word was adopted from French desbourser, which stands for des- (means
dis-) and bourser (means purse). It is not surprising when the word disburse is
related to purse since the verb means ‘pay out’ (www.merriam-webster.com).
Another morphological process found in the verb formation was back formation.
The verb which the researcher analysed as the product of the word-formation
Dictionary, the researcher found out that the verb disrupt comes from the word
disruption. The –ion ending is considered as a suffix added to form a noun from a
verb. Therefore, to form a verb, the English speakers usually remove the part
considered as the noun-forming suffix (-ion).
There were some unanalysable words due to the process of decomposition.
Some of them were not formed from the prefix dis- plus a verb base. The example
is distribute. It is not a result of a formation of the prefix dis- plus a word tribute.
Compared to the word contribute, it can be recognised that the word tribute exists
in English and some prefixes (e.g. dis- and con-) are possibly attached to the word
to yield other words (distribute and contribute). However, when the prefix dis-,
which brings contrary meaning, is attached to the tribute as considered above, the
meaning does not accord the whole word distribute itself. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the verb distribute is not a product of the prefix dis- discussed in
this research plus a base tribute.
The findings and the analysis conducted by the researcher showed that
there was one case involving conversion when the affixation happened. Because
of the nature of it, prefix dis- cannot yield a verb unless the base is a verb.
Besides, the verb affixation and any morphological process found in this category
did not blur the visibility of the bases so that the researcher could reveal the bases
first before doing further analysis on the morphological processes. Other
included in this category.
2. Prefix en-
All verbs containing the prefix en- in The Jakarta Post editorials occurred
15 times. In other words, one verb containing prefix en- occurred in almost every
two editorials. From the tally, each verb had a different frequency. The verbs
occurring the most often were enact and endanger, which occurred four times
each. Some other verbs (enforce, engulf, and envision) only occurred once each in
the month the editorials were published. There were seven different bases
constructing the verbs found. As seen from the table below, there were various
parts of speech constructing the verbs.
no verb base (word class) morphological process freq
1 enact act (v/n) - 4
2 endanger danger (n) - 4
3 enforce force (v/n) - 1
4 engulf gulf (n) - 1
5 enshrine shrine (v) - 2
6 ensure sure (adj) - 2
[image:50.595.99.511.280.589.2]7 envision vision (n) - 1
Table 4.2 Verbs containing prefix en-
The prefix en- is a kind of verbaliser, which means it always changes the
word class of its base into verb. However, the bases occurring in the editorials
come from various lexical categories; some are nouns (courage, danger, gulf);
there is one adjective (sure); and one verb as well (shrine). Katamba (1993) said
that the prefix en- attached to adjectives has a causative meaning (similar to
courage’. However,
