DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
PADA DUNIA PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL DAN GLOBAL
Tekanan Bisnis dan Respon Organisasi
Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit
Chairman of Stimik Perbanas
25 June 2002
Objectives
1.
Trend and Competition within the Education Environment in Indonesia
2.
The Strategic Role of Information Technology in Indonesian Higher
Learning Environment
3.
Issues on Implementing State-of-the-Art Education System:
–
Off-the-shelf based application
–
Customization based application
–
Tailor-made based application
4.
Specific Requirements of Indonesian University
5.
Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian University to Respond to the
Dynamic Change and Hostile Competition
–
Computer based education system
–
E-Learning education deliverables
Scope of Higher-Learning Education
•
University is the most complex organization entity within the education
environment
•
Subsets organization of university:
–
College (Sekolah Tinggi)
–
Academy (Akademi/Diploma)
–
Training Center (Pusat Pelatihan)
–
Center of Knowledge (Certification Center)
–
High School (SMU)
–
Secondary School (SMP)
–
Elementary School (SD)
–
Kindergarten and Pre-School (Taman kanak Kanak)
–
Cyber Learning (e-Learning)
–
Non-Formal Education
Trend and Competition within
the Education Environment in Indonesia
Indonesian Special Characteristics on Higher Learning
•
Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi (Main Processes)
–
Pendidikan dan Pengajaran [1]
–
Penelitian dan Pengembangan [2]
–
Pengabdian Masyarakat [3]
•
Struktur Perguruan Tinggi (Organization Structure)
–
Bidang Akademik dan Penelitian [A]
–
Bidang Administrasi, Keuangan, dan Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
–
Bidang Kemahasiswaan dan Kemasyarakatan [C]
Indonesian Higher Learning Process Taxonomy
Pendidikan dan
Pengajaran
[1]
Penelitian dan
Pengembangan
[2]
Pengabdian
Masyarakat
[3]
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik [A] [B]
Sumber Daya Manusia [B]
Akuntansi dan Keuangan [B]
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal [C] [D]
Revenue
Stream
Cost
Center
Core Processes
SAP Best Practice on Higher Learning
C
o
re
Pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
Su
p
p
o
rt
A
c
ti
v
iti
e
Main Stakeholders
Front Office Processes
Back Office Processes
Administrasi Umum dan Akademik
Sumber Daya Manusia
Akuntansi dan Keuangan Pendidikan dan Pengajaran
Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pengabdian Masyarakat
Kemahasiswaan dan Hubungan Eksternal
Foundation
Employees
Government Lecturers
Commu- nities Students
Industry Partners
Objectives Matrix
Front Office (Core Processes)
Back Office (Support Activities)
Students Quality of Deliverable Fast and Cheap Flexible
Lecturers Facility Quality Knowledge/Adaptability
Academic Environment
No Bureaucracy Flexible
Industry Partners New Profit Stream Contract Control
Communities New Products/Programs Continuing Study
Cheap Reachable
Other Universities Cross Registration Join Operation
Foundation More Revenue Cost Containment Leverage Investment
Employees Hands-Off Administration Good Salary/Benefits Empowerement
Government Regulation Compliancy Quality of Education
Standard Report Submission
Stakeholders
Competition Arena in Front Office
Our
University
Other University 1 Other University 2 Other University 3Students Lecturers
• Cheaper • Better • Faster
• Pendidikan dan Pengajaran • Penelitian dan Pengembangan • Pengabdian Masyarakat
in terms of
Competition Arena in Back Office
• Cheaper • Better • Faster
• Managing Resources
• Making Strategic and Operational Decisions
in terms of
• Cheaper • Better • Faster
The Strategic Role of Information
Technology in Indonesian Higher-
Learning Environment
The Role of IT in the Competition
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 1
Transaction Enabler
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 2
Decision Making Support
Role 3
Communication Tool
Role 3
IT Anatomy and Infrastructure
Supports and Services
Business and
Management
Transaction
Enabler
Decision
Support
System
Communication and
Networking Tools
1 2 3 Applications DatabasesHardware, Network and Communication
U
se
rs
&S
ta
ke
holde
rs
4 People and Structure
Logical Development of Academic IS
Applications
Portfolio
H/W, Network
&
Infrastructure
I.T. Departement
Structure
Policy and
Governance
Database
Mngt. System
Business
Processes
Tools and
Technology
Users and
Stakeholders Mngt.
Supports and
Services Mngt.
Data, Information,
&
Knowledge
Zachman Framework Principle
WHAT data HOW function WHERE network WHO people WHEN time WHY motivationENTITIES PROCESSES LOCATIONS ORGANISATION EVENTS STRATEGY GOALS
Scope and Objective
ENTITY RELATION PROCESS FLOWS LOGISTIC NETWORKING ORGANOGRAM BUSINESS SCHEDULE BUSINESS PLAN Business and Enterprise Model DATA MODEL DATA FLOWS SYSTEM TOPOLOGY USERS PROCESS STRUCTURE KNOWLEDGE ARCHITECTURE Information System Model DATA DESIGN STRUCTURE CHART SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE USERS INTERFACE CONTROL STRUCTURE KNOWLEDGE DESIGN Technology Constrained Model DATABASE DESCRIPTION PROGRAM SOURCE NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE SECURITY INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE BASE
Detailed Representation
DATA FUNCTIONS COMMUNICATION ORGANISATION SCHEDULE USE
Working System
1
2 3 4 5
Nature of Competition
WHAT data HOW function WHERE network WHO people WHEN time WHY motivationENTITIES PROCESSES LOCATIONS ORGANISATION EVENTS STRATEGY GOALS
Scope and Objective
ENTITY RELATION PROCESS FLOWS LOGISTIC NETWORKING ORGANOGRAM BUSINESS SCHEDULE BUSINESS PLAN Business and Enterprise Model DATA MODEL DATA FLOWS SYSTEM TOPOLOGY USERS PROCESS STRUCTURE KNOWLEDGE ARCHITECTURE Information System Model DATA DESIGN STRUCTURE CHART SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE USERS INTERFACE CONTROL STRUCTURE KNOWLEDGE DESIGN Technology Constrained Model DATABASE DESCRIPTION PROGRAM SOURCE NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE SECURITY INTERRUPTS
KNWLEDGE BASE
Detailed Representation
DATA FUNCTIONS COMMUNICATION ORGANISATION SCHEDULE USE
The Heart of Competition
1.
Business Process
•
Similar business process taxonomy, different tasks and procedures in
operations
2.
Data and Information
•
Typical requirements, different decision making style and requirements
for knowledge gathering and processing
3.
Technology
•
Common physical assets, different development strategy and value
creation activities
4.
People
•
Based on standard skills and competencies, different in managing
intelligent assets
5.
Policy
•
Following common practices, different in implementing good corporate
Issues on Implementing
State-of-the-Art Education System
The Impacts on Technology Strategy
Off-the-Shelf
Solution
Customization
Solution
Tailor-Made
Solution
Business Process
< 80% complianceno unique value
80–99% compliance unique value 100% compliance competitive advantage
Data and
Information
follow the ready-made report, no question
asked
customized based on specific detail requirements
tailored based on specific detail
requirements
Technology
required appropriatespecification to meet best performance
work good in multi-platform technology
environment
developed to meet the technology constraints
People
following programmerstyles presented in the user interface design
customized based on user’s style on using the
technology
tailored based on user’s
style on using the technology
Policy
based on the naturedevelopment of the solution
to-be-followed
customized to be aligned with organization policy
About the Project Management
Off-the-Shelf Solution Customization Solution Tailor-Made Solutionfit with the requirements < 80% 80-99% 100%
time development fast, ready to use not too fast, not too slow
extremely slow
quality very good, all system have undergone a series
of tests
quite good, each object within the system has been undergone a series
of tests
fair, since the testing stage is being done during the development
phases
cost high, based on the number of users involved/using the
system
value for money, usually flat rate/lump sum based on the modules
installed
high, based on the complexity and the time
required (man hours based project)
adaptability cannot cope with change, must use new
upgrade solution
adaptable to any change (object ready- made and
relation based)
rigid to change, should re-develop the solution
maintenance depend on the vendor or software developer
company
independent, assuming the blue print is given (not necessarily source
code)
Specific Requirements
of Indonesian University
How about in Indonesia ?
Full Independent Organization
• Market Based
• Customer Oriented
• Self Regulation
• Industry Convergence
Full Controlled by External Authorities
• Depdiknas
• Dikti
• Kopertis
• BAN
• Other Sectors
the trend
the fact
䇾
We are here
…
䇿
PRAGMATIC SOLUTIONS
• Off-the-shelf : 10%
• Customization : 65%
• Tailor-made : 25%
Dynamic Environment
Cubes of Education Governance
Internal External
University Faculty
Department College Academy Sister University Off Campus Long Distance Frequent Reports Ad-hoc Queries Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi Competence Skills Programs Org.
Entity Certification
Knowledge Research Royalty
What Need to be Done for External Governance
Examples:
•
Depdiknas
–
Kep. Mendiknas No.234/U/2000
–
Kep. Mendiknas No.184/U/2001
•
Dikti
–
Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.08/Dikti/Kep/2002
–
Kep. Dirjen Dikti No.108/Dikti/Kep 2001
•
Kopertis
–
Laporan berkala mengenai penyelenggaraan aktivitas pendidikan
–
Keputusan mengenai Jenjang Kepangkatan Akademik
•
Badan Akreditasi Nasional
–
Butir borang-borang akreditasi program studi
Example 1: Kep. Mendiknas No. 184/U/2002
•
Information required as Rincian Evaluasi Semester
–
Jumlah total mahasiswa terdaftar (student body)
–
Jumlah total dosen tetap dan honorer
–
Rasio jumlah dosen per jumlah mahasiswa
–
Prosentasi pencapaian sasaran kegiatan belajar mengajar dengan
mengacu pada jumlah jam pelaksanaan kegiatan perkuliahan
–
Rerata jumlah SKS yang diambil oleh setiap mahasiswa
–
Rerata IP semester dari setiap mahasiswa
–
Jumlah lulusan dan mahasiswa yang DO
–
Rasio jumlah lulusan dengan student body
–
Rerata lama studi mahasiswa
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
Example 2: Kep. Mendiknas No. 234/U/2000
•
Information required as Kajian dalam Evaluasi Tahunan
–
Rasio jumlah calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar dengan yang diterima
–
Distribusi mahasiswa berdasarkan pada propinsi/daerah asal SMU-nya
–
Rasio jumlah dosen tetap dengan total dosen
–
Distribusi dosen menurut pendidikan akademik tertingginya
–
Perkembangan fasilitas penunjang kegiatan belajar-mengajar
–
Jumlah penelitian yang dihasilkan, baik yang terpublikasi maupun tidak
Do we have the raw data regarding these needs?
Do we have the computer system to handle this?
Minimum Requirements for Example 1 and Example 2
Program Studi
Mahasiswa
Kurikulum Dosen
Fasilitas Universitas
䇾
Quite similar for
all universities seen
from the high level
of conceptual data
Technical Problems in Detail
Program Studi
Mahasiswa
Kurikulum Dosen
Fasilitas Universitas
䇾
Different data
Example 3: BAN Report
•
F. Mahasiswa dan Pembimbingnya
–
Pertumbuhan Jumlah Mahasiswa
–
Pertumbuhan Kelulusan Mahasiswa
–
Penguasaan Pengetahuan Dasar
–
Kemampuan Intelektual dan Kemandirian Mahasiswa
–
Sikap Akademik Mahasiswa
–
Partisipas Mahasiswa dalam Penelitian
–
Partisipasi Mahasiswa dalam Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat
–
Persyaratan Penerimaan Mahasiswa
–
Sistem Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Calon Mahasiswa
–
Pemberian Bantuan Bagi Mahasiswa
•
I. Pembiayaan
–
Anggaran Belanja
–
Pemanfaatan Anggaran Belanja
–
Rancangan Anggaran untuk 2 Tahun Mendatang
–
Sumber Dana untuk Pengembangan Dosen
–
Dana untuk Pengembangan Staf
Example 4: Other Quality Watch Ad-Hoc Queries
•
Sikap dan Kepedulian Dosen
•
Interaksi Dosen dan Mahasiswa
•
Pengembangan Dosen dan Tenaga Administrasi
•
Pengangkatan Dosen
•
Prasarana Belajar-Mengajar
•
Alat Bantu Pendidikan
•
Evaluasi terhadap Proses
•
Keluhan
•
Putus Kuliah
•
Aspek Penelitian
•
Orientasi Program Studi
•
Struktur Kurikulum
Data Condition
No System
Electronic Document Management
System Paper
Based Document
Filing System
Database Management
System
Yes
No
No
Yes
DIGITAL FORM STRUCTURE /
STANDARD
Database Anatomy
The Trend and the Challenge
Leicester
University
Binus/Curtin IPMI/Monash Trisakti/ECU
Universitas
Terbuka
ITB/IBI
Kelas Jarak Jauh
(Distance Learning)
Kampus Jarak Jauh
(Off Campus)
National
(Between Two or More Local Organizations)
International
(Between One/More International Organizations
Strategy and Tactics for Indonesian
University to Respond to the Dynamic
Change and Hostile Competition
New Ways of Learning
TRADITIONAL TEACHING
NEW LEARNING
Teacher-centered instruction
Student-centered instruction
Single-sense stimulation
Multisensory stimulation
Single-path progression
Multipath progression
Single media
Multimedia
Isolated work
Collaborative work
Information delivery
Information exchange
Passive learning
Active/inquiry-based learning
Factual, knowledge-based
Critical thinking, informed decision
making
Reactive response
Proactive/planned action
Education.com
•
What is online education ?
Main Principle
SAVE MONEY
2 Financial, Manufacturing, Services
1 Administrative MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution, Customer Service REMAIN IN BUSINESS
5 People Systems, Home Computers
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
2 Asset Management 1 Process Management ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the Industry
4 Restructuring of the Organization
3 Growth and Increase in Market Share
FUNCTIONAL USE MANAGEMENT FOCUS
Reducing Costs Leveraging Investment Enhancing Products and Services Enhancing Executive Decision Making Reaching the Consumer
Above the Line
Below the Line
1 2
3 4
The Prospect of the Business
In a knowledge-based economy,
education skills are the only game in town.
Dr. Lester Thurow
Professor of Economics and Management, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Development Strategy
Stage 4 CONSTRUCTION Stage 1 PLANNING Stage 2 ANALYSIS Stage 3 DESIGN Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION Stage 6 MAINTENANCE• Business Plan
• Organization Plan
• RIP
• Position of IT
• Requirement
Analysis
• IT Master Plan
• SW, HW, BW
• Off-the-shelf
• Customization
• Tailor-Made
• No need to
design
for off-the-shelf
• Object design
for
Customization
• Technical
design for Tailor-made
• Installation
phase
for off-the-shelf
• Relationship
building
for customization
• Programming
for
tailor-made
• Migration if
legacy system exists
• Managing
change if no system has been introduced
• Evaluation
Project Scope
Implementation
Strategy
PILOT FULL BLOWN
CU T O F F P A RA L L E
L
Risk
= A
Money = C
People = A
Time
= B
Risk
= C
Money = E
People = C
Time
= C
Risk
= B
Money = A
People = C
Time
= C
Risk
= E
Money = C
People = E
Time
= A
Future = Feature of Your Unique IT Solutions
Enrollment
management
Faculty
hiring
Teaching
Research &
scholarship
Faculty
Student
sims
Faculty
sims
Tuition,
Financial
aid
Faculty
budgets
Faculty
salaries
New
students
New
faculty
Courses
taken
Courses
passed
Grads &
drops
Continuing
faculty
Courses
taught
Research
time
Research
projects
Departures
Synergies
Other determinants of satisfaction
Other determinants of satisfaction
Financial
aid
Student life
Athletics
Financial results
Performance indicators
Trustee evaluation
Continuing
students
Development
Endowment
Resource
allocation:
Facilities
1. Revenue &
expenditure
2. Allocation
3. Faculty
hiring
Conclusion
OLD ORGANIZATION
+
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
=
