ANNEX 8:
າ ້
່ າ ້ ລະ ່ ິ
່ າ ້
ລາວ
ະ
.
ລາວັ
ະ ວັ ວົ
ົ ວ ້ າ
ົ
່ າ ້
ົ້ າ າ ້ ົ
1.
ົ ລະ ັ
ວາ ົ ົ
່ າ ້ ້
້ ້ 70% 2020
າ ້
່ າ ້ ່ ່
້ ້ 6 ລ້າ ັ
າ ລະ
້
້ ້ 5
ັ
າ
2.
ະ
ະລ
ິ
ະ ັ ່ າ ້
າ ່
າ ົ
້
າ
ລະ ັ
າ ້ າ ລາ ັ
ົ ວ ະ
່ ວ
າ ້ າ
ລາ ັ
່
າ ລະ ລາ ັ
ັ
າ ່ າ ະ
3.
ະ ລັ ະິ
ັ
, ັ ັ ລະ ່
າ ່ ັ
ະ ລັ
ະ າະ
ລະ ັ ່
ົ່
່
າ ້
່ າ ້ ລະ ່
່ າ ້່ ້ າ ົ
ັ
3 ະ
່ າ :
1.
່ າ ະລ
ິ
: 51 ່
(3,1 ລ້າ ັ
າ)
2.
່ າ ະ ວ (
4
,
7
ລ້າ
ັ
າ)
3.
່ າ ້
ັ : ົ້ າ າ າ
ົ ້ ່ ້ ້ 8,2 ລ້າ
ັ ລວ ົ
າ
ະ
•
ວາ ົ
້
່ າ ້
າ
າ ັ
ະ
ລາວ
າ ່ ຽ
ະ າ
1%
າ ລົ
້ ລົ ະ າ
1%
8
່ າ
າ
(
າ
41.5%
2002
າ ັ
40.3%
2010) .
້
,
້ ່ ່ າ ່ ັ ່
ລະ
່
າ ້
່ າ
່
ັ
່
ລະ
ັ ລະ ັ
າ ົ າ່່ ວ່າ
20% (
ະ າ
2
ລ້າ ັ
າ
)
່ ວ
່
່
້
ລວ ົ້ າ າ
.
•
ວາ ົ
້
່ າ ້
າ ລົ
າ
້
ັ
າ ່ ວ
1.1%
່ ລະ າ
າ
0.4%
່ . ່ ວ
າ
າ ່
້
0.7%
່ .
•
າ ລົ
ວາ ົ
້
່ າ ້ ່ ັ
ັ
້ ະ ້ ່
່
ວ ລິ າ
ລະ າ ່ ວ . ່
່ ລົ າ ວ່າ ່ ົ ່ ່
ວ າລະວັ ,
ລະ າ
າ ັ
(
ັ
າ ່ ວ ລົ
13-16%)
•
້ ່
່
າ າ ້
ັ
່ າ ້ ້ ່
້ າ ັ
້
່ ່ າ ້
ະ າ
ັ
ະ ະລວ
1.
້
ົ
ັ
ັ
າ ່
່
າ ົ
້
ະ ັ ່ ້
າລາ
(9.550.000
)
2.
້
່ ່ າ
້ າ ັ
່ າ ້
3.
້ າ
່ າ
້ ່ າ ້
(
່ າ າ ົ
ລະ
າ ລ
ິ
າ
ິ່
ວ
ລ້
)
4.
ົ າ າ ້
ັ
ັ ່ າ ້ ັ
ວຽ
ວ ົ ະ
ົ
ະ
ລະ າ ລ
ິ
າ ່ າ າ ລະ ົ
ັ
ວາ ້
າ ້ ວ ົ ່ າ ່ ່
າວ າ
5.
ະ ົ
ະ າ
າ ັ
ະ າ່ າ ້ ້
ວາ ົ
ຽວ ົ້ າ
ັ
າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ່
(
ັ່
:
າ ັ ັ ລະ
ັ
ະ າ ່ ິ
,
າ ົ
ະິ ິ
າ
າ
ະລ
ິ
ະິ າ
, )
ວ າ
(3)
[3]
່ າ ະ ວ
(4
,
7
ລ້າ ັ
າ
):
•
່ ້ າ
ັ
ັ ້
່ າ ະ ວ
່
າ າ
ວ າ າ
ະ ລັ ະ ົ
ະ າ າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ລັ
•
ະ ັ ັ້
າ ້
າ ້
າລາ ່
ົ
ລະ
າ
ະ າິ
ົ
າ
,
້
REDD+
ລະ
PES
ັ
ົ
ະ
້
•
້ າ ວາ
າ າ
ວ າ
(4)
.
່
3
ະ
່ າ ້
[1]
່ ່ າ ້ ົ
້
(2
,
9
ລ້າ ັ
າ
):
•
ັ
າ ້ ່ ່ ່ າ ົ
ວ້ ່ ້
າລາ ລະ ່
້
ັ ່ ຽ
່ າ າ ້ ່ ິ
່
•
່ າ ົ
່ າ ້
ັ
່
າ ລະ
ິ ິ າ
ັ
ັ
້ າວ
(
້
່ ັ້ ່ ້ າ
1
ລະ
2)
•
ັ້
າ ັ ັ ້
່ າ ້ ້ າ
(
ັ
ະ
າ າ ວາ
າ ້ ່ ິ
ັ້ ້ າ ລະ ່
້ າ ິ
ັ
ັ
າ ົ
ະລ
ິ
ະ າ
າ
ະລ
ິ
ະິ າ ລະ າ ້ ົ
້ ່
າະ ົ ັ່
: REDD+; PES;
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ລະ
້
່ ່ າ ລະ ້ ່
າ າລະ ະ ່
ລະ ່ າ ລະ ົ
ະ
່
; agroforestry (
ັ້
່
້ າ
3);
ວ າ
(5)
[2]
່ ັ
າ
າ ົ
້
່ າ ້
•
າ ົ
່ ່
ລະ ່ າ
່ ະ ້
ັ
່ າ ້ ້
ລະ ້ ລ
ິ
ະິ
່ ້
່ ່ າລັ ່
ລ ະ ່ ະ າ ັ
້
່ ່ າ ້
(
່ ່
າະ ່
າ
ະລ
ິ
ະິ າ
-
ິ
,
ວາ ັ
ລະ ່ ັ້ ລວ ັ ້ ່ ່ າ ່
ັ້
່ ້ າ
1
ລະ
2)
•
າ
້
ະ ະ າ
່ ິ
່
(
າ
າ
500.000
) (
້ ົ
າ ົ າ
່ າ
ະລ
ິ
າ
າ
ັ
່ ິ
່ າ ້ າ ລ
ິ
າ
ລະ ົ
ິ ວ ັ
າ ລ່ລຽ ່ າ າ ຽ ່ ິ
່
ະ ້
້
າ
ັ
່ າ ້ ່
່
າ
່ າ ລ
ິ
າ
ວ າ
(6)
•
ົ
ະິ ິ
າ ລະ ົ
າ ້
າ າ ະ າ ່ ິ
(
້ ົ
າ ົ າ
່ າ
ະລ
ິ
າ າ
ັ
່
ິ
່ າ ້ າ ລ
ິ
າ
ລະ ົ ິ ວ ັ
າ ລ່ລຽ ່ າ
າ ຽ ່ ິ
່
ະ ້
້
າ ັ
່ າ ້ ່
່
າ
່ າ ລ
ິ
າ ິ່
ວ ລ້
່ າ
).
•
້
າ
້
າ
,
້
່
າ າລະ ະ
,
້ າ
,
າ ້ າ
ລະ
ົ ວ
(
່
່
າ ່ າ ້
)
•
້
້ າ
່ ່ າ ່
ລະ
່ າ ລະ ົ
ະ
່
.
•
້ າ
້
ະ ະ າ
ະ ົ
ະ າ ັ
າ
ະິ າ
ັ
ລະ ັ ົ ວ
ລະ ະ າ
່
ວ າ
(7)
[3]
າ
ະ າ ່ າ ັ
•
້ າ ວາ
ະ າ ່
າ າ ້ ່ ິ
ະິ າ ລະ
່ າ ້ ລວ ລະ ັ
າ
,
ວ ລະ
.
•
າ ົ
ົ
າ ລະ ່
ວາ ັ ິ
້
່ ລະ ັ້
ລະ ່ ລະ າ ່ ວ ່ ຽວ ້
້ ະ ້
້
ັ້
ວ
າ ິ
າ
ວ
າ
ິ ັ ວ
ິ
•
້ າ ິ ິ າ ່ າ ັ
່ າ
ັ າ
ະິ ັ
າ ້
່ ິ
ລະ ້
ວາ ັ ິ
າ
ະິ ັ ິ ິ າ
1
ANNEX 9:
Current Status of Community
Based Forest Management
in Lao PDR
(
in collaboration with RECOFTC)
Presented by Phomma Pathoummavong
ະ
າ
ລະິ ິ າ ະ ັ
ະ
CBFM
ົ
າ ່ າ ້
ະ າ ່ າ ້
2020
ລະ ຽ
າ
່
ັ
ົ
ະ
ະ ັ
ລ
0204
ະ າ ັ
າ ່ າ
ລະ ວ່າ ້ າ
ລະ
າ ັ
ັ້
່ າ
(
ລັ
,
າ
/
້ ະ ັ
ະ
່ າ
).
ະ
,
ລັ ະ ະ
ລະ ະ າ
າ ັ ັ
້
່ າ ້
ະ ັ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ ່ ວ
(PSFM)
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້ າ ະ
(
່ ັ ່ ັ
ັ
ັ
ລະ
ັ ່ ັ
້ ະ
າ ິ
ະ າ
)
່ າ
ົ
,
ົ ວ
່ າ
າ ັ
າ
: 2+3, 1+4
ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
່ ວ
່ າ ້ ່ ລັ ້
3
ະ
່ າ
:
1.
່ າ ະ ວ
:
-
າ ວາ
າ ້ ່ ິ
,
່ ິ
່ ່ າ ້ ້ າ
ລະ
ົ ວ
້
າ ້
(PLUP)
ັ
ົ
-
າ າ ົ
້
ລະ າ ້ ່
່ າ
ົ
,
້
່
ະ ລັ
້ າ ່
ັ ົ
-
່
້ ້ າ ັ
ັ
ັ
່
າ ່
່ ຽວ
:
້ າ
້ າ
,
ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
່ ວ
(
່
)
2.
ັ
ັ ່ າ ະລ
ິ
(SUFORD):
-
າ ວາ
າ ້ ່ ິ
,
່ ິ
່ ່ າ ້ ້ າ
ລະ
ົ ວ
້
າ ້
(PLUP).
-
າ າ ົ
້
ລະ າ ້ ່
່ າ
ົ
,
້
່
ະ ລັ
້ າ
,
່
່ ຽວ າ ວັ
ະ ະ າ….
-
າ ວາ
ັ
ັ
າ ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ະລິ
າ
່ ວ ່ ວ
(PSFM):
ົ້
,
້
່ າ
,
ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
່ ວ
(
່
)
-
າ
SUFORD 9
ວ
, 16
່ າ ະລ
ິ
,
310
້ າ
້ ັ ິ
້ າ
າ
າ
າ ວ
4.000
ລາ ະ ະລັ
/
້ າ
ລະ
411
້ າ
້ ັ ິ
້ າ
າ ວ
8.000
ລາ ະ ະລັ
(
ັ
ວ
່
ລະ
ວ ົ່ າ
)
ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
່ ວ
(
່
)
3
ະ
່ າ
:
-
າ ວາ
າ ້ ່ ິ
,
່ ິ
່ ່ າ ້ ້ າ
ລະ
ົ ວ
້
າ ້
(PLUP).
-
າ າ ົ
້
ລະ າ ້ ່
່ າ
ົ
ລະ
ວາ
ັ
ັ
:
- 4
້ າ
າ
,
ວ ລ
ິ າ
້ ັ
າ ັ້
້
່
ະ ລັ
ວາ
້ າ
1.142
,
ົ້
ວາ
20.000
ັ້
່ າ
,
າ
ະ ່ າ ່
າ ົ່
2640
,
ັ
4
້ າ
່ າລາ ັ
ັ
້ າ
ລະ
ົ ວ
າ
ລະ ົ
າ ັ ັ ່ າ ້
າ
່ ວ
່ ວ
(
່
)
-
້ າ ້ າ
,
າ ້
ວ ົ
ະິ ັ
ັ
ັ
່ າ ່
້ ົ
້ າ 600
່
້ າ ັ
ິ
ັ
ະ າ ້ າ 20
-
30 ລ້າ
/
ລະ ັ
່ ລາ ັ
ັ
າ
າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ົ ້
າ
ັ
ະ າ
່ າ ້
ວາ ້
າ
ະິ ັ ິ ິ າ, ິ ລະ ວາ
ັ ິ
ັ້ ້ າ
ວາ ັ້
ລະ ວາ
າ າ
ະ ັ
າ ່
ຽ
ັ
້ າ ັ
ະ າ ັ ້ າ ລະ
າ າ ້ ່ າ ະ າ
່
ະ ະ
ົ້ າ
າ ັ
ະ າ ັ່ ່ າວ ່
ຽ
ວາ
າ
າ າ
ວາ ້
າ ່ ິ
ັ ວາ ົ
ັ :
ິ່
້ າ າ
ວາ
າ
າ າ
າ ົ່
າ ລັ ະ ່
ຽ ລ້ວ ະ ັ
າ
້ າ
ະິ ັ
່ າ ລັ .
າ ່ ້ າ ລະ ົ່
ວາ
າ
າ າ
ະ ັ
າ ັ້
ົ້ າ
່ ິ
ະ າ າ ັ
ະ າ ້ າ ົ ້
າ ັ
ະ າ
ະ ັ
້ າ
່ ່ ້ ັ
ັ
ັ
່ ວ .
າ
່ ້
ະ າ, ່
ະິ ັ ລະ າ ັ ັ
້ ລະ ຽ າ
ະ
ັ
້ ່
ວ້າ ວາ , ົ່ ວ ິ
າ
າ ່ າ ັ
່ ັ
ະ ່ າ
້
່ ຽ ່
ະ ້ ລະ
ວາ
ົ
າ ່ ຽ
ະ ົ
າ າ ້ ິ
່ າ ້ ັ
ວ້າ ວາ : າ ະ າ
...
ANNEX 10:
Forest Tenure Reform in Vietnam:
Some Considerations
Nguyen Quang Tan, PhD
RECOFTC
–
The Center for People and Forests
Background to Vietnam
Population: 86 million (2009)
Rural upland population: est.
25 million
Forest area: 13.3 million ha
(39.1% coverage)
Successful
agricultural
land
reform placed VN among top
rice exporters in the world
Forest tenure reform taken
Drivers of forest tenure reform
•
Quick
decline
in forest area after reunification in 1975
•
State forest enterprises
(SFE) mainly focused on
timber logging, had
weak capacity
to manage forest
•
Poor participation
of non-state actors, particularly
local communities, in management of forest
resources
•
Poor livelihoods
of forest dependent communities
•
Trends
in forest devolution and decentralization
around the world
Forest land allocation to households
Legal framework:
•
1991 Forest Protection and Development Law:
participation of individuals, households and different
economic sectors in forest management
•
1993 Land Law: rights to lease, inherit, exchange,
mortgage, and transfer land-use titles
•
1994 GOV Decree 02/CP on allocation of forest land
•
1995 GOV Decree 01/CP on contracting of land for
agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture purposes
•
1999 GOV Decree 163 on leasing of land for forestry
Forest land allocation to households…
Process
:
•
Forest land allocation
(FLA) to individuals and
households along with landuse titles (50 years and
renewable), focusing on
non-forested forest land
(for reforestation purpose)
•
Forest contracting
to individuals and households,
focusing on
natural forest
for protection purpose
Forest land allocation to villages
Legal framework:
•
2003 Land Law: recognizing the legal status of village
communities in land tenure
•
2004 Forest Protection and Development Law:
recognizing legal status of village communities in
forest management
Process:
•
FLA to communities piloted since late 90s.
•
National CFM project phase 1 in 2006-2009, phase 2
Outputs of forest tenure changes
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Outputs of forest tenure changes…
Contribution to local livelihoods: In midland area with
access to market, change in forest tenure:
o
creates legal access to forestland
o
offers contribution to secure returns from
investment
o
contribute to the increased livelihoods from forest
Shortcomings
Large area of forest (18% of total forest area) is yet
to be allocated
FLA results are unclear in the remote upland with
poor market access.
FLA mainly focuses on timber production, little
attention to other forest products and services, which
are closely connected to local life
Allocation of forest rights to individual households is
not appropriate to customary practice of collective
forest management in the upland
Weak capacity of local authorities (in the upland
Opportunities
REDD+ and PES programs in preparation
–
potentials for more income from forests
Community forest management as one of the
priorities for forestry sector
State commitment to further allocate forestland to
Challenges and key remaining issues
•
Review FLA experiences nation-wide
•
Acknowledge diverse outputs -> need to revise
management planning and benefit-sharing
procedures
•
Recognize multiple management traditions -> Expand
FLA to villages & support local forest governance
•
Improve capacity for supporting forestry
•
Expand support to community forestry
Forest tenure reform is not the means
to an end
Thank you for your attention!
ANNEX 11:
Forest Tenure Reform: Experience
from Nepal
Main Message
Reforming Forest Tenure, and
Introduction
Rational for Forest Tenure Reform
Formulation of Reform and Institutional
Arrangements
Key Attributes of Community Forestry
Major Outcomes and Achievements
•
Mostly mountainous, high diversity in ethnic
composition and biodiversity
•
About 85 % rural and highly dependent on
remittance, agriculture and forests
•
Population now about 27 million, per capita
income about $ 800
•
Department of Forests is the largest Land
Management agency covering all of the 75
districts
•
Presently forests and shrubland cover about
Nationalization of Forests (1957) alienated the
local people from forests
Forest Agency as a big land lord
–
Principle
Agent Problem
Accelerated Deforestation and Degradation
Dilemma in forest management
◦
Who Can better produce both goods and
public Services from forests?
◦
Who has the access and control over the
forest?
Tragedy of Deforestation
•
External Explanation:
–
“Fuel Wood Crisis” Losing Ground (
Echolm, 1976)
–
“Gap Analysis” World Bank (1978) Malthusian
Drama in Nepal?
•
External Solution:
–
Technical quick fix or massive plantation Forestry
•
Internal Explanation:
–
First Conference of Nepalese Foresters (1975)
–
Who are the Knowledge and Right holders in
Forestry?
•
Internal Solution: Lateral Thinking
–
Nepal Forestry Plan 1976,
–
Revision of Forest Act and incorporation of PF, PPF,
•
Panchayat Forest
–
Plantation forests, assigned
to Village Panchayat, All the benefit to local
Panchayat, Area limit 125 ha
•
Panchyat Protected Forest- Degraded forests,
assigned to Village Panchayat, Revenue sharing
75% Local Panchayat, and 25% Government,
Area limit to 500 ha
•
Leasehold Forest- Degraded forest on lease to
produce forest products
•
District Forest Officer to execute these
Master Plan for Forestry Sector 1988
Local Institutions recognized as the foundation of forest
management
◦
Concept of Users Group from Decentralization Act
1982
◦
Entrusting the forest users with rights to manage
forests, and receive all the income from Forests
◦
Recognizing CFUGs as autonomous and
self-governing institutions
◦
Changing the role of forest agency staff to advisors
and extensionists and retraining them for their new
role
Reorganization of forest agency
Crafting of new forest act 1993 and Forest regulations of
•
National Forest classified based on Tenure and
Management.
•
Land Belongs to the State but management or
forest tenure rights is assigned to different entities
–
Community Forest Users Group as Community Forest
–
Poor Households formed in groups as Leasehold Forest
–
Religious entities as Religious Forests
–
National Forest assigned as Protection Forest
–
Government as Government Managed Forests
Community Forest is the part of the
National Forest handed over to the
Community Forest User Group (CFUGs)
for its development, protection and
utilization.
•
Land belongs to the government
•
Use and management of CF by the CFUG
•
Regulation by CFUG and Forest Agency Staff
CFUGs are Registered at the District Forest
Office
Group of forest users (HHs) adjoining a forest
It has a charter of association
CFUGs are autonomous, self-governing
and independent organizations
Users have
Access, Withdrawal, Use and
General Assembly of the Users makes decisions to
be implemented by Exe. Committee
Operation Plan (OP) of CF is Prepared by CFUG
with the Support of Forest Agency Staff
The OP is a legal Contract Between CFUG and
DFO. It is of 5 to 10 Years Duration.
Sales and Distribution of Forest Products Done by
CFUG
Product Sales for Subsistence use
–
Simple
Product Sales for Commerce
–
Complicated
CFUG has a Fund from the sale of Forest
products and others. It is used for forest
management (25%), livelihood promotion
(35%), and community development.
Annual Report has to be given to DFO.
DFO is the Gate Keeper of forest. Can take
various actions against the CFUG and Its
members.
FECOFUN is strong in advocating the rights
Total number of CFUG = 16,937
Households involved = 2.1 mill. HH (over 40 %
of the total population )
Total area of community forests handed over =
1.57 mill. Ha.
Community Forest generates more income
than the remaining National Forests
Out of total forest area of 5.8 million ha,
0
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Jiri after 32 years
1968
2000
All types
Sal forest
Katus-chilaune
Carbon Biomass Carbon Biomas
s
•
)ncludes only tree carbon above and below ground i.e. not shrubs/litter and soil organic C
Conclusions
•
All forest types have increased their biomass (and carbon) significantly from
1994-2008
Infrastructure
Development
36%
Harvesting and
Institutional Innovation has to precede Technical
Innovation.
Devolving rights on resources to local people is necessary.
Detraining and retraining of forest agency staff is essential.
Piloting and practice should inform policy formulation.
Working closely with political masters and other
stakeholders.
Achievement in terms of and empowerment and better
forests in the hills, difficult in the commercial forests.
Complexities in Commercial Harvesting
–
Iron triangle of
rent capture.
Fatigue Forest Administration.
Major Political Transition/State Restructuring Process .
The process of muddling through in policy reform is still
continuing.
Kanel, Keshav: So Far So Good: Next Steps in
Community Forestry. In Ghate Rucha, et. al (eds.)
Promise, Trust, and Evolution: Managing the
Commons of South Asia.
Oxford University Press
Inc. New York. 2008.
Kanel, Keshav, et. al: Re-inventing Forestry
Agencies: Institutional Innovation to Support
Community Forestry in Nepal. In Patrick Durst, et.
al (eds.)
Reinventing Forestry Agencies:
ANNEX 12:
Experience of Brazil in
Forest Policy Reform and
Forest Tenure
National Workshop on
Forest Tenure and Policies in Lao
PDR
Suggested subjects
•
Why forest tenure reform happened
•
How was reform enacted and
implemented in relation to policy, legal and
institutional arrangement, funding and
capacity building
•
What is the current status and what are the
outcomes of tenure reform on the ground for
different stakeholders such as government,
local communities, and business people
•
Key consideration for successful tenure
Changes in forest tenure and policy
•
23 years process
•
Landmarks
–
Democracy -1985
–
1988 Constitution
•
Environment + indigenous people rights
–
Death of Chico Mendes - 1988
–
Rio 1992 and international context
•
Perception by public, media and government
of the need to stop deforestation and protect
native Brazilian and traditional population
Initial
Changes
•
Increase in the area alocated to native
Brazilians and traditional populations
•
New approaches to conservation areas
and settlements to allow for sustainable
use
•
Creation of a single environmental agency
•
Deforestation control as policy focus
Deforestation inside and outside
protected areas
inside outside proportion
Source:Ferreira et al, 2005
Recent changes
•
Deforestation increase in 2003
•
Integrated policy approach to control deforestation
(2004)
–
14 ministries working together
•
The positive agenda
–
Creation of Brazilian Forest Service (2006)
–
Concession of public forests (2008)
–
Community Forestry
–
National Plan and Policy on Climate Change
Strategies
Institutional Reform of the Forest Apparatus
1.
To include forests in the Presidential agenda
2.
To establish a committee where government, civil society and
business can work together on the definition of guidelines for
forests
3.
To create rules and regulations for public forests management
4.
To create a specific institution to deal with forests at the central
government level
5.
To create a funding mechanism for forest activities
National Program For Community Forestry
•
Coordinated by Forestry Service
and
Ministry of Agrarian Reform
•
Other agencies are members of the
council
•
First concept presented at Acre in 2007
•
First plan launched in 2009
National Program For Community Forestry
Potential for forest management
Type of
tenure
Agency
Use
Area (ha)
Indigenous
lands
Ministry of Justice
Non-timber
105,672,003
Private
Multiple,
standard intensity
48,000,000
Settlement
Ministry of Agrarian
Reform
Multiple,
standard intensity
16,839,313
Conservation
area
Ministry of
Environment
Deforestation rates
in 3 Amazonian States
km
2
/y
ea
Climate change
•
National Plan for Climate Change (2008)
–
reduce deforestation through
•
Command and control
•
Support sustainable forest use
–
Promote reforestation (2x present area by
2020)
•
Amazon Fund
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
•
Ministry of Agrarian Reform
•
Large number of people were attracted to
the Amazon by settlement projects, official
and private.
•
Many settlers are not legally entitled to the
land they occupy
•
As a result, they can’t access bank credit
Programa Terra Legal
(Legal Land Program)
•
Terms for access
–
Land occuppied before 2004
–
Cannot have another rural property
–
Land cannot be inside conservation area,
indigenous peoples lands, settlement, etc
–
Up to 1,500 ha
Present situation
•
Slow progress and a couple of setbacks
•
Political forces grouped around traditional
view on the use of natural resources
–
geographical area where agriculture is main
economic activity
–
agribusiness production chain
–
Conservatives
•
Changes in the Forest Code
Luiz Carlos Joels
1/25/2012
1
Department of Rural Forestry Reform and Development, SFA,
China Xinghong
ANNEX 13:
Chinese Reform of the Collective
Forest Tenure System
——For Grassroots' Benefits From Forestry
outline
•
1.Background
•
2.Core content
•
3.Chief measures
1/25/2012
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Since the founding of the People’s
1/25/2012
3
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
Forest inadequate supply
Low forest quality
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Rural poverty
By the end of 2010, the rural peoples average per person net income reached ¥5919 yuan ,less than 1/3 of the city peoples
1/25/2012
4
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Forest inadequate supply
China's per-capita forest area and stocking volume lag far behind the worlds average level. Forest
coverage rate is just 2/3 globe average,row in the 139th, per person forest area is 0.145ha, less than 1/4 world average, stocking volume is 1/7 world average.
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
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5
1.1Current and Emerging Challenges
Low forest quality
The contradiction between supply and demand of wood intensifies, forest resources growth cannot meet the demand for the economic and social development.
1.2Problems
vaguely defined ownership
unspecified operational entity
inflexible operation mechanism
1/25/2012
6
In order to free and develop the productive forces in the forestry section, promote modern forestry, increase farmers' income and advance the ecological civilization, Chinese government has launched reform of the collective forest tenure system.
The reform first took place in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, focusing on clarifying forest rights, giving individual more management freedom, regulating forestland transfer, and reducing tax burden.
1/25/2012
7
1.3 The reform has significant and profound strategic meaning
The reform is upon the request to stabilize and improve the fundamental management system in rural areas.
The reform is the strategic measure to increase the employment and income of rural people.
The reform is the driving force to promote the modern forestry development.
The reform significant to accelerate the transformation of national economic development mode
The reform promotes the balancing and coordinating development between urban and rural area.
On the premise of the collective forestland ownership, the implementation of forestland contractual management rights and ownership of trees according to the law to farmers of the collective economic organization by way of household contract so as to establish the main body position of farmers as forestland contractors.
1/25/2012
8 There are five main areas of reforms:
the clarification of property rights the demarcation and certification the devolution of power of management the implementation of disposal rights. the protection of the right to earnings
2.core content
2.core content
1/25/2012
9
2.1 the clarification of property rights
To contract forestland use rights and owner-ship of trees to farmers mainly by division of forestland to households supplemented by division of shares and benefits.
2.core content
Forestlands suitable for contracting
Household Contract Management System
Forestlands not suitable for contracting
Equal Shares, Equal Benefits
Tailor measures to suit local conditions, and conduct diversified guidance
1/25/2012
10
Group Discussion on Forest Reform
Schemes among villagers
Who cultivates who owns, with equal rights
Forest Lands Contracts
1/25/2012
11
2.2the demarcation and certification
To issue the forest warrant of the nationwide uniform pattern to ensure that the chart and the warrant holder match well up with the warrant respectively, based on the
investigation of four boundaries (referring to the boundaries between a piece of land and its adjacent land).
1/25/2012
12
δ72.9%ε δ15.4%ε
2.3the devolution of power of
management
For the commercial forests, farmers can be
independent in management according to the law. For the public-benefit forests, without destroying ecological functions, farmers can rationally use forest resources by law.
1/25/2012
13
2.4the implementation of disposal rights.
Without a change of collective land
ownership and forestland uses, forest
ownership and forestland use rights
are allowed for rental, shares,
mortgage and transfer.
2.core content
2.5the protection of the right to earnings
Earnings belong to farmers and business
operators, except for payments
according to national regulations and
contracts.
1/25/2012
14
3.Measures
To pay great attention to forest reforms.
To provide a strong guarantee for the
3.1To pay great attention to forest
reforms.
Five-level secretaries of the communist party committee grasp forestry
Five leading groups are engaged in forest reforms for secretaries of the communist party committee of
1/25/2012
15
1/25/2012
16
According to the Document 10. Party Committees and governments at all levels must take this reform as a
priority item in their agenda and make every effort to ensure its success
1/25/2012
17
3.Measures
3.2To provide a strong guarantee for
the forest right reform.
A working mechanism featuring county (city) exercising direct leadership, township organizing the implementation, village and group going about the execution and
departments providing services should be established, while giving full play to the role of grassroots party organizations in the countryside.
1/25/2012
18
35 thousands forestry reform offices at all levels had been
established.
Great efforts have been made in
guidance, publicity and training by
forest departments
Measures
1/25/2012
19
Measures
Forest reform staffs members take pains to explain and publicize policies from door to door, help formulate programs, answer questions, deal with disputes about forest rights, survey and delimit boundaries, standardize file
1/25/2012
20
3.Measures
3.4To push the forest reform and serve
the reform
A powerful force has been established owing to the departments’
implementation of policies that support the forest reform.
The General Office of CCCPC and General Affairs Office of the State
Council carry out supervision over the implementation of the No.10 document of CCCPC and the decisions of the
central forestry working conference.
3.Measures
The State Development and Reform
Commission, and the Ministry of Finance, etc. actively support and implement
forest reform.
3.6billion RMB yuan (1-1.5yuan /mu) from center government aided reform, start middle-aged forest and young forest
cultivation and forest insurance premium subsidies pilots, improve the central
financial interest subsidies for forestry loan, lower the proportion of forest
cultivation levy fund, and increase forest ecological benefit compensation
1/25/2012
21
3.Measures
The People’s Bank, the Ministry of
Finance, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Insurance
Regulatory Commission, etc have jointly issued guiding opinions to strengthen financial services.
3.Measures
To carry out the reform in an open by the laws
In strict accordance with Forest Law, Law of Contracting Land in rural areas, Property Law, Villager
Committee
1/25/2012
22
Relating laws
To operate according to the procedure of
1/25/2012
23 Signatures are required for notice of
villager group meetings; check in for villager group meeting; villager
group’s implementation programs;
woodland boundary confirmation;
contracts, villager committee’s resolution on villager group’s
implementation program.
Signatures of Villagers on villager
group’s implementation programs
1/25/2012
24
Bulletins of villager group’s
1/25/2012
25
3.Measures
So far,There are 164 million ha collective-owned forestland contracted to farmers, accounting for 92% of the total.
The license area covers 141 million ha，
accounting for 86% of the total. There are 82 million farmers who have
obtained forest right certificates, and over 300 million of farmers have
benefited directly from the reform.
4.Initial achievements
Farmers’ zeal and potential are
released
The forestry industry investment
increases rapidly.
Farmers receive a great deal of benefits
A large number of forest ownership
disputes has been mediated.
Relations between the cadres and
1/25/2012
26
4.Initial achievements
4.1Farmers’ zeal and enormous potential are released for they are treated as the master of the forestland.
1/25/2012
27
Initial achievements
Because they ‚regard mountains as their farmland, think of trees as vegetables‛, they are willing to invest and operate, and thus benefit more and more from the forestland. The national woodland direct yield has increased from RMB￥5.6 per ha. in 2003 to RMB￥13.2 per ha. in 2010.
4.Initial achievements
1/25/2012
28
4.2 The forestry industry has
become a popular investment spot with the devolution of forestland
managerial rights and ownership of trees .
Initial achievements
4.Initial achievements
Numerous industries have been shooting up, such as seedling cultivation, fruit of
economic forest, bamboo & rattan, flowers; forest tourism; woody grain and oil, etc.; planting fungi, mushrooms, herbs,
vegetables in the forests; raising chickens, pigs, rabbits, frogs, etc.
1/25/2012
29
Raising chickens
1/25/2012
30
Initial achievements
According to statistics, 36 million jobs were created in 19 provinces that had launched the forest reform, which made an important contribution to maintaining social stability in response to the international crisis.
“One family contract has created employments for the whole family.”
4.Initial achievements
4.3Farmers receive a great deal of
benefit
With the division of forestland, the average household has nearly RMB￥100,000 of assets of forest resources.
the forest right system reform has also opened up new opportunities for
1/25/2012
31
Farmers receive a great deal of benefit
Currently, there are 26 provinces carrying out forest ownership
mortgage. The total of forestry loans has exceeded RMB￥10 billion, which reached a total size of forestry
1/25/2012
32
1/25/2012
33
Planting understory ginseng,
Initial achievements example
in Benxi City, Liaoning province,a
three-dimensional business model has come into being with a
combination of planting trees in the mountain, breeding bees in the
woods, planting understory ginseng, and keeping frogs among the ginseng. As a result, there appears that there
are 16,000 households whose income
has passed RMB￥100,000,more than
3,000 households whose income is
RMB￥ one million, 120 households
whose income is RMB￥10 million and
3 households whose income is
1/25/2012
34 According to statistics, per capita
annual income in forestry for farmers accounted for 14.6% of their annual income in over 2,550 counties that have carried out forest reform, while more than 60% of countries with forestry as its dominant business.
4.4A large number of forest
ownership disputes has been
mediated, and thus instable elements in rural areas have been effectively kept under control.
Statistics shows that a total number of forest ownership dispute mediated was more than 800,000 cases, with a mediation rate of 97%, a satisfaction rate of 98% which has promoted
1/25/2012
35
4.5 This reform is helpful to establish
closer ties between the cadres and masses in rural areas.
Forest reform is a process of democratic decision-making, management and supervision, a process of promoting policies, popularizing laws and
resolving conflicts, also a process of strengthening the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party , changing their work style, and building closer relations between the cadres and the masses.
