STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995

STUDIA ISLAMIKA

Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995 EDITORIAL BOARD, Hanm Nasution Mastuhu M. Quraisb Sbibab A. Aziz Dab/an M. Satria Effendi Nabilab Lubis M. Yunan Yusuf Komarnddin Hidayat M. Din Syamsuddin Muslim Nasution WabibMu'tbi EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, Azyumardi Azra EDITORS, Saiful Muzani Hendro Prasetyo ]oban H. Meuleman Nuru!Fajri Badri Yatim

ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR,

Arief Sub ban

HeniNuroni

ENGUSH lANGUAGE ADVISOR,

judith M. Dent

ARAEIC lANGUAGE ADVISOR,

Fuad M. Facbruddin

COVER DESIGNER

S. Prinka

STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal published quarterly by the Institut Agamalslam Negeri (lAIN, The State Institute for Islaruic Studies) SyarifHidayatullah, jakarta. (SIT DEPPEN No. 129;SK,ll!IJEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Deparnnent of Religious Affairs of the

Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communi-cate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines.

All articles published do nm necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to

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Contents

1

Greg Barton

Nee-Modernism: A Vital Synthesis of Traditionalist and

Modernist Islamic Thought in Indonesia

77

Iik Arifin Mansurnoor

Historiography and Religious Reform

in

Brunei during

the Period 1912-1959

115 Martin van Bruinessen

Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate

Ques-tion

141 Saifullah AS.

Dawr Jam'iyyah al-Talabah al-Islimiyyin

fi

Harakah

al-J ayl

66

al-Indunisi

173 Didin Syafruddin

Mahmud Yl1nus waittijahatuhufiTajdid Ta'limal-Lughah

al-'Arabiyyah bi Indunisiya

199 Azyumardi Azra

Melacak Pengaruh dan Pergeseran Orientasi Tamatan

Kairo

Saifullah AS.

Dawr Jam'iyyah al-Talabah

al-Islamiyy1n

f1

Harakah al-Jayl 66

al-Indun1s1

Abstract: The events which occurred in the middle of the 1960s formed a

significant turning point in the course of Indonesian history. The Indone·

sian Communist Party (PKJ)

which dominated the Indonesian political

scene was toppled as a result of its abortive coup d'etat. These events led to

the emergence of a new political order, which was later called the New

Order era

(masa Orde Baru).

The term of "New Order" was used to

describe a new phase of Indonesian political life which ended the previ·

ous model of political order, that of the Old Order (Orde

Lama}.

During the era of the Old Order the Indonesian people had been bur·

dened with various political problems, resulting/rom Soekarno 's "Guided

Democracy" which was in fact dominated by the PKI. Moreover,

Soekarno 's preoccupation with his eclectic political behaviour created

end-less conflicts in Indonesian society. The P KI e=erbated the conflicts

by

supressing certain parts of society which refused to bow to its domination.

As a consequence, people were involved in frictions and conflicts.

Politi-cal unrest, whether it involved physiPoliti-cal violence or sharp polemics, often

surfaced around the country.

At the same time, the government had not paid any serious attention

to solving real social demands, such as clothing,Jood and housing. The

Old Order government was more concerned with the maintenance of

revolutionary political agendas. Politics, then, was placed above

every-thing else. Meanwhile, people had to pay the price of the Indonesian

revo-lutionary path

by

sacrificing all they had. As the ideological conflict

reach its peak, people lost their patience. Therefore, when the Indonesian

Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia -PKJ) launched a coup

d'etat in 1965,people unleashed their almost uncontrollable anger against

the proponents and supporters of the PKI. The aftermath of the coup was

terrifying. Thousands, or according to some reports millions, of people

were killed at the hands of their diehard opponents.

Basically, the influence of the P Kl had extended

to

almost all levels of

society long before the coup. Even the bureaucracy and the Armed Forces

(ABRI) could not avoid the influence of this party. However, other fac·

tions, especially Islamic and Army (Angkatan Darat -AD) groups, had

already become alarmed

by

this dangerous development. These two fac·

tions joined together to fight the PKI which attempted to tighten its hold

on the government and the people as a whole. These two groups finally

stood at the forefront of the abolition of communism in this country.

One of the longstanding opponents of the PKI among Muslim groups

was the Islamic University Students' Association

(Himpunan Mahasiswa

Islam -HMI).

Founded in 1947, the HMI became the subject of a PKI

political ploy. In its heyday the PKilaunched a strong campaign to ban

the HML The position of the HMI was unique; it was the oldest and the

largest student organization in Indonesia. Even though the HMI was of

ten associated with the reformist or modernist Masyumi party, it was an

independent students' association. Being the largest students' organiza·

tion in the country, it had significantly contributed to the rise of a new

Muslim young intellectual group; many of the HMI alumna became

leading members of socio·political and intellectual institutions.

Together with other university students' organizations, HMI mobi·

lized people to put an end to the communist controlled Old Order re·

gime. They united within an association, the Unity of Indonesian Uni·

versity Students' Action

(Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia -KAMI),

in launching their movement. One of their most importants aims was the

abolition of the PKI once for all. With the support of the Army and other

opponents of the PKJ, KAMI eventually succeeded in dethroning the Old

Order regime.

Most of the leaders of KAMI were HMI activists, such as Fahmi Idris,

Akbar Tanjung, Sulastomo, Ekky Sjachruddin, etc. They played a very

significant role not only in the rise of KAMI, but also in the rise of the '66

Generation as a whole. Many members of this generation later become

involved in the New Order government, including some of the HMI mem·

bers. They hold important posts in the bureaucracy, such as Ministers,

Secretary Generals or Director Generals. To mention just two, Akbar

Tanjung and Mar'ie Muhammad are respectively Minister of Housing

and Minister of Finance in the present cabinet of the government.

Saifullah AS.

Dawr Jam'iyyah al-Talabah

al-Islamiyy:tn

f1

Harakah al-Jayl

66

al-Indun1s1

Abstraksi:

Peristiwa yang terjadi pada pertengahan 1960an merupakan

salah satu tonggak terpenting dalam perjalanan kehidupan masyarakat

Indonesia. Pada tahun ini, sejumlah peristiwa politik, ekonomi dan

budaya telah berhasil membelokkan alur sejarah yang telah berkembang

pada dasawarsa sebelumnya. Puncak dari rangkaian peristiwa tersebut

adalah munculnya pola kehidupan baru yang kemudian dikenal sebagai

Orde Baru (Orba). Istilah ini dugunakan untuk menjelaskan babakan

sejarah baru yang secara mendasar mengakhiri pola yang ada sebelumnya,

yaitu Indonesia Orde Lama (Or/a).

Sudah umum diketahui bahwa masyarakat Indonesia di zaman Orla

banyak dibebani oleh agenda politik. Hal ini merupakan konsekuensi

dari pencarian format kehidupan yang berlangsung sejak rakyat

menyatakan kemerdekaan. Pengalaman bernegara sama sekali belum

didapat oleh ban gsa ini. Proses yang kemudian berjalan lebih merupakan

trial and error dalam pelbagai segi kehidupan. Akibatnya, mulai dari

proses perumusan ideologi negara sampai pada penetapan bentuk institusi

masyarakat, rakyat banyak terlibat dalam friksi dan konjlik. Perselisihan,

baik yang melibatkan kekerasan fisik atau polemik tajam, sering muncul

di pelbagai wilayah Indonesia.

Situasi seperti ini secara langsung mengurangi porsi pemerintah untuk

memikirkan kebutuhan riil rakyat, seperti sandang, pangan dan papan.

Pemerintah lebih banyak sibuk memikirkan proses revolusi yang

dipandang belum selesai. Pembangunan politik adalah segala-galanya.

Sementara itu, rakyat harus membayar ongkos revolusi tersebut dengan

mengorbankan segenap kemampuan mereka. Pada saat konjlik ideologi

memuncak, kesabaran rakyat sudah tidak dapat ditawar lagi. Maka ketika

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) melancarkan kudeta pada 1965, emosi

rakyat menjadi semakin tidak dapat dibendung. Akibatnya san gat fatal.

Ribuan, bahkan menurut beberapa sumber jutaan, rakyat mati di tangan

144 Saifullah AS

saudaranya sendiri.

Sudah umum diketahui, pengaruh PKJ sebenarnya telah menyebar di

pelbagai tingkat masyarakat jauh sebelum mereka melancarkan kudeta.

Bahkan kalangan birokrasi dan Angkatan Bersenjata sendiri tidak luput

cari cengkeraman tangan P KJ. Meskipun demikian, kelompok lain,

khususnya kalangan agama dan Angakatan Darat, sangat menyadari

gejala tersebut. Kedua kekuatan ini menjadi ganjalan yang kuat bagi

keinginan PKI untuk mendapat kekuasaan. Keduanya menjalin

kerjasama untuk melawan upaya partai ini memperoleh kekuasaan secara

paksa. Terbukti, mereka dapat menumpas gerakan kudeta yang

dilancarkan oleh pihak PKJ.

Kelompok lain yang dengan tegas menolak komunisme di Indonesia

datang dari kalangan organisasi mahasiswa. Pada dasarnya, PKJ juga

sudah mempengaruhi beberaba organisasi mahasiswa, dan bahkan

memiliki organisasi mahasiswa dan pemuda sendiri. Namun beberapa

organisasi, seperti Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI), dengan tegas

menolak pengaruh partai ini. Kedudukan HMI cukup unik dibandingkan

dengan organisasi serupa lainnya. HMI adalah organisasi mahasiswa

independen dan tidak terkait dengan organisasi politik·keagamaan yang

lain.

Bersama organisasi mahasiswa lainnya, HMI menggalang kekuatan

untuk menuntut pemerintah Orla. Mereka bergabung dalam satu wadah,

yaitu Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia

{KAMJ),

dalam melancarkan

tuntutan tersebut. Intinya, KAM1 menginginkan pemerintah Orla untuk

segera membubarkan PKJ yang terbukti telah berbuat makar. KAMI juga

menuntut rejim Orla untuk memperhatikan kebutuhan dasar rakyat.

Dengan didukung oleh AD dan kalangan agama, KAMI berhasil

merealisasikan tuntutan tersebut. Bahkan pemerintah Orla sendiri pada

akhirnya terpaksa meletakkan kekuasaan mereka.

Seluruh rangkaian peristiwa ini kemudian melahirkan sebuah generasi

Indonesia yang dikenal sebagai Angkatan 66. Dua per an penting mereka

adalah: pertama, menjadi salah satu kekuatan utama dalam mengakhiri

kekuasaan Orla; kedua, penjadi tulang punggung bagi terbentuknya

pemerintahan Orba. Sebagai organisasi mahasiswa, daur edar mereka

sangat terbatas. Ketika suasana menjadi normal kembali dan tatanan

politik sudah dibenahi, kedudukan Angkan 66 juga turut berubah. Mereka

tidak lagi bergabung dalam satu wadah, tetapi mulai memisahkan diri

masing·masing. Sebagian masuk dalam pemerintahan, dan sebagian lagi

tetap berada di luar. Bagaimanapun, mereka telah memainkan peran

sejarah yang besar artinya bagi ban gsa ini.

Dawr Jam 'i)Yah a/-Talabah al-Isldmiyyin 145

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