AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ERRORS
OF JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree of the English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Irva Azlina Reg. Number: A53212093
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
ABSTRACT
Azlina, Irva. 2016.An Analysis of English Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo’s
Speech. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd.
Key words:pronunciation, error, consonant, vowel
This research was conducted analyze President JokoWidodo’s speech by focusing on consonants and vowels. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative which describes pronunciation errors in English focused on consonants and vowels. The research problems is what kind of pronunciation errors on consonants and vowels are made by President Joko Widodo in his speech. The objective of this research is to explain kind of pronunciation errors on consonants and vowels made by President JokoWidodo in his speech. The research use human as the instrument. The researcher is the main instrument to collect data. The data are collected by looking for, downloading Joko Widodo’s speechvideo, listening and transcribing utterences which contains consonants and vowels. Furthermore, the data are analyzed through three steps : identifying, classifying and interpretating errors and drawing conclusion. Finally, the result of the analysis shows that there are five types of consonant errors made by President Joko Widodo. Labiodental is the most frequent errors which 159 data out of 283 or 56,18% of the percentage, for instance: government /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/. Alveolar errors is 67 out of 283 or 23,67% of the percentage, for example: business /ˈbɪs.nɪs/. Interdental errorsis 53 out of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage, for instance: thank/θæŋk/. Palatal errors is 3 out of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage, for example:education /ˌed.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/. And velar errors is only 1 datum out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage, for instance:chemical/ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/.
INTISARI
Azlina, Irva. 2016.An Analysis of English Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo’s
Speech. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam
Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci:pronunciation, error, consonant, vowel
1.3 Objective of The Research ... 5
1.4 Significance of The Research... 5
3.3 Data and Data Sources ... 19
3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 19
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 20
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 26
4.1 Findings... 26
4.1.1 Kinds of Consonant Pronunciation Errors ... 26
4.1.2 Kinds of Vowel Pronunciation Errors ... 35
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47
5.1 Conclusion... 47
5.2 Suggestion ... 48
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
An introduction contains of background of the research, the research problems,
objective of the research, significance of the research, scope and limitation of the
research and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Research
Error of pronunciation is one case which has been investigated repeatedly in
different subjects: students of kindergarten(Astuti, 2014), students of elementary
school (Afifah, 2012), students of junior school (Fitria, 2014), students of senior
high school (Imarlina, 2013; Mustikareni, 2013; Mayasari; 2013; Mulansari,
Hasan and Hastini; 2014), students of university (Yuniarti, 2009; Yinng, 2011;
Riadi, 2013; Silfiyah, 2014; Hassan; 2014), Indonesian singer (Riyani and
Johannes, 2013), reporters (Sanjaya, 2014).
Astuti (2014) investigated the pronunciation errors of consonants English
Second Language learners in Stamford International Community School (SICS)
especially in Kindergarten 2 students. Afifah (2012) analyzed about student’s
pronunciation errors in reading texts at the sixth grade students Of SDN 3
Cisauheun Bandung Barat. Another, Fitria(2014) investigated of students’ error in
pronouncing English vowel at SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. Imarlina (2013)
analyzed about students’ error in pronouncing English vowel at SMKN 1 Leles
Cianjur. The first sense is talk about pronunciation as the production and reception
of sound speech. Then, the second is talk about pronunciation with reference to
acts of speaking.
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Mustikareni (2013) analyzed about what diphthong(s) is/are mispronounced
by the debate participants, how do the debate participants mispronounce the
diphthong, and how do the debate participants correct their diphthong
pronunciation made by the students of SMA Negeri 1 Comal and SMA Negeri 1
Banjarnegara in English debate on "relax" TV program of TVRI.Mayasari (2013)
about what kind of errors that students faced in pronouncing English diphthong at
the eighth grade student of SMP Negeri 2 Klangenan Kab. Cirebon.Mulansari,
Hasan and Hastini (2014) analyzed about what is the most problematic tense lax
vowel sound to pronounce and what factors cause students produce errors in
pronouncing English tense lax sounds made by the first year students at SMAN 1
Parigi tengah. Yuniarti (2009) analyzed of what are the most frequents vowels
shift by the students and what are the reasons of the shift vowel sounds used by
the students of English department, FKIP Muhammadiyah university of
Surakarta.Yiing (2011) analyzed about what are the common characteristics of
pronunciation errors and does the Malay language influence the English
pronunciation of the six Chinese studies undergraduate students. Riadi (2013)
analyzed about the quality or how well the students pronouncing short and long
vowels and what are the factors which cause the problems in pronouncing those
vowels made by the second semester students of English education study program
in FKIP Untan in academic year 2012/2013. Silfiyah (2014) analyzed about the
οccurence οf the most frequent errors and the sοurces οf errοrs made by the sixth
semester students οf Study Prοgram οf English, Universitas Brawijaya. Hassan
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some techniques that help the Sudanese students of English improve their
pronunciation. Riyani and Johannes (2013) analyzed about pronunciation errors
made by Indonesian singers in Malang in singing English songs. Sanjaya (2014)
analyzed the errors of pronouncing vowels and consonant in NHK World TV
Newsline Reporters. Zhang and Yin in Chinese’ learners (2009) analyzed the
factors leading to the problems of English learners on pronunciation as like
learners’ age, attitude, and their insufficient knowledge of phonology & phonetics
systems of the English language.
Most of these researchers did the research holistically that focus on kinds of
pronunciation and its factors. Moreover, there has not been any researcher who
studiedpronunciation in the speech. Therefore, this present study fills this gap by
investigating pronunciationerrorin speech and continuing the discussion of
pronunciation holistically. Thus, this further study does not only take different
angle to address the same problem, but also continue the previous research.
The study of pronunciations cover in the area of consonant, vowel, diphthong
and consonant cluster. They have been discussed by the researchers for many
years: consonant (Astuti, 2014), vowel (Yuniarti, 2009; Fitria, 2014; Silfiyah,
2014; Riadi, 2013; Mulansari, Hasan and Hastini; 2014), diphthong (Mustikareni,
2013) and consonant cluster (Na'ama, 2011), vowel and consonant (Hassan, 2014;
Sanjaya, 2014). Therefore, for the further research, the researcher focuses on
investigating the consonant and vowel errors because the researcher wants to
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The researcherchooses the study of pronunciation, because it can influence
meaning to change. Consequently, the communication does not run well, which it
regards the pronunciation takes an important role in doing communication, as
Hismanoglu (2006) said that pronunciation has a great importance for successful
oral communication. Furthermore, the changing meaning can effect a
miscommunication, because the message is not delivered well, and the
interlocutor cannot catch what s/he actually mean. Thus, the researcher considers
that this topic is important, because it relates to errors pronunciation, in which
leads to change the meaning and misunderstand.
Certainly, Joko Widodo, as 7th President Republic of Indonesia, has an
important role in Indonesia. When he gave a speech, especially at the international
forum, the speech should be delivered well, by means of that there it in a
appropriate.
Furthermore, the researcher has two reasons doing research at Joko Widodo’s
speech. First, the researcher found that there are many pronounciation errors are
made by him, when he gave a speech on APEC CEO Summit orKonferensi Asia
Afrika(KAA), World Economic Forum, and other speech. Second, the researcher
wants to know what the pronounciation errors are made by President Joko
Widodo. From those reasons, the researcher intends to conduct a research entitled
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1.2 Research Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are
in the following:
1. What kinds of pronunciation errors on consonants are made by Joko
Widodo in his speech?
2. What kinds of pronunciation errors on vowel are made by Joko
Widodo in his speech?
1.3 Objective of the Research
In accordance with the problem of the study above, the objectives of the study
are :
1. To explain the kinds of English pronunciation errors on consonants by
Joko Widodo in his speech.
2. To explain the kinds of English pronunciation errors on vowel by Joko
Widodo in his speech.
1.4 Significance of the Research
The significance of the research will be theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, this further research will give information to the linguistic students
who are interested to the pronunciation. Besides that, it will be a reference for
everyone who wants to investigate the error pronunciation. Practically, this result
of this study is expected to give contribution in linguistic fields, expecially about
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1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of the research is the researcher focuses on analyzing of
pronunciation errors in English on consonants and vowels which pronounced by
Joko Widodo in his speech. This study is concerned on JokoWidodo’s speech.
The limitation is the researcher only focuses on four speeches on video.
Therefore, the pronunciation errors, which is occured, may be more happened in
other speech.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
a) Consonant is speech sound made by (partly) stopping the breath with
tongue, lips, etc.
b) Vowel is speech sound in which the mouth is open and the tongue is not
touching the top of the mouth, the teeth, etc.
c) Pronunciation is the competence of someone in producing sound used to
make meaning. (Kelly, 2000).
d) Error is something you have done which is considered to be incorrect or
wrong, or which should not have been done. (Collins COBUILD
Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary).
e) Joko Widodo is the 7thPresident Republic of Indonesia since 2014.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework
This chapter consists of theories that underlie the research topic and the
previous study.
2.1.1 Phonology
According to Yule (2006: 43), phonology is essentially the description of the
systems and pattern of speech sounds in a language. The general study of the
characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics.
According to Ramelan (1994: 1), phonology is the study of phones or speech
sounds. There are two studies of phonology, phonetics and phonemics. Phonetics
is the study of speech sounds as sounds, without regard to their function as
signalling units of language. Phonemics is the study of speech sounds with a view
to finding out the significant units of sounds in a given language.
2.1.2 Pronunciation
Accordingto Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary(2008: 352), Pronunciation is
way in which language or a particular word or sound is spoken. Based on
Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer in Pronunciation book (1994: 3), they
stated that pronunciation in general terms as the production of significant sound in
two senses. The first sense is talk about pronunciation as the production and
reception of sound speech. Then the second is talk about pronunciation with
reference to acts of speaking. In the simple word, we can define pronunciation as
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a part of speaking skill that related with how to make correct sounds in order to
achieve meaning in context of use. Based on Corder (1980: 1) “Pronunciation is
the way in which a word is pronounced. Pronunciation is not an optimal extra for
the learners anymore than grammar, vocabulary or any other aspect of language”.
2.1.3 Aspects of Pronunciation
The study of speech sounds can involve either segments or suprasegmentals.
Segmental feature includes phoneme that consist of vowel and consonant. In
addition, suprasegmental includes stressing and intonation.
a) Segmental
The segmental feature concerns with the phonemes which includes of
vowel and consonants of a language. Consonant, Consonant sounds may
be voiced or unvoiced. While the consonant sounds are mostly articulated
via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowel sounds are produced
with a relatively free flow of air. They are all typically voice. To describe
vowel sounds, we consider the way in which the tongue influences the
‘shape’ through which the airflow must pass. To talk about place of
articulation, we think of the space inside the mouth as having a front
versus a back and high versus a low area. The place of articulation include:
bilabial, labiodental, Interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, glottal.
The phonetic symbols for English consonants and vowels are then
presented and classified according to the three criteria: voicing (whether
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the sound is produced), and manner of articulation (how the airstream
flows in the mouth during the articulation).
2.1.4 Consonant
Based on Fromkin (2003: 207), place of articulation on consonant:
a. Bilabial : [p], [b], [m]
When we produce a [p], [b], or [m], we articulate by bringing both lips
together. These sounds are therefore are therefore called bilabials. The first
sounds inpin[pɪn],bin[bɪn], andmen[mƐn] are bilabials.
b. Labiodentals: [f], [v]
We are also use our lips to form [f] and [v], as in fine [faɪn] and vine
[vaɪn]. we articulated these sounds by touching the bottom lip to the upper
teeth, labio referring to the lips and dental to the teeth-hence, labiodentals.
c. Interdental: [θ], [ð]
Both [θ] and [ð] are represented orthographically by the th in the words
thin [θɪn], ether [i . ], then [ðen], and either [ i ð ] (or, as some
pronounce the last word, [ajðə r]). To articulate these “between the teeth”
sound in English (interdentals), one inserts the tip of the tongue between
the upper and lower teeth. On the other hand, some speakers of English
produce [θ] and [ð] by placing the tongue against the back of the upper
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d. Alveolars: [t], [d, [n], [s], [z], [l], [r]
Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue
to the alveolar ridge. The first sounds of do [du:], new [nu:], two [tu:], sue
[su:], and zoo [zu:] are all alveolar ridges.To produce the lateral [l] as in
lake [lek], the tongue is raised to the alveolar ridge with the sides of the
tongue down, permitting the air to escape laterally over the sides of the
tongue. The sound [r] is produced in a variety of ways. Many speakers of
English produce [r] by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the
alveolar ridge.
e. Palatal: [ʃ]/[š], [Ʒ ]/[ž], [č], [ǰ], [j]
To produce the sounds in the middle of the word mission [mɪšən],
measure [mƐ žər]. the front part of the tongue is raised to a point on the
hard palate just behind alveolar ridge. These palatal sounds, along with [č]
and [ǰ], the sounds that begin and the end words church and judge, are
sometimes referred to as alveopalatals, or palatoalveolars. The first sound
in yellow is the palatal glide [j].
f. Velars: [k], [g], [ƞ], [w]
Another class of sound is produced by raising the back of the tongue to
the soft palate or velum. The initial and and final sounds of the word kick
[kɪk] and gig [gɪg], and the final sounds of the words back [bæk], bag
[bæg], and bang [bæŋ], are thus called velar sounds. Note that the first
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g. Uvulars: [R], [q], [G]
Uvular sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the
uvula. The r in French is often an uvular trill and is symbolized by [R].
Uvular sounds are also found in other languages. Arabic, for example, has
two uvular sounds symbolized as [q] and [G]. Uvular sounds do not occur
in English.
h. Glottals: [Ɂ], [h]
The [h] sounds that starts words such as hat, who, and hair is a glottal
sound. Although classified as a consonant, there is no airflow restriction in
pronouncing [h]. Its sound is from the flow of air through the open glottis.
The tongue and lips are usually in the position for the production of the
following vowel as the airstream passes through the open glottis.
2.1.5 Vowel
Basically, the place and the manner of articulation in pronouncing vowels and
consonant are different in the amount of air that is used. In English, the most
important to learn the sound is vowel. Because it is difficult to know where to put
tongues when people make vowels, they need to experiment with the sounds.
Vlack (2004: 57) states: “The place of articulation of vowels is made especially
difficult because in vowels the tongue should not actually touch any particular
place in the mouth. That is there is no physical contact between the tongue and the
mouth in vowels sounds”. According to him, the place of articulation in vowels is
differentiated along two different planes: relative height and relative frontness.
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a. Front of Vowels
In articulation, front of vowel consist of six phoneme: /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /a /,
and /æ/. The manner of articulation of these vowels are voiced such as
consonant and the place of articulation also like consonants that is based on
the location of the tongue within the mouth. For the front vowels, the tongue is
obviously more forward in the mouth. (Vlack 2004: 59).
Sounds Distinction
/i/This is the highest and most forward front vowel.
Examples: beat /bi:t/, feed /fi:d/, city /si:ti/, and sheep /ʃi:p/
/ɪ/This is a bit lower and further back than /i/. Examples: bit /bɪt/, fit /fɪt/, slid /slɪd/, and ship /ʃɪp/
/e/This is a mid-front vowel.
Examples: bait /bet/, raid /red/, and made /med/
/ɛ/This is a mid-front vowel that is beginning to get a little low. Examples: bet /bɛt/, red /rɛd/, lead /lɛd/, and bed /bɛd/
/æ/ The tongue is getting quite low here, but it is still near the front of the mouth.
Examples: bat /bæt/, ladder /læd/, fad /fæd/
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b. Central Vowel
In articulation, central vowel consist of four/ә/,/Ʌ/, /ɚ /and/ɝ /.There
is really only on central vowel in English, but we have different signs for
stressed and unstressed sounds.
/ә/This is the unstressed central vowel. It is so important a sound it even has a name schwa.
Examples: america /ə ˈmer.ɪ.kə/, and korea /kə ˈriː.ə/
/Ʌ/This is the stressed central vowel. No one cares what it is called.
Examples: lucky /ˈlʌk.i/, up/Ʌp/, and but/bɅt/
/ɚ /This is the r-colored unstressed central vowel. Examples: lover /ˈlʌv.ɚ /, and sister /ˈsɪs.tɚ /
/ɝ /This is the stressed central vowel.
Examples: dirt/dɝ t/, herb /ɝ b/, and fur /fɝ /
Basically, /ә/ and/Ʌ/are the same sound. The difference in location
of the tongue when they are produced is tiny. They have been given
different symbols because, in English, it is very important that we
distinguish between stressed and unstressed sounds.
c. Back Vowel
In articulation of back vowel consist of four /u/, /ʋ/, /o/,and /ɔ/. Back vowels in English are rounded. The basic problem with this is that they are
not all rounded to the same degree. The place of articulation for back
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tongue within the mouth. Because the tongue does not touch any thing,
this makes finding the location much harder.
Sounds Distinction
/u/This is the highest and most back of the English vowels. This is a tense sound in that the lips are taut when you are making the sound.
Examples: you /ju:/, dude /du:d/, and food /fu:d/
/ʋ/ This is a little bit further forward and lower than /u/. This sound is lax. Your lips are rounded but in a relaxed way.
Examples: book /bʋk/, could /kʋd/, and wood /wʋd/
/o/ This is a central back vowel. This sound also has a longer more rounded version which is sometimes written /o/
Examples: boat /boʊt/, over /ˈoʊ.vɚ /, drove /droʊ v/ and show /ʃoʊ/
/ɔ/this is the lowest and furthest forward of all the back vowels.
Examples: call/k l/, awful/ .f l/, and horse /hɔ rs/
Those categories of articulation above indicates that vowels are more
harder than consonant because vowels are include various part of tongue.
b)Suprasegmentals
Suprasegmentals are aspects of speech that influence stretches of sound
larger than a single segment. Suprasegmentals aspects of speech include
lenght, tone and intonation, syllable structure, and stress.
a. Lenght
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b. Tone and intonation
The terms tone and intonation refer to linguistic uses of pitch. Tone
refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the word level.
Intonation refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the
sentence or discourse level.
c. Syllable structure
A syllable is a phonological unit composed of one or more
phonemes.
d. Stress
Linguistic stress is a prominence relation between syllables: certain
syllables are longer, louder, higher-pitched, or more clearly
articulated than those around them.
2.1.6 Error of pronunciation
Dulay (as cited in Trisniawati, 1982: 138), “Errors are flawed side of learner
speech orwriting” based on statement, the researcher can explain that something
which is connected with speech or writing flawed is called error.
According to Brown, in order to analyze learner language in appropriate
perspective, it is crucial to make a distinction between mistakes and errors. A
mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip”, in
that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly. Mistakes can happen in both
native and second language are the result of some sort of temporary breakdown,
hesitations, slip of the tongue, random ungrammaticalities, or imperfection in the
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speakers. Error is a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of native
speaker, reflects the competence of the learner.
2.2 Previous Study
Hassan (2014) investigated learners whose first language is Sudanese Spoken
Arabic. The subjects for the study were fifty students from University of Sudan of
Science and Technology (SUST), and thirty university teachers of English
language from the same university. The instruments used for collecting the data
were observation, recordings and a structured questionnaire. The data collected
were analyzed both statistically and descriptively. The findings of the study
revealed that Sudanese Students of English whose language background is
Sudanese Spoken Arabic, had problems with the pronunciation of English vowels
that have more than one way of pronunciation in addition to the consonant sound
contrasts e.g. /z/ and /ð/, /s/ and /θ/,/b/ and /p/, /ʃ/ and /tʃ/. Based on the findings,
the study concluded that factors such as Interference, the differences in the sound
system in the two languages, inconsistency of English sounds and spelling militate
against Sudanese Students of English (SSEs) competence in pronunciation.
Mayasari (2013) analyzed of students’ errors in pronouncing vowels. Most of
the students may have problems to pronounce English vowels, although they get
English lessons in their school and they can not master English pronunciation
well. Therefore, students often make errors. The problem in this study is kind of
errors that students faced in pronouncing English diphthong and the purpose of
17
students are chosen as the population, but only 31 students were the subject of
research. Instrument that is used by the writer is a test and recorder to record the
pronunciation of students in conducting tests. In analyzing the data using
descriptive analysis to calculate the percentage of all errors and interpret the
results of the dataanalysis. There are 3 diphthongs aɪ the error number is 63,63%,
while the number of aʊ 30.54%, 6.08% and thenɔ ɪnumbers. So the results of the
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
In this part, the researcher described the method that was used in this research.
The researcher explained the general process in collecting and analyzing the data.
It consisted of research design, subject of the research, research instrument, data
and data source, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study analyzed pronunciation errors of consonants and vowels sounds in
English words made by President Joko Widodo. In this research, the researcher
used descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive qualitative is a form of social
inquiry that focus on the way people interpret and make a sense of their
experience and the world in which they live. Bungin explained in his book that
descriptive qualitative form does not have sign like water (spread in a surface),
but to concentrate its self on the unit from various phenomena.
This research is designed to identify the kind of consonants and vowels sound
pronounced errors by President Joko Widodo.
3.2 Research Instrument
The research instrument was the researcher itself. The researcher analyzed it.
The researcher used dictionary. The dictionary wasCambridge advanced learner’s
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3.3 Data and Data Source
The data of this research were all of the utterences of Joko Widodo in four
speeches. While, the data source was Joko Widodo’s speech video on you tube.
There are four videos of Joko Widodo’s as the data source. The speech is World
Economic Forum on East Asia (WEF) or Konferensi Asia Afrika (KAA) which it
was located in Shangri-La hotel, Jakarta. And it held on April, 19-21 2015. Then,
its duration spent 11.52 minutes. The second speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as
the speaker of APEC CEO Summit which it was held in China National
Convention Centre (CNCC), Beijing on Monday, November 10 2014. It spent
13.30 minutes. The third speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker on
Brooking Institution which it is one of famous studies institution in America. He
talked about about Islam and Democracy and the video took for about 04.00
minutes. The last speech is when Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker in Gala Hosted
by USINDO. It spent 07.02 minutes.
3.4 Technique of Data Collection
The researcher collected the data through several steps. As follows:
1. The researcher looked for Joko Widodo’s speech video from you tube.
2. After finding the video, the researcher downloaded it from you tube.
There were four speeches of Joko Widodo which were downloaded
from these links.
a. APEC CEO Summit 2014
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b. World Economic Forum (WEF) or Konferensi Asia-Afrika
(KAA)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87A0Vy-0AZk
c. Islam and Democracy on Brooking Institution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD35awXk_aU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv0iflu9yfw
d. United State-Indonesian Society (USINDO)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G604qxWaNQ
3. The researcher listened and transcribed all the utterances of Joko
Widodo’s speech.
4. The researcher made a phonetic transcription to the whole of Joko
Widodo’s utterences.
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
After listening, watching, and transcribing the video, the researcheranalyzed
the data through several procedures :
3.5.1 Identifying errors
The researcher re-listened the the videos to recheck the
pronunciation errors while listening the video, the researcher
marked all of utterences which it contained of kind errors. There
are 7 marks for analyzing consonant words, such as: yellow for
bilabial, pink for labiodental, orange for interdental, blue for
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However, for analyzing vowel words, the researcher used black
colour.
Besided that to made easier detecting the errors, the researcher
determined through coding whether consonant or vowel. The detail
was as follow:
Table 3.1 Code for consonant errors
Figure 3.1 Example of identifying selected data of errors Abbreviation
Bilabial Bil
Labiodental Lab
Interdental Int
Alveolar Alv
Palatal Pal
Velar Vel
Glottal Glo
lab
alv
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3.5.2 Classifying Errors
The researcher classified the English pronunciation errors on Joko
Widodo’s speech through categorizing each error, whether
consonant or vowel. Besided that, each of them was given detailed
on the amounted of total frequency and percentage.
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8. [t]-alveolar
9. [d]-alveolar
10. [n]-alveolar
11. [s]-alveolar
12. [z]-alveolar
1/1-5; 1/1-6;
1/1-6; 1/1-6;
1/1-7; 1/1-7;
1/1-10; 1/1-10;
13. [l]-alveolar
14. [r]-alveolar
15. [ʃ]-palatal 1/1-8;
16. [Ʒ]-palatal
17. [č]-palatal
18. [ǰ]-palatal
19. [j]-palatal
20. [k]-velar
21. [g]-velar
22. [ƞ]-velar
23. [w]-velar
24. [h]-glottal
25. [Ɂ]-glottal
24
No. Vowel
Total
Percenta ge Data Frequency
1. [ɪ] 3/1-9
2. [e] 1/1-5;
2/1-20
3. [æ] 1/2-1
4. [ʌ]
5. [ɒ]
6. [ ]
7. [ǝ] 1/1-1;
1/1-11
8. [i:]
9. [u:]
10. [ɑ:]
11. [ :]
12. [ɜ:]
25
Note :
3.5.3 Interpretating the Data
First, the researcher gave the utterences which was contain
pronunciation errors, the letters were written in bold type and
underline. Such as the example below:
First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people
of Indonesia
Data I (Datum 1/1-3)
Second, the researcher described what the speaker said and how the
speaker should say. Such as the example below, which is
continuing the previous example.
The word “government” should be read /ˈgʌv.ən.mənt/, but he
pronounced it /ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/.
3.5.4 Drawing Conclusion
After the researcher analyzing the data, she concluded the
explanation as the result of research.
1/1-4
LinePage
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of findings and discussion about an Analysis of English
Pronunciation Errors of Joko Widodo‟s Speech.
4.1 Findings
This section explains the data which were obtained while conducting the
research. In other words, the researcher gives explanations on the kind of
pronunciation errors on consonant and vowel, as the main question of this present
research
4.1.1 Kinds of Consonant Pronunciation Errors
Based on the data analysis, the researcher found 283 data onconsonants errors
and there are five kinds of errors made by President Joko Widodo. Thus, this part
indicates to answer the first problem of this presentresearch.
‟s speech 56%
24%
19% 1%
0%
Consonant Errors
Labiodental
Alveolar
Interdental
Palatal
27
The diagram shows that labiodental is the most frequent errors made by
JokoWidodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 159 data out of 283
or 56,18% of the percentage. The second kind is alveolar errors. The data is 67 out
of 283 or 23,67% of the percentage. The third is interdental errors. The data is 53
out of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage. The fourth is palatal errors. The data is 3
out of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage. The last is velar errors. The data is only 1
datum out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage.
4.1.1.1 Errors in Labiodental Pronunciation
Labiodental is kind of consonant pronunciation that is commonly made by
President JokoWidodo. Labiodental is touching upper teeth to the bottom lip to
form sound „f‟ and „v‟. This research found 159 data of labiodental errors in
President JokoWidodo‟s speeches, as follows:
First, on behalf of the Indonesian Government and the people of Indonesia
Data I (Datum 1/1-3)
We want to channel our fuel subsidy from consumption to the productive
activities
Data II (Datum 1/1-11)
Some subsidy we want to channel to the fishermen, to give them boat
engines
Data III (Datum 1/1-17)
We hope not only the vessels can enter our sea toll but also mother vessels
28
Data IV (Datum 1/2-11)
We have national one-stop service office that can help you
Data V (Datum 1/3-1)
I have just returned from an official visit to Tokyo and Beijing
Data VI (Datum 2/1-6)
And I believethis is to the great benefit of Asia as a whole
Data VII (Datum 2/1-9)
We will force to the value
Data VIII (Datum 2/1-21)
A powerful voice of moderation in our society
Data IX (Datum 3/1-5)
It is time to free up our private sector
Data X (Datum 4/1-12)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many labiodentals errors
uttered. These sounds are pronounced by touching upper teeth to the bottom lip.
The difference between „f‟ and „v‟ sound is on voicing. „f‟ sound is voiced. While,
„v‟ sound is voiced. In articulating „f‟ sound, there is no vibration on throat.
Whereas, there is vibrating on throat in pronouncing „v‟ sound. First, the word
“government” should be read/ˈgʌv.ən.mənt/, but he pronounced it
/ˈgʌf.ən.mənt/.Second the word “productive”is /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/, whereas he pronounced it /prəˈdʌk.tɪf/.Third, the word“give”is pronounced /gɪv/, while he pronounced it /gɪf/. Fourth, the word “vessels”is /ˈves.əls/. He, on the other hand,
29
he should pronounce it /ˈsɜː.vɪs/. Sixth, “visit”should be read /ˈvɪz.ɪt/, while he
pronounced it /ˈfɪz.ɪt/. Seventh, the word “believe”is pronounced /bɪˈliːf/, but he should pronounce it /bɪˈliːv/.Eighth, the word “value”should be read /ˈvæl.juː/, wheras he pronounced it /ˈfæl.juː/. Nine, the word “voice”should be read /vɔɪs/; however, he pronounced it /fɔɪs/. Tenth, the word “private”is not pronounced /ˈpraɪ.vət/, on the other hand, he pronounced it /ˈpraɪ.fət/. Therefore, the speaker,
President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „v‟ sounds into „f‟ sounds, so that it
indicated wrong pronunciation, because „v‟ sounds is changed into „f‟ sounds. It
can be found in the words: government, productive, give, vessels, service and etc.
Actually, this phenomenon is something usual, because looking at the background
of the speaker himself, whom he lived in Indonesia, which there is no difference
between „f‟ and „v‟ sound. In other words, „f‟ and „v‟ sounds are pronounced quite
the same.
4.1.1.2 Errors in Alveolar Pronunciation
Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the
alveolar ridge. There are seven sounds of alveolar sounds: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l],
and [r]. This research found 67 data of alveolar errors in President JokoWidodo as
follows:
I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation
Data I (Datum 1/1-5)
We can talk about business, about investment with all of you.
30
We want to help them raise their working capital
Data III (Datum 1/1-19)
So, this is also your opportunity, becauseyou know our national budget is
limited
Data IV (Datum 1/2-7)
Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them
they always complain about land acquisition
Data V (Datum 1/2-22)
Our amazing opportunities, please come and invest in Indonesia. If you
have any problem, call me.
Data VI (Datum 2/1-1)
Ladies and gentlemen, the world is in an fundamental transition
Data VII (Datum 2/1-3)
Andafter many meetings with president Xi Jinping
Data VIII (Datum 2/1-7)
Our people are very wise
Data IX (Datum 2/2-9)
But I surprise for you today. I know. You may know.
Data X (Datum 4/1-8)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many alveolar errors. First, the
word “presentation” should be read /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it
31
/reɪs/. Fourth, the word “because” is /bɪˈkəz/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it
/bɪˈkəs/. Fifth, the word “acquisition”is pronounced /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/; however, he should pronounce it /ˌæk.wɪˈsɪʃ.ən/. Sixth, “please” should be read /pliːz/, while he pronounced it /pliːs/. Seventh, the word “transition”is pronounced /trænˈsɪʃ.ən/, but he should pronounce it /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/.Eighth, the word “president”should be read /ˈprez.ɪ.dənt/, whereas he pronounced it /ˈpres.ɪ.dənt/. Nine, the
word“wise”should be read /waɪz/; however, he pronounced it /waɪs/. Tenth, the
word “surprise”is not pronounced /səˈpraɪz/, on the other hand, he pronounced it
/səˈpraɪs/. Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „z‟
sounds into „s‟ sounds, so that it indicated wrong pronunciation, because „z‟
sounds is changed into „s‟ sounds. It can be found in the words: Presentation,
business, raise, because, acquisition and etc. The speaker is most frequent
adopted the Indonesian pronunciation in pronouncing English. It can be heared
from the way he pronounced. The speaker pronounced the word as a written form.
4.1.1.3Errors in Pronouncing Interdental Consonants
Interdental sounds are made by bringing the blade of the tongue against the
upper teeth or even between the teeth (so that the tongue tip protrudes slightly).
This research found 53 data of interdental errors in President JokoWidodo as
follows:
a. Errors in Interdental /θ/
I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation
32
And imagine, we have 17,000 (seventeen thousand) islands
Data II (Datum 1/1-10)
And some subsidy we want to channel to the health program, the
education program
Data III (Datum 1/1-20)
We need around 35,000 (thirty five thousand) megavolts to build our
industries, to build our projects, to build our industrial zones, our
manufacturing zones
Data IV (Datum 1/2-16)
If there is one thing that Prime minister Abbey presidency
Data IV (Datum 2/1-10)
Indonesia has something very special to over to the world
Data V (Datum 3/1-14)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many alveolar errors. First, the
word “thank”should be read /θæŋk/, but he pronounced it /tæŋk/.Second the word “thousand”is /ˈθaʊ.zənd/, whereas he pronounced it/ˈtaʊ.zənd/. Third, the word“health”is pronounced helθ/, while he pronounced it /helt/. Fourth, the word “thirty” is /ˈθɜː.ti/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /ˈtɜː.ti/.Fifth, the word “thing”is pronounced /tɪŋ/; however, he should pronounce it θɪŋ/. Sixth, “something” should be read /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/, while he pronounced it/ˈsʌm.tɪŋ/.
Therefore, the speaker, President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „θ‟ sounds into
33
into „t‟ sounds. It can be found in the words:thank, health, thirty, something, dan
etc. Because in Indonesia, there is no „th‟ sounds.
b. Errors in Interdental /ð/
So, we hope with our sea toll the price in our islands is the same.
Data I (Datum 1/2-15)
But, it can be no progress without change.
Data II (Datum 2/2-7)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many interdental errors. First,
the word “with” should be read /wɪð/, but he pronounced it /wɪt/. Second the word
“without” is /wɪˈðaʊt/, whereas he pronounced it /wɪˈtaʊt/. Therefore, the speaker,
President JokoWidodo, pronounced all of „ð‟ sounds into „t‟ sounds, so that it
indicated wrong pronunciation, because „ð‟ sounds is changed into „t‟ sounds. It
can be found in the words:with and without. Because in Indonesia, there is no „th‟
sounds. Moreover, there is no „ð‟ sound in Javanese language. Javanese language
has „d‟ sound. For instance: dengkul, driji and dalan. Actually, it is not interdental
sound. But, it includes alveolar sound. So, the speaker changes interdental sounds
„ð‟ into alveolar sounds „t‟.
4.1.1.4 Errors in Palatal Pronunciation
Palatal is produced by the front part of the tongue is raised to a point on the
hard palate just behind alveolar ridge. This research found 3 data of palatal errors
(2 palatals error of /ʃ/ sounds and 1 palatal error of /ǰ/) on President Joko
34
a. Errors in palatal /ʃ/
The picture show you our map of Indonesia
Data I (Datum 1/1-8)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found some palatal errors. First, the
word “show”should be read /ʃəʊ/, but he pronounced it /səʊ/. The kind of consonant pronunciation errors is palatal. In this datum, President JokoWidodo
pronounced [ʃ] sounds into „s‟ sounds. This error occur because in Indonesia,
there is no „sh‟ sound. Whereas, Arabic language has „sh‟ sound. Indonesian can
also pronounce „sh‟ sound.
b. Errors in palatal /ǰ/
And some subsidy we want to channel to the health program, the
education program
Data I (Datum 1/1-21)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found some palatal errors. First, the
word “education”should be read /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it
/ˌed.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/. The kind of consonant pronunciation errors is palatal. In this datum,
President JokoWidodo pronounced [ǰ] sounds into „d‟ sounds. This error occur
because the speaker pronounced the word as a written form.
4.1.1.4Errors in Pronouncing Velar
Velar is produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum.
[k], [g], [ƞ] and [w] are velar sounds. The researcher found only 1 datum of error
35
Furniture industry, and paper industry, oil industries,chemical industries
Data I (Datum 2/1-25)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found only 1 datum of velar error.
First, the word “chemical”should be read /ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/, but he pronounced it /ˈčem.ɪ.kəl/.In this datum, President JokoWidodo pronounced [č]. Whereas, not all
of „ch‟ sounds are pronounced [č]. Sometimes, „ch‟ sound is pronounced [k]. The
word “chemical” is one of example of pronouncing [k] sound.
4.1.2 Kinds of Short and Long Vowels Pronunciation Error
Based on the research, the researcher found some English pronunciation
errors,especially short and long vowels, are made by President JokoWidodo in his
speeches. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 114 data onvowels errors
whether short or long vowels. Itanswersthe second problems of this present
research. Moreover, there are three kinds of vowels errors are made by President
Joko Widodo, as presented on the table below:
Figure 4.2 Vowel Errors of JokoWidodo
Central Vowel Front vowel Back Vowel
Series1 78.95% 17.54% 3.51%
A
xi
s
Ti
tle
36
The diagram shows that central vowels is the most frequent errors are made by
JokoWidodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 90 data out of 114 or
78,95% of the percentage. The second kind is front vowel errors. The data is 20
data out of 114 or 17,54% of the percentage. The last kind of vowel errors is back
vowel. The data is 4 out of 114 or 3,51% of the percentage.
4.1.2.1 Front vowel [e]
Short vowel [e] is a mid-front vowel. The researcher found 3 data of front
vowel [e].
I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation
Data I (Datum 1/1-5)
Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of
Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your listening my presentation
Data II (Datum 1/3-4)
Our energy minister Subroto was secretary jendral OPEC
Data III (Datum 2/1-20)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel errors. First,
the word “presentation” should be read /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/, but he pronounced it
/ˌprəs.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/. Second the word “again” is /əˈgən/, whereas he pronounced it /əˈgen/. Third, the word “secretary” is pronounced /ˈsek.rə.tri/, while he pronounced it /ˈsək.rə.tri/. Vowel /e/ is pronounced as /ə/. Vowel /e/ and /ə/are
different sound and symbol. Then, the place and manner of articulation are also
37
articulation is middle. Meanwhile, the place and manner of articulation /ə/ sound
is central and middle.
4.1.2.2 Front vowel [ɪ]
Short vowel [ɪ] is a bit lower and further back than /i:/. The researcher found 4
data in the research.
Electricity, we need power plants
Data I (Datum 1/2-16)
After the 1980, Indonesia begin to industry
Data II (Datum 2/1-23)
Making things simple and efficient is hard
Data III (Datum 4/1-19)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel /ɪ/ errors. First,
the word “electricity” should be read /ɪˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/, but he pronounced it
/eˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/. Second the word “begin” is /bɪˈgɪn/, whereas he pronounced it /bɪˈgen/. Third, the word “efficient” is pronounced /ˈsek.rə.tri/, while he pronounced it /eˈfɪʃ.ənt/. The substitution of vowel /ɪ/ is only /e/ sound. Vowel /ɪ/
and /e/ are different sound and symbol. The place and manner of articulation are
also different. The place articulation of short vowel /ɪ/ is front and the manner of
articulation is bit lower than /i:/ sound. Meanwhile, the place and manner of
articulation /e/ sound is front and middle. This error occur because the speaker
38
4.1.2.3 Front vowel [æ]
Short vowel [æ] is the tongue is getting quite low here, but it is sill near the
front of the mouth. In the research, the researcher found 11 data of errors of front
vowel [æ].
And we plan to build our railway track, railway network
Data I (Datum 1/2-1)
Now, we talk about mass transportation
Data II (Datum 1/2-4)
We want to build our mass transportation in 6 big cities in Indonesia
Data III (Datum 1/2-4)
So, this is also your opportunity, because you know our national budget is
limited
Data 1V (Datum 1/2-7)
Fortunately, Indonesia has two important asset with stabilize and our
society
Data V (Datum 3/1-1)
Our democracy public participation is every aspect of our lives
Data VI (Datum 3/1-11)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel [æ] errors.
39
hand, pronounced it /ˈnʌʃ.ən.əl/. Fifth, the word “asset” is pronounced /ˈʌs.et/; however, he should pronounce it. Sixth, “please” should be read /pliːz/, while he
pronounced it /pliːs/. Seventh, the word “aspect” is pronounced /ʌs.pekt/, but he should pronounce it /ˈæs.pekt/. The data above are front vowel on /æ/, sometimes
the speaker pronounced as /e/ and /ʌ/ which have different sound. Then, the place
and manner of articulation so different, where short vowel /æ/ is on front based on
place articulation and the manner of articulation is low. Then, the place and
manner of articulation /e/ sound is front and middle. Meanwhile, short vowel /ʌ/ is
central place of articulation and the manner of articulation is middle.
4.1.2.4 Front vowel [i:]
Long vowel is highest and most forward front vowel. The researcher found 2
data of this research.
Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing
corruption and demanding result from our goverment official
Data I (Datum 3/1-9)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many front vowel [i:] errors.
First, the word “media”should be read /ˈmiː.di.ə/, but he pronounced it /ˈmə. di.ʌ/. The long vowel [i:] is pronounced by the speaker as a [ə] sound. The place of
articulation of long vowel [i:] is front. While, the manner of it is high. It
differences between [ə] sound. The short vowel [ə] is central based on place of
40
4.1.2.5 Central vowel [ə]
Short vowel [ə] is the unstressed central vowel. It is so important a sound it
even has a name: schwa. The researcher found 87 data of errors on front vowel.
Our national budget for 2015 is $167 billion and for fuel subsidy is $27
billion
Data I (Datum 1/1-11)
And we want to build dams 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to
maintain the water supply to the farming area
Data II (Datum 1/1-16)
And some subsidy we want to channel to infrastructure
Data III (Datum 1/1-21)
The capacity is 3.6 million
Data IV (Datum 1/1-25)
Now we talk about our maritime agenda
Data V (Datum 1/2-8)
We have national one-stop service office that can help you, that will serve
you, that will facilitate you, that will give you your business permit.
Data VI (Datum 1/3-2)
Within this global transition, our task is clear
Data VII (Datum 2/1-15)
Change can be painful, change with create make winner and looser
41
Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing
corruption and demanding result from our goverment official
Data IX (Datum 3/1-9)
Indeed, our media and social media had been instrumental in exposing
corruption and demanding result from our goverment official
Data X(Datum 3/1-9)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many central vowel [ə] errors.
First, the word “national” should be read /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/, but he pronounced it /nʌʃ.ən.ʌl/. Second the word “supply” is /səˈplaɪ/, whereas he pronounced it
/suˈplaɪ/. Third, the word “infrastructure” is pronounced /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/, while he pronounced it /ˈɪn.frʌˌstrʌk.tʃər/. Fourth, the word “capacity” is /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/. He, on the other hand, pronounced it /kʌˈpʌs.i.ti/. Fifth, the word “agenda” is pronounced /ʌˈdʒen.dʌ/; however, he should pronounce it /əˈdʒen.də/. Sixth,
“facilitate” should be read /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/, while he pronounced it /fʌˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/. Seventh, the word “global” is pronounced /ˈgləʊ.bʌl/, but he should pronounce it
/ˈgləʊ.bəl/. Eighth, the word “painful” should be read /ˈpeɪn.fəl/, whereas he pronounced it /ˈpeɪn.fƱl/. Nine, the word “media” should be read /ˈmiː.di.ə/;
however, he pronounced it /ˈmə.di.ʌ/. Tenth, the word “instrumental” is not pronounced /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.təl/, on the other hand, he pronounced it
/ˌɪn.strƱˈmen.təl/. Vowel /ə/ is pronounced as /ʌ/ and /Ʊ/ sound. Basically, vowel
/ʌ/ and /ə/are the same sound but they have difference in stressed and unstressed.
42
Vowel /Ʊ/ is difference of them based on place and manner of articulation. The
place of articulate vowel /Ʊ/ is back and the manner is high.
4.1.2.6 Central vowel [ʌ]
Short vowel [ʌ] is the stressed central vowel. No one cares what it is called.
Examples: lucky /lʌki/, up /ʌp/, and but /bʌt/. The researcher found 2 data of her
research.
We need around 35,000 megavolts to build our industries, to build our
projects, to build our industrial zones, our manufacturing zones
Data I (Datum 1/2-17)
Ladies and gentlemen, the world is in an fundamental transition
Data II (Datum 2/1-3)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found many central vowel [ʌ] errors.
First, the word “industrial” should be read /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/, but he pronounced it
/ɪnˈdƱs.tri.əl/. Second the word “fundamental” is /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/, whereas he pronounced it /suˈplaɪ/./ˌfƱn.dʌˈmen.təl/. Vowel /ʌ/ is pronounced as /ə/ and /Ʊ/.
These three sound vowel /ʌ/, /ə/ and /Ʊ/are different sound and symbol. Then, the
place and manner of articulation are also different. Short vowel /ʌ/ is central based
on place articulation and the manner of articulation is middle. Then, the place and
manner of articulation /ə/ sound is central and middle. Meanwhile, short vowel /Ʊ/
is back place of articulation. The manner of articulation is high. This error occur
43
4.1.2.7 Central vowel [ɜː]
Long vowel [ɜː] is the stressed central vowel. The researcher found only 1
datum of the research.
We have a population of 240 million and the distance is like from London
in UK to Istanbul in Turkey
Data I (Datum 1/1-9)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found central vowel [ɜː] errors. First,
the word “turkey”should be read /ˈtɜː.ki/, but he pronounced it/ˈtuːr.ki/. The speaker pronounced the word as a written form. The long vowel [ɜː] is central
vowel based on place of articulation.
4.1.2.8 Back vowel [ɔː]
Long vowel [ɔː] is the lowest and furthest forward of all the back vowels.
And we want to build the dams 25 dams in 5 years from our fuel subsidy to
maintain the water supply to the farming area
Data I (Datum 1/1-16)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found back vowel [ɜː] errors. First, the
word “water”should be read /ˈwɔː.tər/, but he pronounced it/ˈwʌ.tər /. The vowel /ɔː/ is pronounced by President Joko Widodo as /ʌ/ sound. The place and manner
of articulation of these two sounds are very different. The long vowel /ɔː/ is back
in place of articulation. The manner of long vowel /ɔː/ is low. Meanwhile, short
44
4.1.2.9 Back vowel [ɑː]
Long vowel [ɑː] is low back vowel. The researcher found 3 data of the
research in President Joko Widodo‟s speeches.
And my people ask me, Mr. Jokowi, please change our country
Data I (Datum 2/1-14)
Within this global transition, our task is clear
Data II (Datum 1/1-15)
Relate to the data above, the researcher found back vowel [ɑː] errors. First, the
word “ask” should be read /ɑːsk/, but he pronounced it /ʌsk/. Second the word “task” is /tɑːsk/, whereas he pronounced it /tʌsk/. Vowel /ɑː/ is pronounced as /ʌ/.
These two sound vowel /ɑː/ and /ʌ/are different sound and symbol. Then, the
place and manner of articulation are also different. Long vowel /ɑː/ is back based
on place articulation and the manner of articulation is low. Then, the place and
manner of articulation /ʌ/ sound is central and middle.
4.2 Discussion
Based on the focus of this research, that is analyzing kind of consonant and
vowel errors on President Joko Widodo‟s speech, the researcher found that on his
speech he pronounced many errors both in consonants and vowel. The four
selected speeches: APEC CEO Summit, World Economic Forum on East Asia
(WEF) or Konferensi Asia Afrika (KAA), Islam and Democracy and United
45
The researcher analyzed two research problems. The finding of first research
problem, that is analyzing kind of consonant errors, showed that the total of kinds
of consonant pronunciation errors are 283 data. Labiodental amounted 159 data or
56,18%, alveolar amounted 67 or 23,67%, interdental amounted 53 data or
18,72% and palatal amounted 3 data or 1,06%, and velar errors amounted 1 datum
or 0,35%. Thus, labiodental errors are often made by Joko Widodo in his
speeches. It means that he used to say „f‟ sound for „v‟ sound. Further, the next is
alveolar which is the speaker pronounced the word as a written form.
The finding of second research problem, that is analyzing kind of vowel
errors, showed that the total of kinds of vowel pronunciation errors are 114 data.
Front vowels amounted 20 data or 17,54%, central vowel amounted 90 data or
78,94%, and back vowel amounted 4 data or 3,50%.
The study of English pronunciation errors, especially on consonant and
vowel errors, was made by several researchers. First, the research was conducted
by Fitria (2014). The subject of her research is 30 students of the second year at
SMPN 2 Menganti, Gresik. There are 3 kinds of pronunciation errors on vowels
which occur in the students‟ utterance. They are errors in short vowel, long vowel,
and diphthong. The second research is investigating of Pronunciation Errors Made
by Indonesian Singers in Malang in Singing English Song. They are Ivana Okta
Riyani and Johannes Ananto Prayogo (2013). They focused on analyzing
pronunciation errors on consonant, vowel and diphthong. Moreover, this present
research is continuing the previous study, that the researcher analyzes English
46
the previous study, the researcher uses the other subject, that is speeches, because
the researcher realizes that there is no study of English pronunciation errors on
47 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
After conducted this research, the researcher finds out that pronunciation
is important role in doing communication, in order to the communication run well.
The interlocutor can catch what s/he actually mean and the messages are delivered
well. Here, the researcher focused on the kinds of pronunciation errors of
consonant and vowel are made by President Joko Widodo.
The findings of this result showed that there are five kinds of errors made
by President Joko Widodo. Labiodental is the most frequent errors made by Joko
Widodo in his speeches. It is the highest number which 159 data out of 283 or
56,18% of the percentage. The second kind is alveolar errors. The data is 67 out of
283 or 23,67% of the percentage. The third is interdental errors. The data is 53 out
of 283 or 18,72% of the percentage. The fourth is palatal errors. The data is 3 out
of 283 or 1,06% of the percentage. The last is velar errors. The data is only 1 data
out of 283 or 0,35% of the percentage. The researcher also found 114 data of
errors made by President Joko Widodo in pronouncing English short and long
vowels. There are three kind of errors on vowels made by President Joko Widodo.
Central vowels is the most frequent errors made by Joko Widodo in his speeches.
It is the highest number which 90 data out of 114 or 78,95% of the percentage.
The second kind is front vowel errors. The data is 20 data out of 114 or 17,54% of
the percentage. The last kind of vowel errors is back vowel. The data is 4 out of
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5.2 Suggestion
Based on the research finding, the researcher has several suggestions for
further researcher and for readers.
First is for the further researcher :
The researcher suggests to complete this research through comparing other
theories that relate it to this research. Besides that, the researcher suggests this
research will be continued by other researchers with different subject. Finally, it
will be a reference for everyone who wants to investigate the English
pronunciation error.
Second is for the readers:
The research will give information especially to the linguistic students
who are interested at the English pronunciation error, because it will contribute
