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Submitted to “International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning”
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Naharuddin Sumani <[email protected]>
20 Mei 2021 15.08
Dear
Editor.ijsdp
I am enclosing herewith a manuscript entitled “The critical level of mangrove ecosystem in Lariang watershed downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia” submitted to International Journal of Sustainable
Development and Planning for possible evaluation.With the submission of this manuscript, I would like to undertake that the above-mentioned manuscript has not been published elsewhere, accepted for publication elsewhere or under editorial review for publication elsewhere; and that my Institute’s Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University representative is fully aware of this submission. Type of Submitted manuscript Original Research Article
Corresponding Author’s Full Name: Naharuddin
Address: Jl. Soekarno Hatta Km, 9 Tondo, Mantikulore, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Postal Code: 94118 Country: Indonesia
Mobile Phone: +62081145202229 E-mail: [email protected] Date: Mei 20, 2021
Best Regards,
Dr. Naharuddin
The critical level of mangrove ecosystem in Lariang watershed downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia Naharuddin1*
1Tadulako University, Faculty of Forestry, 94118, Palu, Indonesia.
*Corresponding author (e-mail): [email protected] ABSTRACT
Critical land was unproductive land because it did not pay attention to conservation aspects in its management. This research purposes were to determine the level of criticality of mangrove ecosystems in the Lariang watershed downstream of West Sulawesi. Determination and delineation of the location of mangrove ecosystems were carried out photogrammetrically using Landsat 7 ETM + Band 542 imagery and maps, as well as terrestrial by direct measurement in the field. The species inventory and identification, tree/pole potency, saplings (saplings and seedlings) used the line plot sampling and spot check methods. The results showed that the mangrove ecosystem area in the Lariang watershed downstream, West Sulawesi Province was ± 2017.96 ha: uncritical mangrove area to ± 351.34 ha, critical mangrove to ± 975.63 ha and very critical mangrove to ± 690.99 ha. The dominant mangrove species were Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Avicennia marina and Nifa fruticans. The main determinant of the mangrove ecosystems criticality was the mangrove cover area reduction as the non-mangrove land (ponds) impacts. The mangrove canopy was sparse and mangrove vegetation was difficult to recover naturally due to the dominant soil type which was very sensitive to erosion which dominated by sandy textured soil.
Key words: Critical level, mangrove ecosystem, photogrammetric, terrestrial, watershed, West Sulawesi.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mangroves, a natural resource, provide a variety of ecosystem services (ES) [1, 2]. ES include food services, medicine, climate control, coastal abrasion, protection against hurricanes, etc [3, 4]. The existence of mangroves helps in human life, especially in coastal areas. However, mangroves have experienced degradation due to natural disasters and human negligence in the form of logging and land conversion. Anthropogenic pressures from various needs have led to a decrease in mangrove forest cover around the world [5-17]
The mangrove ecosystems had a strategy function for the organism life [18,19]. Land-use change and conversion of mangrove land from human activities would change the organism life function. One of the land and forest conversion impacts in mangrove forests was the critical land occurrence. Critical land was a relationship from the climate, biological, physical, land, and human resources aspects. Land in watersheds became critical if it was used beyond its ecological capacity, inappropriate allocation of land use, weak effectiveness of natural resource management controls, very high intensity of management, and population pressure. According to [20] a good quality watershed used wisely to provide a decent living for the population around it and could provide direct or indirect benefits.
Critical land was unproductive land because its management did not pay attention to conservation principles, so that the land was damaged, lost or reduced in function to a predetermined or expected limit [21]. The damages mangrove ecosystems effects was pollutants or contaminants originating from heavy metal industry waste [22-24].
In addition, to the land-use intensity and population pressure factors of income per capita and the security level of land tenure also affected the land criticality level. Land use and land cover changes were the basis for the land criticality level assessing [25-27].
Land if used was not following its designation, especially in protected areas and agricultural cultivation areas would have a high level of land criticality that could reduce its role in the interests of protecting and improving people's welfare [28].
The coastal areas management should be carried out wisely which was an integral part of the watershed management form. Human activities in watersheds in the agriculture, fishery, plantation, forestry, tourism and other sectors which pay less attention to ecological aspects could cause the environmental degradation and the critical land.
An important function of mangrove ecosystems was as a chain that connected marine and terrestrial ecosystems (downstream watershed areas). Mangrove forests produced large amounts of organic material, especially litter. Mangrove litter was an important source of organic material in the food chain in the mangrove forest. The litter would decompose due to microorganism activity. This decomposition result would be the phytoplankton nutrition source which as a primary producer position and then zooplankton utilized phytoplankton as the main energy source, which as a primary consumer position [29]. Mangrove ecosystems could be as biofilter function as well as binding agents and pollution traps [30]. Mangroves area were also a place to live various types of gastropods, fish, detritus- eating crabs and bivalves then the plankton-eating fish, so that mangroves function was as the natural biofilter [31].
The mangrove ecosystem area in the Lariang watershed downstream had been degraded from year to year. One of the degradation drivers which namely the mangrove forest land conversion into agricultural areas, plantations and settlements. Most of the converted mangrove ecosystem land was used as oil palm plantations, both private and state.
The mangrove land conversion was based on the increasing of land need which followed by population growth increasing. This situation could be found in almost most coastal areas downstream of the Lariang watershed.
To protect and guarantee the mangrove ecosystem sustainability in the Lariang watershed, it was necessary to conduct the evaluating research to the mangrove ecosystems critical level in the Lariang downstream watershed, West Sulawesi, as a basis for mangrove ecosystem management policies.
The objective of this study was to determine the critical level of mangrove in Lariang downstream watershed, West Sulawesi, as a basis for sustainable mangrove ecosystem management.
2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Research Place
The study was conducted in the Lower Lariang watershed between March to October in 2016 and 2017, which administratively located in North Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Geographically, its located at position 00 51 '42.05 "- 10 49" 20.59 "N and 1190 16" 40.73 "- 1190 51" 39.41 "E.
2.2. Research Procedure
The research procedure was conducted in some stages. The first stage was to determine spatial location through the study of mangrove ecosystem maps using Landsat 7 ETM + Band 542 imagery to determine the downstream areas of the Lariang watershed which had vegetation covering and non-vegetation. The location determination results were delineated then a survey was conducted. The second step was the mangrove area calculating, both those that were still vegetation and non-vegetation. Mangrove area data collection was done by photogrammetric and terrestrial. Photogrammetric method was conducted by the area calculating on a map / image Landsat 7 ETM + band 542. The measurements were made directly in the field for locations which difficult to detect an image or map extent because of its small location. The third stage was the inventory and identification of species, tree / pole potency and rejuvenation potency (saplings and seedlings) by sampling.
2.3. Measurement Technique for Vegetation and Mangrove Potency
The measurement technique of vegetation potency and mangrove rejuvenation level was carried out sampling with 5% sampling intensity using the line plot sampling method. In addition, the spot check method was also used.
The determination to 5% was based on considerations of time, energy and very limited funds, bearing in mind which the object of activity covered the entire Lariang watershed downstream area. The sampling Intensity to 5%
application was by determining the vegetation area in the mangrove area which based on scientific study that could represent the vegetation coverage (representative) condition. This method was carried out considering that most of the mangrove areas that would be sampled had been used for other uses, so that mangrove vegetation coverage was mostly only in the location spots form. The location determining as a sample object for the potency and species data collection was limited to areas, which were still vegetating mangroves that had 5 ha minimum area. It was sufficient to qualitatively collect data on species to determine the types of mangroves that grown in areas with less than 5 ha area, as well as to record the extent of damaged mangrove land / vacant land.
In mangrove forest vegetation data collection using the line plot sampling method was done by drawing a plumb line with the size of the plot (sample plot) as follows: (1) the trees or poles level used to 10 m x 10 m plot size;
(2) saplings level to 5 m x 5 m plot size; and (3) seedlings to 2 m x 2 m plot sizes.
The spot check method was used to complete data or information on species composition, species distribution and general condition of mangrove forest ecosystems that were not observed in the plot line method. The results obtained were only descriptive by applying the spot check method.
Data collection on vegetation types in the field, local and scientific names were recorded in a tally sheet, while unknown species were sampled (specimens) to be identified at the UPT "Celebence UNTAD Herbarium Laboratory".
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Processing and Analysis of Satellite Image Data
Land cover assessment in mangrove ecosystems that would be inventoried through satellite image analysis used the geographic information system (GIS) technology. The maps form results of the mangrove land cover images were used to the field checking.
2.4.2. Mangrove Heading Density
Mangrove density assessment was approached manually and digitally. Both manual and digital methods would produce qualitative and quantitative densities with a certain level of accuracy. The canopy density assessment was conducted manually by direct observation in the field to determine the mangrove canopy density. Digital assessment using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) formula was an assessment of the spectral
reflection of green leaves from mangroves. Based on the intensity value of the green leaf reflection, it was further explained as an indication of the mangrove canopy density level.
The canopy density classification with NDVI formula was done using image data processing program version 3.7 and map layout with GIS version 2.4. According to their characteristics, the red and infrared channels were very compatible with the sensitivity to the green reflection of the leaf chlorophyll content. Therefore, both channels were used to identify the leaves green reflection.
The NDVI analysis working principle was to measure the greenish intensity level. The greenish intensity in the Landsat image correlated with the vegetation canopy density level and for the detection of the greenness level in the image which correlated with the leaves chlorophyll content. The good band used was the infrared and red bands. The formulas used in NDVI were as follows:
NDVI = (band 4 – band 3)/(band 4 + band 3)……(1)
The mangrove canopy densities classification was determined based on the NDVI values calculated range. The total density classification refersed to the Mangrove Inventory and Identification Guidebook, published by the Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Forestry Ministry. The class division was as follows:
a) Heavy canopy density (0.43 ≤ NDVI ≤ 1.00) b) Medium crown density (0.33 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0.42) c) Rare canopy density (-1.00 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0.32) 2.4.3. Soil Resistance Analysis to Abrasion
The soil resistance analysis to abrasion was carried out with the soil type and distribution approach.
Information on soil type and distribution was obtained from the soil map / land system study area.
The soil characteristics / properties used for soil resistance analysis to abrasion were the soil physical properties in the soil texture form. Soil texture could be measured qualitatively in the field directly by selecting soil samples or by the land system map.
2.4.4. Mangrove Ecosystem Critical Assessment System
2.4.4.1. Mangrove Critical Level Assessment with GIS and Senses
In accordance with the criteria mentioned in the previous sub-chapter, an assessment of the mangrove ecosystems criticality level using GIS technology and remote sensing could be done with an assessment system (Table 1).
Table 1. Criteria, weight and scores of mangrove ecosystem critical assessment scores by GIS and sensory technology
Criteria Rating Information
Land Use Types (LUT) 45 Score 3 : Vegetable mangrove (wooded mangrove)
Score 2 : Mixed ponds, plantations and mangroves pond embankment
Score 1 : Settlement, Industry, Non-intercropping Ponds, rice fields, vacant land
Headline Density (HD) 35 Score 3 : Dense canopy density (70-100% or 0.43 ≤ NDVI
≤ 1.00)
Score 2 : Medium crown density (50-69% or 0.33 ≤ NDVI ≤ 0.42)
Score 1 : Canopy density was rare (<50% or -1.0 ≤ NDVI
≤) 0.32) Soil Resistance
Against Abrasion (SRAA)
20 Score 3 : Soil type not sensitive to erosion (clay texture) Score 2 : Erosion sensitive soil type (mixed texture) Score 1 : Soil type very sensitive to erosion (sand texture) Based on Table 1, the Total Scoring Value (TSV1) was calculated using the formula:
TSV1 = (LUT x 45) + (HD x 35) + (SRAA x 20)……(2)
From TSV1, it could be determined the criticality mangrove ecosystems level:
Value 100–166: Severely damaged (very critical) Value 167-233: Damaged (Critical)
Value 234–300: Not damaged (not critical).
2.4.4.2. Terrestrial Evaluation System (Field Survey)
The land criticality assessment in mangrove ecosystems based on terrestrial methods (field survey) [32], carried out by mixed assessment system Table 2.
Table 2. Criteria, weight and assessment scores for terrestrial mangrove ecosystem land criticality
Criteria Rating Rating Score
Closure type and 30 5: Pure mangrove forest
land use (CLU)
4: Mangrove forest mixed with other forest stands
3: Mangrove forests were mixed with intercropping ponds or pure intercropping pond areas
2: Mangrove forest mixed with
non-vegetation settlement land use, non-intercropping ponds and so on)
1: The area was not vegetated
Trees number of / ha (Tn) 25 5: N = 1500 trees / ha, evenly distributed (F = 75%) 4: N = 1500 trees / ha, uneven (F <75%)
3: N = 100-1500 trees / ha, evenly distributed (F = 75%) 2: N = 1000-1500 trees / ha, uneven (F <75%)
1: N <1000 trees / ha
Rejuvenation / ha (R) 20 5: N = 5000 seedlings / ha (F = 40%) N = 2500 saplings / ha (F = 60%) 4: N = 4000-5000 seedlings / ha (F = 40%) N = 2000-2500 saplings / ha (F = 60%) 3: N = 3000-4000 seedlings / ha (F = 40%) N = 1500-2000 saplingss / ha (F = 60%) 2: N = 2000-3000 seedlings / ha (F = 40%) N = 1000-1500 saplings / ha (F = 60%) 1: N <2000 seedlings / ha (F = 40%) N <1000 saplings / ha (F = 60%) Greenline width
mangrove (GLM)
15 5 : ≥ 100%
4 : 80%-100% (130 x difference in the highest and lowest tides)
3 : 60%-80% (130 x difference in the highest and lowest tides)
2 : 40%-60% (130 x difference in the highest and lowest tides)
1 : < 40% (130 x difference in the highest and lowest tides)
Abrasion rate (A) 10 5: 0-1 m / year 4: 1-2 m / year 3: 2-3 m / year 2: 3-5 m / year 1:> 5 m / year
The total scoring value (TSV2) could be calculated using the formula:
TSV2 = (CLU x 30) + (Tn x 25) + (R x 20) + (GLM x 15) + (A x 10)...(3) Based on the TSV2, the critical level of mangrove land was classified:
Value 100–200: severely damaged (Very critical) Value 201–300: damaged (Critical)
Value> 300: not damaged (not critical).
2.4.4.3. Type Composition Analysis
The types and potency analysis of mangrove forest vegetation was intended to determine the stands potency (trees / poles) and the regeneration level (saplings and seedlings), therefore the data was calculated / analyzed by calculating the amount (tree trunk / ha) (N), density (D), frequency (F) and type dominance (D). From this result, the Importance Value (IV) was calculated. The formula used was based on instructions [33]:
IV : Relative density + Relative dominance + Relative frequensi ...(4) Where:
Relative density : Number of individuals/Number of individuals of all species Relative dominance : Total basal area/ Total basal area of all species
Relative frequensi ; Number of quadrants occurring/ Total number of quadrants 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Extent, Distribution and Criticality of Mangrove Ecosystems
From the Landsat 7 ETM + Band 542 imagery, NDVI value analysis, data and map analysis as well as the results of mangrove ecosystems survey in the Lariang watershed downstream reached an area of ± 2017.96 ha (Table 3).
Table 3. Extent and distribution of mangrove ecosystem criticality
Sub-district Coordinate point
Extent and condition of mangrove ecosystems (ha) Dense
(uncritical)
Rarely (critical)
Damaged (very critical)
Amount
Sarjo 119⁰32′18,3″ E 0⁰53′14,7″ S 3.95 43.88 33.25 81.08
Bambalamotu 119⁰32′18,3″ E 0⁰53′14,7″ S 21.09 15.99 0 37.08
Pasangkayu
119⁰32′18,3″ E 0⁰53′14,7″ S 0 12.76 84.82 97.58
119⁰22′52,7″ E 1⁰09′09,5″ S 0 7.45 30.15 37.60
119⁰22′28,7″ E 1⁰09′53,6″ S 0 2.36 38.37 40.73
119⁰20′18,1″ E 1⁰11′39,8″ S 0 0 61.09 61.09
119⁰20′18,1″ E 1⁰11′39,8″ S 0 2.35 15.96 18.31
119⁰17′43,6″ E 1⁰23′20,1″ S 0 74.96 90.64 165.60
Amount 0 99.88 321.03 420.91
Tikke Raya
119⁰19′43,1″ E 1⁰18′11,3″ S 0 2.74 121.59 124.33
119⁰19′30,5″ E 1⁰21′40,6″ S 138.16 12.87 0 151.03
119⁰19′33,0″ E 1⁰21′38,4″ S 0 58.27 7.23 65.50
Amount 138.16 73.88 128.82 340.86
Lariang 119⁰17′33,6″ E 1⁰26′53,7″ S 0 212.75 23.46 236.21
Baras 119⁰18′11,4″ E 1⁰29′47,6″ S 0 100.21 71.89 172.10
119⁰18′57,7″ E 1⁰32′07,0″ S 12.73 352.28 83.86 448.87
Amount 12.73 452.49 155.75 620.97
Sarudu
119⁰18′03,3″ E 1⁰37′11,9″ S 47.14 0 0 47.14
119⁰17′42,9″ E 1⁰39′33,1″ S 0 10.12 5.56 15.68
119⁰17′10,5″ E 1⁰39′59,0″ S 61.07 7.31 0 68.38
119⁰18′34,5″ E 1⁰43′02,3″ S 67.2 32.1 0 99.30
Amount 175.41 49.53 5.56 230.50
Dapurang 119⁰18′23,0″ E 1⁰43′3,24″ S 0 8.21 3.11 11.32
119⁰18′35,9″ E 1⁰44′24,1″ S 0 19.02 20.01 39.03
Amount 0 27.23 23.12 50.35
Total amount 351.34 975.63 690.99 2017.96
Table 3 shown the mangroves distribution in the Lower Lariang watershed spread across eight subdistrict administration areas, namely Sarjo District covering ± 81.08 ha, Bambalamotu ± 37.08 ha Pasangkayu ± 420.91 ha, Tikke Raya ± 340.86 ha, Lariang ± 236. 21 ha, Baras ± 620.97 ha, Sarudu ± 230.50 ha, and Dapurang ± 50.35 ha.
When viewed from the condition of mangrove vegetation coverage according to its conditions, the condition of dense (uncritical) vegetation reached an area of ± 351.34 ha, followed by a rare (critical) condition of ± 975.63 ha, while a damaged condition (very critical) ± 690.99 Ha. Thus the area of mangrove forest ecosystems in the Lower Lariang watershed reached ± 2017.96 ha. The large amount of mangrove obtained was due to the inclusion of nypa mangrove ecosystems (Nypa fruticans) in river estuaries at several other locations, as well as mangrove spots scattered in several locations downstream of the Lariang watershed.
The high level of criticality of mangroves is caused by exploitation and land conversion factors into residential areas and allotment of ponds, this can be found along the coast in the study area. This is in line with the statement [34], that in general critical mangrove land is caused by exploitation factors that are not environmentally friendly, such as logging for firewood. Conversion of ponds, settlements. [35].
The mangrove vegetation coverage condition of each subdistrict area showed that the densest (uncritical) vegetation conditions in Sarudu District with an area of ± 175.41 ha, followed by Tikke Raya District ± 138.16 ha while the lowest was Lariang and Dapurang districts ± 0.00 ha. For the highest rare (critical) vegetation coverage was Baras District with an area of ± 452.49 ha, followed by Lariang District ± 212.57 ha and Pasangkayu ± 115.87 ha and Tikke Raya District with an area of ± 73.88 ha, while those the lowest was Dapurang sub-district ± 27.23 ha. For the coverage of damaged vegetation (very critical) was the highest Pasangkayu District with an area of ± 321.03 ha, Baras District ± 155.75 ha, followed by Tikke Raya District ± 128.82 ha, while the lowest was Sarudu sub-district with an area ± 5.56 ha. The high distribution of mangrove forest locations that were damaged (critical) was caused by the large number of mangrove forest areas which had been converted into ponds, oil palm plantations and settlements, as well as coastal abrasion. This was supported by [36], that one of the causes of high damage to mangrove forests was the existence of coastal abrasion by the coastal erosion process due to the strong and destructive force of ocean waves and ocean currents. The damage was caused by human hands and natural phenomena [37].
The location distribution of the mangrove ecosystem critical level was shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 1.
The criticality level of Mangrov
e Ecosyste ms in
Sarjo, Bambala motu, and
Pasangka yu Districts
Figure 2. The Mangrove Ecosystems criticality level in the Districts of Tikke Raya, Lariang, Baras, and Sarudu
Figures 3. The Mangrove Ecosystem criticality level in Dapurang District
Figures 1, 2 and 3, shown that the average on eight sub-districts in the downstream Lariang watershed had extensive mangrove forests (very critical) except in Bambalamotu sub district (Table 3). The main cause was the mangrove forests conversion which did not pay attention to the environment factors. This was in accordance with the opinion [38-40] that the damage causes to mangrove forest ecosystems were included: mangrove forests conversion which it’s not environmentally friendly, pollution and excessive logging and also the influence of the human factor 3.2. Mangrove Forest Composition and Potential
Classified mangrove species in Indonesia into three groups namely major mangrove flora species, minor mangrove flora and their associations, in this study limited to two groups types, namely the major flora species (true mangrove flora or true mangroves) and minor mangroves (following mangrove).
The research results based on the line plot sampling method, the mangroves composition and potency in the Lariang watershed downstream were presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Composition and potency of vegetation type and mangrove rejuvenation level District / Village /
Location
Potential of Mangrove Vegetation
Species Density/ha Important Value (%)
Bambalamotu/Salule Tree:
Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Avicenia marina Sonneratia caseolaris Sapling:
Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Avicenia marina Sonneratia caseolaris Seedling:
Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Avicenia marina Sonneratia caseolaris
233 266 166 66 400 533 400 266 6666 1666 4166 1666
124.26 70.99 80.33 24.42 103.14 56.41 97.97 42.49 84.56 36.76 41.91 36.76 Tikke Raya/Tikke Tree:
Sonneratia alba Avicennia marina Sonneratia caseolaris Sapling:
Sonneratia alba Avicennia marina Sonneratia caseolaris Seedling:
Sonneratia alba Avicennia marina Sonneratia caseolaris
210 1133 30 760 320 106 4416 2416 750
219.32 64.95 15.73 197.70 74.86 27.44 91.58 65.20 43.22 Sarudu/Banggabara Tree:
Rhizophora stylosa Bruguiera gymnorhiza Avicennia alba
Avicennia lanata Sonneratia alba Xylocarpus granatum Aegyceras corniculatum Ceriops tagal
Sapling:
Rhizophora stylosa Bruguiera gymnorhiza Avicennia alba
Avicennia lanata Sonneratia alba Xylocarpus granatum Aegyceras corniculatum Ceriops tagal
Seedling:
Rhizophora stylosa Bruguiera gymnorhiza Acanthus ilicifolius Nifa fruticans
Xylocarpus molucensis Avicennia lanata Avicennia alba
96 140 76 13 16 6 6 6 1360 426 186 66 93 186 40 13 7583 250 1166 1916 333 500 333
119.15 89.16 47.51 13.48 11.59 9.24 4.94 4.94 156.31 61.81 25.86 7.42 14.08 21.45 7.90 5.17 118.31 7.62 15.21 21.42 8.31 20.80 8.31
Sarudu/Doda Tree:
Rhizophora stylosa Rhizophora mucronata Nifa fruticans
Sapling:
Sonneratia alba Avicenia marina Sonneratia caseolaris Seedling:
Sonneratia alba Nifa fruticans
Sonneratia caseolaris
210 113 30 760 320 106 4416 2416 750
219.32 64.95 15.73 197.70 74.86 27.44 91.58 65.20 43.22 Sarusu/Bulu Parigi Tree:
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Acanthus ilicifolius Nifa fruticans Sapling:
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Acanthus ilicifolius Nifa fruticans Seedling:
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Acanthus ilicifolius Nifa fruticans
246 143 40 213 453 120 4083 2666 833
217.25 66.21 16.54 160.77 105.52 33.71 87.18 68.50 44.32
Table 4, generally mangrove forests in the Lower Lariang watershed could be divided into 3 zones; namely the front zone, the middle zone and the rear zone. The mangroves forefront was controlled by Rhizophora mucronata, rather into about 20-30 m Rhizophora mucronata had been mixed with several other mangrove species but still in relatively small quantities. These types were Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, these types were still unable to compete with the dominance of Rhizophora mucronata. The mangrove area central part was dominated by Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. The deepest part (middle) was dominated by Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, with larger tree diameters. The soil in mangrove forests was muddy and saturated with water and could be said to contain no oxygen, in this condition only a few plants could survive.
Table 4, the dominant types were Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Most plants in mangrove forests were "halophytes", which were plants that adapted to grow in salty habitats. Tropical mangroves often shown the species from wetlands zoning to drier land. The first zoning often was consisted by Rhizophora or Avicennia. When Rhizophora established itself in the lagoon a succession began, because the tree root began to catch mud particles and dead plants. This situation caused the accumulation of litter material which help to raise the soil surface when the Rhizophora plant died, where it was often replaced by more common terrestrial plants which were typical for the lagoon's environmental areas
Based on zoning, in general the true mangrove flora types found in the lower Lariang watershed were Rhizophora spp., Bruguiera spp., Sonneratia spp., Ceriops spp., Xylocarpus spp., Lumnitzera spp., and Nypa fructicans. This mangrove flora type shown loyalty to mangrove habitat, had the ability to form pure stands and dominantly characterized community structures, Its morphologically had special adaptive formed (root shape and viviparity) to the mangrove environment, and had physiological mechanisms to controlling the salt. Furthermore, the following mangrove flora types were included Terminalia catappa, Excoecaria spp., Kandelia spp., Aegiceras sp., Aegialitis sp., Aerostichum sp., Comptostemon sp., Scyphiphora sp., Pemphis sp., Pandanus sp. This associated mangrove flora was unable to form pure stands, so morphologically it did not play a dominant role in the community structure.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The highest (critical) damaged was distributed in the districts of Pasangkayu, Baras and Tikke Raya, respectively to 321.03 ha, 155.75 ha, and 128.82 ha, while non critical land were located in the Sarudu and Bambalamotu districts which were to 175.41 ha and 21.09 ha respectively.
Mangrove species that were still commonly found in research sites with good growing conditions, ranging from seedling, sapling to tree were dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Avicennia marina, and Nifa fruticans.
The mangrove rejuvenation levels varied by location. The locations which classified as good at the youth level (sapling and seedling level) located in Salule, Tikke, Banggabara and Doda villages. The mangrove coastal areas replanting of the Lariang watershed downstream, especially those identified as being severely damaged or critically level was necessary to increase the community participation and other Saplingsholders to the rehabilitation programs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was conducted by the collaboration with BPDAS HL Lariang Mamasa, West Sulawesi through DIPA BA 029, therefore we thank the of BPDAS HL Lariang Mamasa Leadership, thank also the management of the Wanacikal Nature Lover Student Forestry Faculty, Tadulako University who assisted in this research.
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Editor's suggestion in chief
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26 Mei 2021 08.56
Dear author,
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Naharuddin Sumani <[email protected]>
31 Mei 2021 12.11
Dear
Editor-In-Chief Ijsdp
Please provide information, the development of the status of the article ID number 12327, with the title "The critical level of mangrove ecosystem in Lariang watershed downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia" which has been sent via OJS on May 25, 2021.
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Naharuddin
31 Mei 2021 14.32
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[41] Magrini, A., Lazzari, S., Marenco, L., Guazzi, G.
(2017). A procedure to evaluate the most suitable integrated solutions for increasing energy performance of the building’s envelope, avoiding moisture problems. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 35(4): 689-699.
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.350401
[42] Bejan, A. (2015). Constructal thermodynamics.
Constructal Law & Second Law Conference, Parma, pp. S1-S8.
[43] Chen, W.K. (1993). Linear Networks and Systems.
Wadsworth, Belmont, 123-135.
[44] Costa, T., Zarante, P., Sodré, J. (2013). Simulation of aldehyde formation in ethanol fuelled spark ignition engines. In: Sens, M., Baar, R. (eds) Engine Processes. Expert Verlag, Berlin.
[45] Bentley, R.E. (1998). Handbook of Temperature Measurement Vol. 3: The Theory and Practice of Thermoelectric Thermometry. Springer Science &
Business Media.
[46] Williams, J.O. (1993). Narrow-band analyzer. Ph.D.
dissertation. Department of Electronic Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
[47] SIMUL8 Corporation. SIMUL8 – Process Simulation Software. http://www.simul8.com/, accessed on Jan. 17, 2015.
[48] Reber, E.E., Michell, R.L., Carter, C.J. (1988).
Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere.
Technical Report TR-0200 (4230-46)-3. Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California, USA.
[49] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual. (1989).
Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, USA.
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REVIEWER’S COMMENTS Title of the article reviewed:
The critical level of mangrove ecosystem in Lariang watershed downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia
Summary
This research purposes were to determine the level of criticality of mangrove ecosystems in the Lariang watershed downstream of West Sulawesi. The location of mangrove ecosystems was determined by using Landsat 7 ETM + Band 542 imagery and direct field measurement. The methods of sampling and spot check were used to investigate and identify the species inventory and identification, tree/pole potency, saplings (saplings and seedlings). Results the ecosystem area, uncritical mangrove area, critical mangrove area and very critical mangrove area were determined in the lower reaches of lasso basin in West Sulawesi province. The dominant species of mangrove were determined. The main factors that determine the key degree of mangrove ecosystem are pointed out. The article has certain practical significance, but this article still has the following problems that need to be revised.
Major Issues
This paper adopts the method of observation and comparison, the research method is too simple,
lack of theoretical innovation. The advances of the article are very limited because the experimental approach and observations made as such are well known and adequately established. Therefore, the novelty aspects are diminished.
The main purpose of this study is to determine the critical level of mangrove ecosystem in the
lower reaches of West Sulawesi. The level of ecosystem is simply classified. However, what is the guiding significance of the determination of ecological level to the actual governance? It is hoped that the author will give scientific suggestions on the actual ecological governance. In addition, in order to enhance the academic and rigorous of the article, I hope the author will give a detailed description of the data collection.
Minor Issues
ABSTRACT:
In the abstract part, the explanation of critical land is not clear, so the research significance of
critical land should be added. In addition, there is no specific explanation of the advantages and main research results of using this research method. I think that the author of this part needs to make a brief definition of the problems that need to be studied, and then write down the main research content of the article. Some work needs to be done in highlighting the originality.
INTRODUCTION:
The part introduces the function of mangrove. The change of land use and the transformation of
mangrove land by human activities will change the life function of organisms. It is suggested that the description of the impact of land use change and human activities is scattered, and there are too many paragraphs. It is suggested to comb this part again.
LITERATURE REVIEW：
This paper lacks literature review, and does not systematically comb the previous related
research, it is difficult to see the scientific and systematic nature of the article, and it is suggested to add literature review.
METHODOLOGY ：
The study site is only described by longitude and latitude, and it is suggested to add a map for
explanation.
The research methods and procedures are written description, lack of literature reference. It is
suggested to indicate the origin and theoretical basis of the research methods, so as to increase the scientificity and rationality of this paper.
In the data processing and analysis part, the description is too brief. It is suggested that the
geographic information system (GIS) technology be explained in detail, so as to enrich the process of data acquisition.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ：
Attention should be paid to the format. For example, there is no full stop in the last paragraph of
part 3.1 and all tables should use three lines tables.
It is recommended to enlarge the result in the figure. The description of critical level of
Mangrove in Figure 1-3 is not clear. It is suggested to pay attention to the normalization of the chart.
CONCLUSIONS ：
The content of this part is too little, only the area of different critical levels and vegetation
