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g n i n a e m l a u t p e c n o c e m a
s (Adisut irsno ,2003:31). Synonymou sword smay have e
k il , g n i n a e m l a u t p e c n o c e m a s e h t y lt c a x
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s th ir tfy and economical ,bachelo rand
s u o m y n o n y s y l e v it p ir c s e d e r a n e tt o r d n a r u o s , n a m d e ir r a m n u r a e
N -synonyms are expression s tha t appea r simliar , bu t no t really r a e n f o s e l p m a x E . g n i n a e m n i n o it a ir a v r i e h t f o e s u a c e b g n i n a e m n i l a c it n e d i -l g n E n i y m y n o n y
s ishare‘ mis tandf og ,’‘ srteamandbrook’ .Fori nstance‘ srteam
a s i ’ k o o r B ‘ .l a c it n e d i y ll a e r t o n e r a y e h t t u b g n i n a e m n i r a li m i s r a e p p a ’ k o o r b d n a e b d l u o c n o it a n a l p x e e m a s e h T . r e v ir l l a m s a s i ’ m a e rt s ‘ e li h w m a e rt s l l a m s F ‘ . ’ g o f d n a t s i m ‘ r o f d e r e f f
( ’ g o f n i h t‘ a s i ’ t s i m ‘ e li h
w Cambridge Internaitona lDicitonary o fEngilsh ,
.) 6 9 9 1
.
2 Theoryo fMeaning.
l a u t p e c n o
C meaning i s fo r the main reason why speaker s make a i
s a f o m y n o n y s f o e c i o h c r a l u c it r a
p ti st hebasicmeaning t hat t hespeaker swan t
, m y n o n y s e t u l o s b a s a y fi l a u q o t r e d r o n i , y ll a n o it i d d A . y tr a p r e h t o e h t o t e t o n e d o t
.t n e m e ri u q e r c i s a b e h t s i g n i n a e m l a u t p e c n o c e m a s e h t g n i s s e s s o p
g n i n a e m e v it a t o n n o
C si the meaning which i sused t o expres sthe pure d
r o w a t a h t g n i n a e m l a u t p e c n o
c possesses .The connotaitve meaning embrace s
n a y b d e t p o d a t n i o p w e i v e h t o t e u d , t n e r e f e r e h t f o s e it r e p o r p e v it a t u p e h t “
y r a v o t t p a e r a s n o it a t o n n o C . y t e i c o s e l o h w a r o e l p o e p f o p u o r g a r o , l a u d i v i d n i
o t e g a m o r
f ageandf roms ocietyt os ociety( Leech ,1974:12 .)
g n i n a e m e v it c e f f
A i s“the consideraiton o fhow language relfect sthe
) c i s ( s i h r o r e n e t s il e h t e d u ti tt a ) c i s ( s i h g n i d u l c n i ,s r e k a e p s e h t f o g n il e e f l a n o s r e p
” t u o b a g n i k l a t s i ) c i s ( e h g n i h t e m o s o t e d u ti tt
a (Leech,1974:15) .Unde raffecitve
e k a m r e k a e p s a , g n i n a e
m s al exica lchoicedepending on emo iton t ha the o rshe
. y tr a p r e h t o e h t o t y e v n o c t h s i w y a m
g n i n a e m c it a m e h
T i sanothe rconcernoft hel exica lchoice .Thet hemaitc a
e m e h t o t s r e f e r h c e e L y b g n i n a e
m ningi n whichaspeake rorganize smessaget o
s m y n o n y s r e v o s e c i o h c e k a m n a c s r e k a e p S . s t c e p s a n i a tr e c o t s i s a h p m e t u p
e y n a s i e r e h t r e h t e h w n o g n i d n e p e
3. Graham’ sClassiifca itonofs ynonymou sword s a l c ) 3 1 : 6 1 9 1 ( m a h a r
G ssi ifed a very large clas so fsynonymou sword s
d n a ’ y ti s n e t n I ’ ,’ e v i s s a P d n a e v it c A ‘ , ’ c if i c e p S d n a c ir e n e G ‘ f o s d a e h e h t r e d n u r a e n e r a s d r o w f o s ri a p e s o h T . ’ s u o e n a ll e c s i m
‘ -synonymysincet hedisitnciton i n
n a l p x e e h T . s ti x e s d r o w s u o m y n o n y s f o r i a p h c a
e aiton s o f those fou r
.s w o ll o f s a e r a s n o it a c if i s s a l c c if i c e p S d n a c i r e n e G . 1 e h t m o r f r e f fi d o t d n u o f e b l li w d r o w e n o t a h t s d l o f n u ) 3 1 : 6 1 9 1 ( m a h a r G s a s d r o w h c u s n i s a , s u n e g e h t m o r f s e i c e p s e h t s a r e h t
o todoandtomake ,praise
d n
a applause ,robus ta dn strong ,etc. i ti swo trhwhlie to explain here the term
s r e h p o s o li h p e h t , s t c e j b o l a r u t a n f o n o it a c if i s s a l c e h t n I . ’ c if i c e p s d n a c ir e n e g ‘ s i ’ m o d g n i k ‘ e h T . s s a l c t s e g r a l e h t t n e s e r p e r o t ’ m o d g n i k ‘ m r e t e h t d e y o l p m e . ’ s r e d r o ‘ d n a ’ s e s s a l c ‘ o t n i d e d i v i
d The‘ orders ’aresubdivided i nto ‘ genera ’and
m a h a r G , ’ s s a l c ‘ d n a ’ m o d g n i k ‘ m r e t e h t g n it c e j e R . ’ s e i c e p s ‘ o t n i ’ a r e n e g ‘ e h t ’ r e d r o ‘ e h t t n e s e r p e r o t , b r e v r o n u o n s a , h c e e p s f o t r a p e h t s r e d i s n o c ) 3 1 : 6 1 9 1 ( ’ r e d r o ‘ h c a e r e d n u d e s s a l c e b y a m ’ a r e n e g ‘ e h t n e h
t a sexpressings omegenera lo r
e r o m g n i b ir c s e d s a ’ s u n e g ‘ e h t r e d n u ’ s e i c e p s ‘ e h t d n a e l p i c n ir p g n i d a e l . y lr a l u c it r a
p To i llusrtatet hefunciton of t hoset erm semployed , ti i srequried t o
e h t , d e n i a l p x e e v o b a e l p i c n ir p e h t g n i y l p p a y B . s e l p m a x e l a r e v e s e v i
g dfiference
n e e w t e
b to do and to make si to do expres sgenera laciton ;i ti slabeled the
. ) 4 1 : 6 1 9 1 , m a h a r G ( h tr o f e c n e h ’ c ir e n e g
‘ To makedescirbeamorespeciifcmode
b r e v ’ r e d r o ‘ e h t r e d n u l l a f s d r o w h t o B . ’ c if i c e p s ‘ e h t d e l e b a l s i ti , n e h t g n i o d f o h a r G
.
2 AcitveandPassive
m a h a r
G (1916:120) ,affrim stha tthe synonym sunde rthi sdivision are
. n i a t n o c y e h t h c i h w s e it il a u q e v i s s a p d n a e v it c a e h t y b r e h t o h c a e f o h s i u g n it s i d
n e k a t t o n e r a e r e h d e y o l p m e ’ e v i s s a p ‘ d n a ’ e v it c a ‘ s m r e t e h
T from the
n a t n e s e r p e r s d r o w y n a m t a h t s tr e s s a ) 0 2 1 : 6 1 9 1 ( m a h a r G . e s n e s l a c it a m m a r g
t n e i p i c e r r o e v i s s a p a s e s s e r p x e t a h t d r o w a , e r o f e r e h T . y ti l a u q e v i s s a p r o e v it c a
n a n i a e d i e m a s e h t g n i n i a t n o c e n o m o r f d e h s i u g n it s i d e b n e tf o s u h t y a m e t a t s
w t e h T . e t a t s e v it c
a o noun sablitiy and capactiy wli lcome unde rthi shead o f
. r e w o p f o a e d i e h t n i a t n o c s d r o w h t o B . s e c n e r e f fi
d Capactiyexpressest hepowe r
s a e r e h w , g n i n a e m e v i s s a p r o t n e i p i c e r a s a h d n a e g d e l w o n k g n i v i e c e r f
o ab litiy
d e l w o n k g n i y l p p a f o r e w o p e h t s e s s e r p x
e ge and consequen lty ha s an acitve
m a h a r G ( n o it a c if i n g i
s ,1916:121 .)
3.I ntenstiy
2 : 6 1 9 1 ( m a h a r
G 02 )argue stha tunde rthe p irnciple o f i‘ntenstiy’ , the
e r o m a s e s s e r p x e d n o c e s e h t t a h t s i d r o w r e h t o e h t d n a e n o e h t n e e w t e b e c n e r e f fi d
ri f f o e e r g e d e v i s n e t n
i st .Byapplyingt hep irnciple,t hedfiferencebetweent het wo
s b r e
v to hear and to ilsten i stha tto hear i ssimple act ,wherea sto ilsten si an
2 : 6 1 9 1 , m a h a r G ( t c a e v i s n e t n
i 0 2 .)
s u o e n a ll e c s i M . 4
7 3 3 : 6 1 9 1 ( m a h a r
G - 83 ) ,3 therearemany pari so fword swhose dfiference
e h t s m e e s t u b , e l p i c n ir p g n it c e ri d y l m r o fi n u y n a n o d n e p e d o t r a e p p a t o n s e o d
e s u a c t n e r e f fi d a t a h t d n u o f e b l li w t I . e g a u g n a l f o e c ir p a c e r e m a f o t l u s e r
ll a h s e w t a h t o s , ri a p e l g n i s h c a e n i s e t a r e p
f o n o it a n a l p x
e the dfiference in each individua lcase and thi sexplanaiton wli l
e h t r e d i s n o c e w n e h w t u b y tl u c if fi d f o s e s a c r e h t o n i e l u r n i a tr e c o n t s e g g u s
s m r o f d n a s e d a h s f o y t e ir a v e ti n if n i t s o m l a e h t d n a d n i m n a m u h f o e r u t a n e lt it b u s
a h s e w , s e m u s s a e g a u g n a l h c i h
w l lno tbe surp irsed at t hi sdfiifcutly .Some itnge
h c i h w , e n o n i t s i x e o t d n u o f e b l li w e d a h s e l b it p e c r e p m i t s o m l a e m o s , g n ir o l o c f o
s i t a h t s u o ir a v y l e ti n if n i o s d n a s u o i c ir p a c o s s i s i h t d n a r e h t o o t g n o l e b t o n s e o d
r o , s d r o w h c u s y fi s s a l c o t e l b i s s o p m
i collectt hoseamongt hemi n whichany one
. y l m r o fi n u t c a o t d n u o f s i e l p i c n ir p
4 .Theory fo semanitccompetence
e h t e n i m r e t e d o t y ti li b a e h
t meaningo faparitculars tirngo fwords .Sincea
t c a t n y s e n o n a h t e r o m o t d n o p s e r r o c y a m s d r o w f o g n ir t s r a l u c it r a
p ics rtucture ,we
c n e t e p m o c c it n a m e s e k a t n a
c toconsis toft heablitiyt odeterminet hemeaningo f
o s l a y ti li b a s i h T . e r u t c u rt s c it c a t n y s r a l u c it r a p
a consist s o f the ablitiy to
u t c u rt s c it c a t n y s t c n it s i d f o s g n i n a e m e h t n e e w t e b s p i h s n o it a l e r e h t e n i m r e t e
d r e.
2 , s c it a m g a r P d n a s c it n a m e S : I I e r u t c u rt S & e g a u g n a L
( -151 ,MW1-2.30) .
k r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T . C
h t r o
F i sstudyt hewrtie rneedst heori so fsynonymsi n ordert o know how
d n a k r o w s m y n o y s e h
t t hefeature so rcharacteirc so feach synomyn .sThet heory
f
o meaning alsoapp ilesbecausewhen t hecharacteirc so fsynyomy sword sapply
a e m e h t d e t c e f f a t i w o h d n a t x e t n o c e h t n
i ning on ti .Thewrtie ralsousetheoryo f
e h t f o t s o m e s u a c e b n o it a c if i s s a l c d n a n o it a n a l p x e m a h a r G n o d e s a b s n y m o n y s
f n e k a t e r a s y m n o n y
s rom Graham’ sbook .Thet heory o fsemanitccompetencei s
a g n i n a e m s n y m o n y s e h t w o h k o o l o t d e s
e h t n i y l p p a s m y n o n y s e t a ir o r p p a e h t h c i h w e d i c e d o t y tl il i b a e h t f o t n e m e r u s a e m
4 1
R E T P A H
C II I
Y G O L O D O H T E M
y d u t S e h t f o t c e j b O . A
a t a d e h t , s i s e h t s i h t n
I o robjec to fstudy wa sEngilsh synonyms. The
synonym swereclassi ifed into geneircand speci ifc synonym ,acitve and passive
s u o e n a ll e c s i m d n a y ti s n e t n i f o m y n o n y s , m y n o n y
s synonym .Al loft hemcould be
fi s s a l c s m y n o n y s h s il g n E f o k o o b n i d n u o
f ied and explained by G.F Graham
. ) 6 1 9 1 (
y d u t S e h t f o d o h t e M . B
s a w d e il p p a y d u t s f o d o h t e m e h
T ilbrary research and ifeld research .The
h c r a e s e r y r a r b il f o e s o p r u
p sw a to ifnd sources, t heo ire sand supporitng data to
m o
c pletet hi sstudywhichwould beusedf o ranalyzing patr .However, the ilbrary
s a w h c r a e s e
r no tqutie enough to conduct ifna lresul tand analyze, then ifeld
d l u o w h c r a e s e
r beanothe rmethod t o usei n order t o completet he study, os thi s
. s t n e d n o p s e r d e s u d o h t e
m In the ifeld research the data would be brough tto
d d a o t s a w e s o p r u p e h T . s e c n e r e f e r e d i s t u o m o r f n o it a m r o f n i e m o s t e g o t e d i s t u o
w e i v f o t n i o p r e h t o n
a sot hatt hes tudys houldno tbes ubjecitve.
s t n e m u r t s n I h c r a e s e R . C
K .
1 ind so fData
d e z ir o g e t a c e r a s i s e h t s i h t n i d e s u a t a d e h
y r a m i r P .
a Data
t c e j b o e h
T data w tere aken from the Engilsh Synonym Classiifed and
d e n i a l p x
E ,w irttenbyG.FGraham .Thedatawere40pariso fsynonymou swords ,
l l
a synonymous word sclassiifed tino 4 catego ires .The fou rcatego ire swere
c if i c e p s d n a c ir e n e
g synonyms , acitve and passive synonyms , synonym o f
s n e t n
i tiyandmiscellaneouss ynonyms.
s t n e d n o p s e R .
b
e h
T survey w as to collec tdata from the respondents .The data were
d e p o l e v e
d into quesitonnaries o fsynonymou sword and the respondent swere
.s e s i c r e x e e c n e t n e s a o t n i d e d i v o r p d a h h c i h w s d r o w s u o m y n o n y s e h t ll if o t d e k s a
i a n n o it s e u q e h
T res ,which consisted o f40 quesiton ,s w ere given to 85
s t n e d n o p s e
r . Each quesiton scontaine d 2 synonymou swords .The respondent s
e r e
w the fou trh semeste rstudents o f2012 clas so fEngilsh Letter sDepa trmen t
T . a m r a h D a t a n a
S hey wereselectedbasedont hescoref rom highes tup t o l owes t
.s s a l c n o it a l s n a rt n i e r o c
s eT h respondent swereselectedf rom et h rtanslaitonclas s
o t d e t a l e r s d r o w s u o m y n o n y s e h t f o e s u a c e
b the rtanslaiton ifeld,i n othe rwords
.s d r o w s u o m y n o n y s h ti w s l a e d n o it a l s n a rt
d i v i d s t n e d n o p s e r e h
T edi ntoHigh ,Mediumand Lowwereselectedbased
t n i e c n a m r o f r e p r i e h t n
o he clas smeaning to say based on thei rscore in the
s e r o c s w o l d n a m u i d e m r o h g i h e h t r e h t e h w e r u s a e m o t r e d r o n i s s a l c n o it a l s n a rt
.s d r o w s u o m y n o n y s g n i d n a t s r e d n u n i e c n e t e p m o c r i e h t d e c n e u lf n i e b n a
c The
e h t n o d e s a b e r a w o l d n a m u i d e m , h g i h f o a ir e ti r
c score sonstuden’tspefrormance
: s t n e d n o p s e r e h t f o n o it u b ir t s i d e h t s i e r e H
s s a l
C rNesupmonbedrenots f NoC .aot feRgoesrpizoanitdoennt s h
g i
H Medium L ow
y a d n o
M 1 7 5 6 6
y a d s e u
T 2 3 8 8 7
y a d s e n d e
W 2 3 8 7 8
y a d s r u h
T 2 2 7 8 7
l a t o
T 8 5
n o it c e ll o C a t a D . 2
r e ti r w e h t a t a d e h t t c e ll o c o t r e d r o n
I h ad some steps ,fris t ifnding the
e h T . c i p o
t purposeo f ifnding t het opicwast o ifnd whatr esearch would bedone
e h c r a e s e r e h t r o f t n a tr o p m i w o h d n
a rand reader .Thesecond step wa sto collec t
m a h a r G F . G e h t m o r f a t a d e h
t (1916 ,) which was 4 catego ire so fsynonymou s
e r e w s e ir o g e t a c r u o f e h t ; s d r o
w geneirc speci ifc synonyms ,acitve and passive
m y n o n y
s s ,synonyms ofi ntenstiy and miscellaneou ssynonyms .Thewrtie rchose
10 pari so fsynonymou sfrom each o fthe catego ires .A tfe rchoosing the wrtie r
d e z y l a n
a thenuance so feach synonymou sword by usingt heexplanaiton i n G.F
m a h a r
G thencombined thesynonymou sword i nto t he sentence swhich provided
. k o o b e h t n i
s a w p e t s t x e n e h
T to create t he data i nto quesitonnaries hw ich had been
g n i d n if r e tf a e n o
d thecorrec tanswe roft hequesitonnarie .Therespondent swere
a m r a h D a t a n a S s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o s t n e d u t s r e t s e m e s h tr u o f e h
t Universtiy. The
e d u t s 0 2 1 s i r e t s e m e s h tr u o f e h t f o s t n e d u t s l a t o
t nt sand85s tudentss electedbased
e c n a m r o f r e p r i e h t n
l l a r o f s e t u n i m 0 3 d n u o r a s i k n a l b e h t g n il li f r o f n e v i g e b l li w e m it e h t n e h t
.s n o it s e u q
: a t a d f o e l p m a x e e h T
.
1 Geneirc/Speci ifc( G/S)i ncluded10pari sofs ynonyms
.
2 Acitve/Passive(A/P)i ncluded10pari sofs ynonyms
.
3 SynonymofI ntenstiy(SI)i ncluded10pari sofs ynonyms
.
4 Miscellaneouss ynonym(MS i)ncluded10pari sofs ynonyms
f o r i a p a d e d u l c n i s n o it s e u q e h t f o h c a e r o f s n o it s e u q 0 4 e r a y e h T
synonymou sso tha tthey are 80 synonymou sword .s They were 04 pari so f
t a h t d r o w s u o m y n o n y
s w eregivent ot herespondent sareasf ollows:
s b r e V . 1
r e w s n
A -Reply Todi insvceonvte- rTo Tor aeccceeivpet- To Toparroitncouulantcee- To e
d i v i d o
T - To e t a r a p e
S Tof poarrgdiovne- To Tos ee-Tol ook Shall-W ill t
c e p x e o
T - To e p o
h Tobgercoowm- eTo Toraevveennggee- To Tor aise-To iltf d
n e f e d o
T - To t c e t o r
p Tohear-To ilsten Togroetbuarcnk- To Toeat-Tof eed
s n u o N . 2
y t u
D -Obilgaiton Word-Term Value-Wo trh e
r u t c i
P - nPai it ng Ablitiy-Capactiy Happiness-Pleasure r
e b b o
R -Thief Intellect -g n i d n a t s r e d n
U R -iotTumutl t
n e l a
T -Genius Reason-Cause Wood-Forest y
a
W -Road Fautl-Mistake
s e v it c e j d A . 3
h g i
H -T all Thankful-Grateful Common-Ordinary Alone-O nly e
r u
s b r e v d A . 4
n e e w t e
B -Among Almost-Nealry y
n
A -Some
s i s y l a n A a t a D . 4
e r e w e r e h
T somestepst oexplaino ranalyzet hedata .Thef ris twasfound
o w e h
t rd orl exica lmeaning i n Oxford Advanced Leaner’s (Hornby ,2005) .The
p e t s d n o c e
s appiled some theo ire stha tsuppor tthe explanaiton on G.F Graham
) 6 1 9 1
( .Thet hrid stepwascombiningt hosemeaningt hatf ound i n al lsource sand
v i u q e e h t e r u s e k a
m alen toft hesynonymou sword could beapplied t hedata .The
s a w p e t s h tr u o
f to ifndt henuance soft hes ynonymou sword ,meaningt os aywha t
f fi d d r o w s u o m y n o n y s e h t s e k a
m e reachother .The iftfhstepwastomeasurehow
. d r o w s u o m y n o n y s g n i s u n i e c n e t e p m o c s t n e d u t s e h t r a f
: s i s y l a n a a t a d f o e l p m a x e e h T
a t a
D G/S1 G/S2 G/S3
1 H
T C I C
2 H
T C I C
3 H
T C C I
: e t o N
1 h g i H y a d s e u T = 1 H
T C=Correct
t n e d u t S t s ri f / c ir e n e G = 1 S /
G I=Incorrect
m o r
F the data abovet he wrtie rwanted to show t hat t hefris tResponden t
d a h h c i h w s s e n t c e r r o c 2 d a h ) 1 H T
( donei n quesiton snumber s1 and 3( Q1&Q3 )
s s e n t c e r r o c n i 1 d n
d a
h thesamet hing bu tdfiferentf rom t het hrid r espondent( TH3), t her espondent
d l u o
c onlyanswerf orQ1andQ2butf o rQ3i si ncorrec.t
e d a m r e ti r w e h t a t a d t a h t h ti
W a conclusion on how fa rthe studen’t s
d r o w s u o m y n o n y s g n i s u n i e c n e t e p m o
c s and also wha tsynonymou swhich have
fi
d ifcu tlt ounderstandinganddfiferenitatei .t
o t g n ir r e f e
R Peraturan Akademik Mahasiswa o racademic regulaiton o f
r a d n a t s m u m i n i m e h t ,) 4 1 : 2 0 0 2 ( y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a
S do fmasteryi s56%o f
e r o c s t s e h g i h e h t f o % 6 5 e v e i h c a o h w s t n e d u t s e h T . t n e m e v e i h c a m u m i x a m e h t
f o % 0 5 e v e i h c a y l n o s t n e d u t s e h t f I . t n e i c if f u s f o y r o g e t a c e h t o t n i d e if i s s a l c e r a
i c if f u s n i f o y r o g e t a c e h t o t n i d e if i s s a l c e r a y e h t n e h t , e r o c s t s e h g i h e h
t ent .The
e d e r a d o o g y r e v d n a d o o g f o y r o g e t a c e h t r o f e r o c s m u m i n i
m termined by the
y b s r e r u t c e
l consideirng t he sco
