!
"
# $
% &
' ()() #( $
& &
$ &
$ (
* (
(+ , - " λ
( ( . (
λ
λ
λ
λ
$ ( *
/
0 1
(
×
=
=
λ
(( # 0 2 −
=
λ
υ
2 ! # ν3 &
# 4
!
( 4 5 ()#() 5 ()#6 5 ()#7
( 5 ()#8 5 ()#7 5 ()74
( #(5 ' 9 ()(),- 5 ')
$,-( $,- 5 $,-():,- 5 (+') #(
$ ( ; ( &
; ( < &
! ! "#
$
()#= ) ( ())) '9()(= 1
79()#= ) 7 7))) > =9()(7 %
> =9()#= ) >= >=)) 79()(7 ('''' ?
29()#' 2) 29()= ( =9()(' =)) ?
) ( ()' '9()(( ')) () $
%&# # #% %&# # # #% # #% #%%
uv uv uv uv visvisvisvis
Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared near nearnear near Radio Radio Radio Radio ' ( ) * +
%&# # #% %&# # # #% # #% #%%
uv uv uv uv visvisvisvis
Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared near nearnear near Radio Radio Radio Radio ' ( ) * +
%&# # #% %&# # # #% # #% #%%
uv uv uv uv visvisvisvis
Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared near nearnear near Radio Radio Radio Radio ' ( ) * + uv uv uv uv visvisvisvis
Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared near nearnear near Radio Radio Radio Radio ' ( ) * +
@ & 9 0
!
=
'! + 0 A 9
' :) 9 ()28A / 9
9 ,
9 ?
"
=
!
7B 0 + A #2 ? &
0
" #
$
π
−
×
=
=
×
×
" ?
0
"
∗
π
%
=
" #
∗
π
%
% # ( = 9 ()(( %
"
=
×
×
=
$
−×
"
λ=
!
λ
=0 B
= &
"
"
λλ
∞
=
∫
8"
, 1 3
>
!
λ
=
>0
? !
; 2 %
$
-!
/* 9
!
/ + 5 A?
!
A + 2& ?
!
λ
υ
!
A+ 2+
A+ 2+
%
!
λ
!
υ
A+ 2+ +
A+ 2+
,
- θ
?
$ (
"
=
∫
θ
6θ θ φ
=
:Φ Φ Φ
Φ θθθθ
θθθθ ΦΦΦΦ
θθθθ
θθθθ
θθθθ θθθθ ΦΦΦΦ
Φ Φ Φ
Φ θθθθ
θθθθ ΦΦΦΦ
θθθθ
θθθθ
θθθθ θθθθ ΦΦΦΦ
1
*
"
=
π
()3 ?
?λ B 5 +λ
λ
λ
=
((" )C
< D2>'CE "
" "
+ *
F (6>:
" !
"
&
$
σ
σ
− − −=
=
×
(2(6:: @
$ '
F
A (6:'
&
λ
λ
λ
=
('(' 0
3
A ;λ (7
A 0
&
(' A ;λ %
/ (:)) &
! 0 #
&
'
&
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
∞−
∞ −
=
∫
∫
(=
! - 5( '6( 9 ()#2'/+ " ;λ
&
λ
=
λ
&
(8A (8 ;λ
"
< (8
(:)( 0
# " # (=
&
'
&
' &
#
ε
ε
∞ −
= ∞
−
=
=
=
−
∑
∑
(>
" ;λ
&
&
λ
=
λ−
(65 8 8' 9 ()#'7/
" ,
&
&
$
$
λ
λ
λ
− −
=
−
=
=
×
=
=
B (> (6
&
&
υυ
υ
=
−
2)" ,
& ;
#
. '. / 0 1 (*
$ G 0
& ;
λ ) ,
(
(
=
−
− 2(9
(
&
λ
=
2( 9 5 7 :8=((7 λ 9 ;
&
22 , A , 0 &
! 22
2)
)
)
)
&
&
υ
υ
−
−
=
−
=
=
∗
2'
2' 0
υ
≠
λ
, A
0
(
λ
&
)
=
λ
λ &−
27&
&
=
−
=
' B
(
υ
&
)
=
&
2=" , A
B 0
=>6) <
) = B
) ' D ) > " 2== <
((
2 "
"
(= (8 % #/
λH) = #
&
&
λ
= +
λ
&
&
λ
λ
&
&
υ
υ
=
2>28 2> , % #/
λH) = % #/
B
. /
& &
;
&
λ
4 ( )
&
&
λλ
=
λ
− −26
&
&
υυ
=
υ
−2:
26 2: A F λI()#'
A B
"3 ! 3
&
"
"
λλ π
λλ
λ
∞ ∞
=
=
−
∫
∫
')(
=
λ
&
&
( (
&
π
π
∞
(
"
σ
&
∞
=
=
=
−
∫
2 '(! '(
&
&
λ
=
υ
υ
'2"
&
&
λ λ
λ
λ π
λλ
σ
=
σ
∫
∫
'20 0
"
!λ 3
&
λ υ
υ
υ
λ
λ
=
=
+
+
''
" ''
+ ! 2>
2: % #/
&
λ
λ υυ
=
=
'7=
×
" A
&
λ υ
υ
υ
λ
λ
=
=
'=
!ν; A+ 2 #(
"
0 !
!
α
&
&
α
=
'81
&
&
υ
α
λ
≈
=
B
α
α ; '
; ' " +
'νννν* '$* )
>)) 22) 7 =6
:)) ')) 7 '2
(2)) ')) = >8
(8)) 27) : =:
2')) 22) (= )7
!"
#
$ "%
$
"& '(
"
) $ * $+!"
!,-
.
,/
* "0
"
1
% * !"
2!,)
'
* "
"0 **
,' $,3%%
*
"
) * ,4 $
*,1
% * ,5 $
*"
1 * !"
#
$ "6
$
"7 '("
0'8& *!"
"
3'*( $!"
- '
""
9 +: $ !"
"
2
* !"
"
2$ *
") * !"
"
!
!
"34"
2(
"5' 8 $!"
"
; *"0 <
"= !"
"
!
!
"34"
; *"0 <
".+!"
- '
"/
+
* "
1 * "# *
"1
!"
"4 '* "
; *"6$ *
"= !"
"
!
!
"34"
3 " "; *"2
% * "6$ *
"
"
5' 8 $" "6
!"
"