QwBU=@a O}yW jQ@ w ? CavY x=oWv=O
|Q=t C=@U=Lt u=@R =@ |}=vW
180Q=DWwv CU=Q}w
|vWwOv|wUwt O}aUO}U
s
_mousavi@pwut.ac.ir
w Q=DioV}B
1 R|U}wvxt=vQ@u=@R=@|}=vWpw=pYi
1. . . xtOkt 11
1. . . |U}wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R =QJ 21
3. . . .Q=Ri=sQv?Yv RQ] 31
3. . . =y|W 41
4. . . x_i=L QO <=}W= uOQm hPL wCUQyi 'O=H}= 141
5. . . Ru=@ R |=yQoW}=Q} w 241
7. . . RQO =yxO=O 341
9. . . Ru=@ R QO xO=t |=yxO=O 441
9. . . Ru=@ RQO=yxO=O R=|DtUkV}=tv 1441
10. . . =yxO=OO}rwD 541
10. . . =yxO=O R=s_vt |=yxr=@vO O=H}= 1541
11. . . .=yxO=O R=|iO=YD |=yxr=@vO O=H}= 2541
12. . . =yxO=OuDWwv w uOv=wN 51
13. . . p}=i|rt=aDuDi=} 2151
14. . . scanuOv=wN QwDUO 3151
15. . . p}=i |wQ=yxO=OuDWwv 251
16. . . p}=i R= xO=iDU==@uDWwv w uOv=wNpLt 351
17. . . =yxO=O Q=DN=U 61
18. . . =yQ=OQ@ 161
18. . . =yQ=OQ@ |wQ|=} Q C=@U=Lt 1161
21. . . which()`@=D 2161
22. . . =yT}QD=t 261
27. . . .|Wl} Q=DN=U xOy=Wt 1261
27. . . u C=}rta wT}QD=t 2261
29. . . |]N CqO=at x=oDUOpL 3261
29. . . |=xrtHOvJ xrO=atpL 4261
30. . . Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O 361
30. . . Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O X=wN 1361
31. . . Q=O?wJQ=J |=yxO=O O=H}= 2361
32. . . factor()`@=D 461
33. . . |v=tR |QU |=yC}OwHwt 561
33. . . =yCUQyi 661
34. . . CUQyi O=H}= 1661
37. . . .pwOHl} QO uwDU wQ]U |Q=Pos=v 761
38. . . =yQDm =Q=m R= |=xDWQ=@ Q=m 71
40. . . xDWQQ} R 171
40. . . Ru=@ R QO u=tR wM} Q=D 81
41. . . u=tR wM} Q=D=@ C=@U=Lt 181
43. . . ExcelQO u=tR wM} Q=D 1181
44. . . Ru=@ R=@|U}wvxt=vQ@ 91
44. . . \QW 191
45. . . xkrL 291
50. . . .apply`@=wD xO=wv=N 1291
54. . . with`@=D 2291
54. . . `@=wD 391
56. . . |Q=}DN= w |Q=@H= u=twoQ 1391
56. . . ::: u=twoQ 2391
57. . .
|rL
t |=
yQ}eD
t 439158. . . .
Q
@ Q=
m xO
Wh
}Qa
D|
}=
DwOQort
al
}C
N=
U 539159. . . u u=
w
N=Q
i w xO
WxD
Ww
v`
@=
D xQ}
NP 639160. . .
|DW
oR=
@|U
}w
vx
t=
vQ
@ 49162. . . .
p}U
v=Qi
}O CqO=a
t w p=QoD
v= 'jDW
tx@
U=L
t 10162. . . .
jDW
t 110163. . . p=
QoD
v= 210163. . .
x
v=
oOv
J p=QoD
v= 1210163. . .
p}U
v=Qi
}Ox
rO=a
t 310166. . . |Q=
R
i=sQ
v |=
yxDU
@ 11169 Q=OwtvsUQswOpYi
69. . . |Q=O
wt
v`
@=w
D 1271. . . curve()
`
@=
D 11273. . . |Q
=
t |Q=Owt
v`
@=w
D 21274. . .
s}
UQ
DxLi
Y uw
o=
vw
o |=
yCtU
k 31275. . .
s
yx
@C@U
v Q=Owt
vOv
JC}a
w 2275. . . =
RH
t xQHv
BOv
J O=H
}= 12276. . .
=
yQ=Owt
v xO
W R=
@ |=
yxQHv
BuDU
@ 22276. . .
xLi
Yl
} |wQ =RH
t Q=Owt
vOv
J 32277. . . |w
=U
t |=
yCtU
kx
@ Q=Owt
vxLi
Ys}Uk
D 132277. . . |w
=U
t=
v |=
yCtU
kx
@ Q=Owt
vxLi
Ys}Uk
D 232280. . .
=
yQ=Owt
v u=m
tu}}a
D=
@xLi
Ys}Uk
D 332282. . .
O
L=wxLi
Y QO|r@
k Q=Owt
v |wQQ
@O
}O
H Q=Owt
vs}
UQ
D 42282. . .
|
HQ=
N |=
ys}_v
D 142283. . . Q=O
wt
vl
} |=
yQD
t=Q=
Bs}_v
D 242285. . .
u}
}=
BK]
U`
@=w
D R= |=xQ=
B 342299. . . x
O}
rwS |=
yQ=Owt
v 4422101. . . .
|
a=]
k |=
yQ=Owt
v 5422103. . . |
Oa
)@
x
U |=
yQ=Owt
v 6422105. . .
=
yQ=Owt
v uOwt
v xQ}
NP 522107. . .
=
yQ=Owt
v uOwt
v xQ}
NP 622107. . . Trellis|
=
yQ=Owt
v 32108. . . Trellis|
=
yQ=Owt
vQ
t=Q
o |Ov
@`t
H 132. . . .
109
. . . .
=
yQD
t=Q=
B 232 109. . . .
`=w
v= 1232109
. . . .
=
yQwL
t 2232116 p=tDL= wQ=tswUpYi
116
. . . .
|Q=
tx
}=
B`
@=w
D 13 116. . . .
O=
} R |Q
@ Q=
m=
@`
@=w
D 113118
. . . .
|
iO=Y
D O=O
a= w|
r=tD
L= |=
y`
} Rw
D 213 120. . . .
s=Q
owDU}
y 1213121
. . . .
Cq
BT
m=
@ 2213 124. . . table()
`
@=
D 3213 127. . . .
p=
tQ
v p=tD
L=|
r=o
J`
@=
D 4213 128. . . qqplot()
wqqline()
'qqnorm()
|m}
i=Q
o`
@=w
D 5213 130. . . ecdf()
`
@=
D 6213 132. . . .
=
t=
o p=tD
L=|
r=o
J`
@=
D 7213 135. . . .
u
UQ}
B p=tD
L=|
r=o
J`
@=
D 8213137
. . . .
|
iO=Y
D |Q}
ox
vwt
v 313 138. . . .
p=tD
L=`
@=
Dl
} |=
yQD
t=Q=
B OQwQ
@ 413 138. . . .
|Q=
t |=
yVwQ 513 138. . . t
x
iQ
] wO wl
} uw
tR 1513142 uw}UQoQ |=ypOtsQ=yJpYi
142
. . . .
|]
N uw}
UQ
oQ |=
ypO
t 14 142. . . .
pw
tQ
i |=
yC
}Ow
Hw
t 114144
. . . .
|R=
UpO
t`
@=w
D 214 149. . . .
pO
tX}NW
D 1214151
. . . .
u=v}t
]=xr
Y=
i 2214 152. . . .
Q=Owt
vxLi
Ys
UQ 3214152
. . . .
uw}
UQ
oQ QO xOWt
o |=
yxO=O 314 154. . . .
xO=Ol
} |=
yxwQ
o |=
yQ=Owt
vs
UQ 1314155
. . . .
|vLv
t VR=Q
@ w |R=
UQ=wt
y '|
@=
}uwQO 24 157. . . .
|R=
UQ=wt
y w|
@=
}uwQO 124160 p L= |y em UD 15 161. . . p@t=o p=tDL=Pe=m 115
162. . . |v=w=QiCOtCOWPe=ms}UQD 215
164. . . |=x}W=L `@=wD=@ x=Qty uw}UQoQs}UQD 315
164. . . .wD QOwD |=yQ=Owtvs}UQD 415
166. . . Q=Owtvl} QO=yZQa QwLt wOs}UQD 515
167. . . Q=Owtvl} QO CQ=QL xHQO wOs}UQD 615
168. . . uw}UQoQxLiYs}UQD 715
169 `H=Qt
Q=
R
i=sQ
v "Owt
v u=}
@ R Q=R
i=sQ
vx
@`
H=Q u=w
D|
tx
mO
W=
@ |Q}@a
Du
}Q
DR
Hw
tO
}=
Wh}
Yw
Du
}= '=
v=w
D=
t=l
Jw
m=}
vO QOQ}
N= |=
yp=
U QO Q=R
i=sQ
vu
}= "C
U==
yQ=Owt
vs}
UQ
D w |Q=
t C=@
U=L
t |=Q
@|@
U=v
t Q=}U
@\}L
tRCr
a u=wv
ax
@ =QQ
} Rp
t=w
a u=wD
@O
}=
W "C
U= xOwt
v?r
H Ow
Nx
@ =Q |O=
} R u=Q
@ Q=
mQ_
v wxD
i=
}|
}=RU
@ CQy
W"O
wt
v <=Y
L= u CQy
W"
OvDU
y u u=}
t=
L|
y=oW
v=O O=Q
i= ,=@
r=
e wC
U= u=o
}=Q Q=R
i=sQ
vu
}="
Ov
m|
t Q=
m wC
U=?Y
vp
@=
k1=
ywm
UQF
m = |wQ|Q
=
thrDN
t |=
yxv}
tRx
m Ow
W|
t?Y
v u |wQ OQw
t 2000R= Rw=HD
t 2Q=
R
i=sQ
vxDU
@ |O=
} R O=Oa
D"
OWN
@|
tl
Jw
mQ
y=
_x
@ Q=R
i=sQ
vu
}=x
@ =Q|
iQo
W CQO
kE}
Lu
}= R= w OQ}
o|
tQ
@ QO =Qu
w
o=
vw
o |=
ynq
@ "C
U= xO
W Q=R
oQ
@|irDN
t|
WRw
t |=
yx=
oQ=
mR Q=R
i=sQ
v|
iQa
t Qw_v
tx
@ uwv
m=
D u=Q
}= QO"
C
U= xO
t QOQ
}QL
DxD
WQx
@ 'u VRw
t Qw_v
tx
@|
}=
yxwR
H=
} w xwR
H ,=
v=}
L= w ?=D
mOv
J wC
U= xO
}OQ
ox}y
D"
C
U=QmW
D wx
Hw
D Qw
NQO Ow
N x=o
}=
H QOl
}Q
yx
mC=
OvDU
ts
UQx
@ "C
U= u=
@ R|
UQ=
i u=
oOv
v=w
N |=Q
@RQ=R
i=sQ
v|
iQa
t Qw_v
tx
@|m
Jw
mV
Ww
mQ
=
L 3Q
=D
Ww
vC
U=xD
iQ
o Q=Q
kR|rrt
r=u}
@C
}=
U |wQ|
v=ot
y xO=iD
U= |=Q
@ Q=D
Ww
vu
}= '=
yQwW
mQ
}=
U hQ
aQ
@=v
@ w Ru=o
}=Q'u
=
tR QwQ
tx
@ Ow
N lO
v=C
a=
@O
L QOx
mC
U= uQ
@ Qw]
Uu
}= xO
vQ=o
v|a
U "O
W=
@|
t |R=
UxO=}
Bp
@=
k w1. platforms 2. package
|Q=ovhwQLSRP
-TEX
Q=Ri=sQv=@R}vQ=LQ=DWwv"Ov=xOwtvx}yDL
ATEX
Q=Ri=sQv=@'
R
x@`H=Q=QOwNC=OvDUt'u=yHQOu}ir-wtR=|r}N"3
CQwYx@xmCU=xDiQo Q=QkQ} R|v=Wvx@RC}=U |wQ RQO xS} wEL=@t u=wva Q} R |Qo}O Q=DWwv ,=vt
"CU= 4
|R=UxO=}B p@=k u=o}=Q
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/c ontrib/Mo usav i-R_to pics_in_Farsi.pdf
u <=kDQ= w KqY= |=Q@ |O=yvW}B w Q_v Q=y_=xvwoQy R= xOvU}wv 'CU}v prN R= |r=N Q=L xR}Hw ,=trUt
"OwtvOy=wN xO=iDU= w p=@kDU=
|vWwOv|wUwtO}aUO}U
1391R}}=B u=QyD
R |U}wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R =@ |}=vW
xtOkt 1 1
QwyWt |Q=Ri=sQv xDU@
S-plus
x}@W Q=}U@ xmOW=@|t |=Qo|W |=} Q |U}wvxt=vQ@ u=@ R l}R
Q=Ri=sQvAuckland
x=oWv=O Q=t xwQo QO 1995 p=U R=R
xSwQB "CU= xOW|L=Q] |Q=t C=@U=Lt |=Q@ w |Q=t`wQW "O}OQo ?=NDv= u |=Q@
R
s=v Cra u}ty x@Ross Ihaka
w Robert Gentleman
u=}=k \UwD xv=@r]w=O wOvm|t |Q=Oxov|rrtr=u}@s}Dl} =Q u=@ Ru}=Q=L p=L QO "Ci=} |O=} Ru}@]=Nt |OwR@ wOW%CU= Q} R KQWx@
R
xSwQBweb
xLiY |v=Wv "O@=}|txaUwDhttp://www.r-project.org
|U}wvxt=vQ@ u=@R =QJ 2 1
\}Lt QO|U}wvxt=vQ@ u=@ Rx@ R=}v =QJxmO}|tV}B p=wUu}= "OwWxDN=OQB |QDW}@ C=}}RHx@xmu}= R=p@k
"O
wt
v u=wv
a =QQ
} R OQ=w
t u=w
D|
t p=w
Uu
}=x
@M
U=
B |=Q
@ "C
U= TQD
UO QOx
=}
Ux@a
Hl
}=
@\k
i wO}v
m lQO|D
UQOx
@ =Q |Q=
ts}
DQwo
r= w pO
t 'VwQl
} T=
U=x
mu
}= |=Q
@"
Ov}m
v Q=
m"
O}
W=
@xD
W=O |QDW}
@ pQDv
m Ow
N|
HwQ
N |wQO}
y=wN
@Q
o =package,extension |Q=
R
i=sQ
v=
} wx
t=
vQ
@ u=
DOw
NsD
} Qwo
r==
} w |Q=
tO
}O
H |=
yVwQ |=Q
@O}
y=wN
@Q
o ="
O}vm
v xOvU
@ |Q=
tl}
Uq
m |=
yVwQx
@\k
i wO}
yO\U
@ =Q"
C
U=Q
} R KQ
Wx
@ u=
@ Ru
}=u
U=L
tw3
T
mwv}
r '2Tm}
vw
} '1Rw
Ov
} w |=
yp
t=
asDU}
U |wQ wO
W=
@|
t R=
@uD
t |=Q=O wC
U= u=o
}=QRu=
@ R"O
w
W|
t =Q
H= 4V
=Dv}m
t"
C
U=|
@w
N|r
N=O |=tv
y=Q |=Q=O Ru=
@ R"
C
U=|o}
i=Q
ox_
Lq
tp
@=
k |=
yC}r
@=
k |=Q=O Ru=
@ R"
C
U= S-plus*
|Q
=
t|Q*=H
D *u=
@ R=
@|
}=v
Wx
rRv
tx
@ u=
@ Ru
}==
@|
}=v
Ww
C
U=|
v=w=Q
i |Q=
txD
N=
UV}
B`
@=w
D |=Q=O wC
U= xO=
U u |Q}
oO=
} "C
U= |w
k|
v=
@ R 'R u=
@ R"O
w
W|
tx
i=
= ux
@ |O=
} R Q=}U
@ |=
ypackage"
C
N=
U =QQ
@ Q=
mQ_
v OQw
t`
@=w
D u=w
D|
t|
oO=
Ux
@ u=
@ Ru
}= QO"O
wt
v xO=iD
U= u R=R\}L
t QO wC
N=
Upackage u=w
D|
t Ru=
@ R=
@"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R KQ
Wx
@ p=F
t u=wv
ax
@ 'C
U=x_
Lq
tp
@=
k u=
@ Ru
}= <=k
DQ=|
v=w=Q
iversion 2.6.2 (2008-02-08)
version 2.7.0 (2008-04-22)
version 2.7.1 (2008-06-23)
version 2.7.2 (2008-08-25)
version 2.8.0 (2008-10-20)
version 2.8.1 (2008-12-22)
version 2.9.0 (2009-04-17)
version 2.9.1 (2009-06-26)
version 2.9.2 (2009-08-24)
version 2.10.0 (2009-10-26)
version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14)
version 2.11.0 (2010-04-22)
version 2.11.1 (2010-05-31)
version 2.12.0 (2010-10-15)
C
U= xO
Wx
=Q= |Oq}
t 2004p=
U QO u2.0.0xNU
v w |Oq}
t 2000p=
U QOR u=
@ R1.0.0xNU
v"OO
Q
o|
t RwQx
@ ,=@
DQ
tO
WxDi
ox
m Qw
]u=t
y w%
C
U=Q
} R KQ
Wx
@ Ru=
@ R |=
yC
}OwOL
tOQ=O
|
@w
N C=
v=m
t=S-plusOQw
tu
}= QOCU}
v GuiO=H
}= u=m
t= |=Q=O"
Ov
m|t
v|
v=@}DW
B =Q u |Q=H
DsDU}
Ul
}"
C
Nw
t =Q uu}
t=Q
iO
}=
@ 'u=
@|U
}w
vx
t=
vQ
@ w xO=iD
U= |=Q
@(.exe)
|
}=Q
H=p
}=
i CQw
Yx
@ w Ow
W|t
vxt
HQ
D '=Q
H= |=Q
@x
m|va
tu
}O
@ 'C
U=QUi
t |=Q=O Ru=
@ R"
O
}|t
v QOQ=Ri=sQv ?Yv RQ] 3 1
?Y
v u |wQ|
r=wD
tl}r
m Q=
@ wO=
@ w xOwt
v5O
wr
v=ORC
}=
U R= =Q R-2.7.0-win32.exe|
}=Q
H=p
}=
i =OD
@=Q
o = "OQ}
o|
t Q=Q
k R hQ
Lpm
Wx
@ uwm
}l
}=t
WQ
Dw}B
t=
mdesktop |wQ?Y
vpt
a u=
}=
B R=T
B "Ow
W|
tQ=
Ok
tl
}xLi
Yu
}= QO "OQ=O s=
v R Consolex
m Ow
W|
t R=
@ |=xLi
Y 'O}v
ml}r
m Q=
@ wO R hQ
L |wQQ_
v OQw
t C=}rt
a u=w
D|
t up
@=k
t QOx
m Ow
W|
tx_
Lq
t 6>
C
tq
a u R=T
B w OQ=O Ow
Hw|
D=L}
w
D"
C
U=Q
} R KQ
Wx
@C
tq
aQ}}e
D -xwL
v "O=OQ}}e
D =QC
tq
au
}= u=w
D|
txD@
r= "O=O s=H
v= =Q>
options(prompt=
"R
>")
R
>=y|W 4 1
x
Q}
NP s=
vl
}=
@ <=}
W=pm
Wx
@Q
Dw}B
t=
m p=a
ix_
i=
L QO ::: wG
}=D
v '`
@=w
D '=
yQ}eD
t 'OOQ
o|
t =Q
H= R|D
kw<
=}
W= <R
H u=
WOw
Nx
m`
@=w
D w|k]v
t w|@U
v '|
@=U
L=
yQort
a R= xO=iD
U==
@ w <=}
W= |wQQ
@ Q=
m "O
vw
W|
t%R=
CU
DQ=@
aC
}=
U|
v=W
v "OQ}
o Q=Q
k=t
W TQD
UO QO |Q
DO
}O
H |xNU
vC
U=umt
tpt
au
}=u}
L QOx
mC
U= |QwO=
}x
@ sRq "5"
Ov
m|
tpt
aOvDU
y'hw
Q
LO
v=w
D|
t u=
yQD
m =Q=
mx}k
@ w OOQ
o `wQ
W a-z=
} w A-Z hwQ
L=
@O
}=
@ ,=tD
L|
Wl
} s=
vQD
m =Q=
mu}
rw=u
}=Q
@=v
@ "Ow
W|
tp
=
kl}mi
Dl
Jw
m w nQR
@ hwQ
Lu}
@R u=
@ R "O
W=
@ _\
NQ
} R w .x]k
v '0-9s=
kQ="OQ=O O
w
Hw Cw=i
DX wxu}
@x_
i
=L QO <
=}W= uO
Qm h
PL w
CU
Qyi 'O
=H}=
141
<;
QDm
Jw
m w=yv
t |=
yC
tq
a R= u=w
D|
t Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@ "Ow
W O=H
}= uO=OC@U
vQort
a=
@O
v=w
D|
t|
Wl
}"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "Owt
v xO=iD
U= R=>n<{ 15
n|
wDL
t Q=v
m "O}
vR
@ =QEnterO}r
m w xOwt
vA
}=
D =Qnx
mC
U=|
i=
mO}v
m xO
y=W
t =Q nQ=Ok
tO}
y=wN
@Q
o =A
=
J u=
tQ
il
}`
k=w QO QwD
UOu
}= "O
yO|
t u=W
v =Qn|
WQYv
au}
rw=x
m OOQ
o|
tQ
y=
_x
WwQ
mp
N=O1s
kQ<
=}
W= A=
J R= u=w
D|
t p=F
t u=wv
ax
@ "O
v=w
N=Q
i ,=L
}Q
Y =Q`
@=
Du
}=O
}=
@ |OQ=w
t QOxD@
r= "C
U=print()|vt
"O
Q
@ s=
v`
@=
Dl
}=
} wxkr
L QO>n
1]15
x
Hw
DO
}=
@=
t= "Owt
v xO=iD
U=R}
v =Qort
a R=|U
}w
vx
t=
vQ
@ |=
yu=
@ RQ
}=
UOv
v=
t u=w
D|
t uO=OC@U
v |=Q
@xD@
r="
O
WO
y=w
N xQ=
W==
yT
}Q
D=
tEL
@ QO 'ux
vwt
vl
}x
@x
m '7OQ=O |
Q
D`}
UwQ
@ Q=
m <;C
tq
ax
mC
W=O>n<{ 15
>n
1]15
"OQ=
P
o|
t Cw=i
D nQR
@ wl
Jw
m hwQ
Lu}
@ Ru=
@ R 'O
WxDi
ox
m Qw
]u=t
y>x<{1
>X<{ 10
>x
1]1
>X
1]10
"O=O
C@U
v|
Wl
}x
@ =Q CQ=@
al
} u=w
D|
t>n<{ 10+2
>n
1]12
"O=O s
=H
v=R}
v|
W R= xO=iD
U= uwO
@ u=w
D|
t =Q|
=
} Q C=}rt
ax
mO}v
mx
Hw
D>(10+2) 5
1]60
=
@ =Q Q=
mx
t=O=Ru=
@ R '|Oa
@ |=
yQ]
U=
} wQ]
U QO x=o
v 'Ow
WA
}=
DQ]
Ul
} R=QDW}
@ QOQ_
v OQw
t QwD
UOQ
o ="
C
U=Q
} R CQw
Yx
@xH}D
v 'Ow
WA
}=
DQ]
U wO QOQ}
N= p=F
tx
mO}v
m ZQ
i "O
yO|
t u=W
v +C
tq
a>
(10+2)
+ 5
1] 60
"
O}v
mx_
Lq
t =Q |Qo
}O p=F
t>
(10+2)*
+ 5/
+ 10
-+ 1
1] 5
"OQ=
O
v|
twR
r C=QwD
UO|
y=
Dw
mCr
ax
@ |Oa
@ |=
yQ]
Ux
@uD
iQ 'Q}
N= p=F
t wO QOx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "OOQ
o|t
v O=H
}= Q=Ok
t uwO
@|
W ,q
Y= uw
J 'Ow
W|
tp
Y=
L=]
NO
W=
@xD
W=O
v Q=Ok
t|
WQ
o ="
O}v
m>
x
<{ 3
>x+y
Error: object 'y' not found
R u=@R |=yQoW}=Q}w 2
4
1
QoW
}=Q
} wl
} R=x
mC
U=?
U=v
t wC
U= xOvv
mxDU
N C=QwD
UOl
Dl
D |=Q
H= 'Ow
@|
vqw
]x
t=
vQ
@l
} |=
yO
)mQ
o =u
}= QO "O
vOQ
o =Q
H= 8|
ywQ
o CQw
Yx
@ C=QwD
UOx
mC
U= Q=Q
kC
r=
Lu
}= QO 'Qo
}O CQ=@
ax
@ "Ow
W xO=iD
U="
C
U= QQm
t|
@=
} R=
@ w uO
W xQ}
NPp
@=
kx
mO
vw
W|
t O=H
}=rO
vwU
B=
@ C=QwD
UOx
awtH
t R=|
}=
yp
}=
i=
yQoW
}=Q
} w"
O
vw
W|
ts}Uk
DxD
UO wOx
@=
yQoW
}=Q
} wl}r
mRuwm
} |wQ 'Q=R
i=sQ
v?Y
vxr
LQ
t R=T
B Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@ "C
U= RGui Ow
Np
N=OQoW
}=Q
} wl
}w xOR =QNew script
xv
}R
oFile |wv
t R=xLi
Y |q=
@ |wv
t QOTB
U w Ow
W =Q
H= Q=R
i=sQ
v=
D xOwt
vu=
w
D|
t uwv
m = "C
U= xO
WxD
Ww
vR Untitled - R Editor u |q=
@x
m Ow
W|
t R=
@ |O
}O
HxLi
Y=
yO
)m |=Q
H= |=Q
@ "OQ
m =Q
H=Oa
@ w Owt
v xQ}
NPTB
U wC
Ww
vOvDU
yx
m=
DOv
JQ
y =Q Ow
NQ_
v OQw
t |=
yO
)mO}r
m w xOwt
vA
}=
D =QQ
} R QwD
UO 'OQ=O Ow
Hw >C
tq
ax
m|
}=
H|va
}R ConsoleQOx
mC
U=|
i=
m"
O}
vR
@ =Q Enter>
source(
"le name
")
p
=F
t u=wv
ax
@ "Owt
vx
i=
=R}
v =QQ}U
t TQOO
}=
@p
}=
i s=
vQ
@ xwq
a x=o
v 'Ow@
v |Q=
Hx
Ww
B QOp
}=
iQ
o =R}
vscript
Ow
N |wQ R=x
mC
U= |QwQ
xDm
vu
}=Q
m P "O}v
mx
Hw
DQ}U
t u=}
@ |=Q
@/
x
@\C
tq
aQ}}e
Dx
@w
xD
W=Oxo
v =QCtrl
O}r
m w xOwt
v ?=ND
v= =Q=
yO
)m R=|WN
@ w s=t
Dx
mC
U=|
i=
m "C
U= =Q
H=p
@=
kx
t=
vQ
@ "OOQ
o =Q
H=x
t=
vQ
@=
DO}
vR
@ =QR
O}r
mx
mC
U=|
i=
m Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@ "O}v
m xQ}
NP =Q=y
vO}
v=w
D|
t Ow
N |=
yO
)m|D
UQO R= u=v}t
]= pwY
L R=T
Bu=
w
D|
tx
m Ow
W|
tQ
y=
_Save script as
s=
vx
@ |=xQHv
B x=o
v 'O}
vR
@ =QS
O}r
m wxD
W=Oxo
v =QCtrl
O}r
m =QSave
O}r
m w xOwt
vXNW
t =Q Ow
Nscript
s=
vTB
U 'Owt
v ?=ND
v= =Q xQ}
NP |=Q
@Q_
v OQw
tQ}U
t xQ}
NPQ_
v OQw
tQ}U
t QO|
@=ND
v= s=
v wR
O
vwU
B=
@p
}=
il
} QO=t
W |=
yO
)m?}
DQ
Du
}=x
@ xOwt
vl}r
mR
xLi
Y |q=
@ Q=R
@= Q=w
v R=p
}=
i |wv
t ?=ND
v==
@O}
W=
@xD
W=O R=}
v ux
@ x=
oQ
yOa
@x
@u
}= R= "OOQ
o|
t "O}v
m R=
@ =Q u wO}
vR
@ =QOpen script
xv
}R
o,
qkDU
tO
}=
@ wOvDU}
v Q=R
i=sQ
vp
N=Ox
mOvDU
y|
}=y
v=
yQoW
}=Q
} wu
}= R= Qw_v
t %|
HQ=
N |=
yQoW
}=Q
} w=
yQoW
}=Q
} w R=xD
UOu
}=u}
@ R= "OvDU
y |Q=H
D=y
v R= |=xQ=
B w u=o
}=Q=y
v R=|a
@ "O
vw
Wdownload
"Owt
v xQ=
W=XEmacs
wRWinEdt
'Tinn-R
x
@ u=w
D|
tx
=o
v 'OR =O
Y up
N=O =QR
Q=R
i=sQ
v u=w
D|
t u?Y
v R=T
B wC
U= u=o
}=Q % 9Tinn-RQoW}=Q}w
=
Q
H= =Q xO
WxD
Ww
v |=
yO
)m u=w
D|
t w Ow
W|
ts}Uk
D |w=U
tCtU
k wO
@Q
Dw}B
t=
mxLi
Y OwN
@Ow
N"O
wt
v"O
wt
v|
] =QQ
} Rp
L=Q
tO
}=
@RWinEdt
QoW
}=Q
} w R= xO=iD
U= |=Q
@ %RWinEdt QoW}=Q}w"
C
U= |Q=H
D Q=R
i=sQ
vu
}=x
m Ow
W|
t u=W
vQ
]=
NxD@
r= 'OQ
m?Y
v =QWinEdt
Q=R
i=sQ
vO
}=
@ =OD
@= {u
TB
U w xOwt
vdownload
=QRWinEdt
s=
vx
@ |=xDU
@=
} wpackage
O
}=
@xr
LQ
tu
}= QO {"
C
U= u=o
}=Q =P
r wO
W=
@|
tR
|Q=R
i=sQ
v |=
yxDU
@ <R
H jw
ixDU
@ "O}v
m?Y
v =Q "O}v
m =Q
H= Q=@m
} |=Q
@ =QQ
} R QwD
UO 'R
Q=R
i=sQ
v QOTB
U {>library("RWinEdt")
"O
w
W|
t O=H
}=Q
Dw}B
t=
mdesktop
|wQRWinEdt
u=wv
aCL
D uwm
}l
} '=Q
H= R=T
B ,q@
kx
m OR=
U|
t u=W
vQ
]=
N "Owt
v =Q
H= wC
Ww
v jw
iQoW
}=Q
} w QO u=w
D|
t =QQ_
v OQw
t |=
yO
)m {"
O
W=
@ xO
W R=
@RGui
O
}=
@Q
w
]x
@QoW
}=Q
} wu
}= "Owt
v?Y
v =QQoW
}=Q
} wu
}= u=w
D|
tR
Q=R
i=sQ
v?Y
vT
B %RStudio QoW}=Q}wC
UOx
@ |=Q
@ "C
U=Matlab
Q=R
i=sQ
vx}@
WQoW
}=Q
} wu
}=\}L
t "OOQ
o|
tpYD
tR
x
@ Q=
mOw
N "Owt
vxa
H=Q
tQ
} R TQOx
@ u=w
D|
tQoW
}=Q
} wu
}= uOQwRQO =yxO=O 3
Error: object
"true
"not found
"O
w
W|
t xO=O u=W
v11NA
"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R |=
yp=F
tx
@ "O}
yO Q=Q
kquotes wO=
} wl
}p
N=O =Q ux
mC
U=|
i=
mxD
WQ O=H
}= |=Q
@>x<{"Thisis a test."
>x
1]"Thisis a test."
>x<{'This isatest.'
>x
1]"Thisis a test."
p
N=O QOQ
o = uwv
m = "C
U= quoteswO CQw
Yx
@p
Y=
L 'O}v
mpt
a quotes wO=
} wl
}=
@x
Jx
mO}v
mx
Hw
Dquotes
l
} R=Q
o ==
t= 'OQ=O
v Ow
Hw|rmW
t quoteswO R= xO=iD
U= CQw
Y QO 'C
W=O Ow
Hw hQwD
U=
BxD
WQ"
O}
}=t
v xO=iD
U= n R=O
}=
@ wO
}|
tV}
B=]
N 'Ow
W xO=iD
U=>x<{"Ali's apple"
>x
1]"Ali's apple"
>x<{'Alin's apple'
>x
1]"Ali's apple"
"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "Owt
v pQDv
m =Q |Q=W
a= s=
kQ= O=Oa
D u=w
D|
tdigits QwD
UO=
@>print(1/1:5, digits=2)
1]1.00 0.50 0.330.25 0.20
"
O
W=@
v QwD
UOQ
y QO=y
vs}_v
D |=Q
@ |R=}
vQo
}Ox
m Owt
vu}a
t|r
m Qw
]x
@ =Q Q=W
a= sQ=
kQ= O=Oa
D u=w
D|
txD@
r="O
w
W|
t xO=iD
U= options`
@=
D R= Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@>options(digits=3)
>print(1/1:5)
1]1.000 0.500 0.333 0.2500.200
l
} R=V}
@x
mO}
W=
@p
}=
txJ
v=v
J wOv
m|
t A=
J =Q|
Wl
}\k
iprint()`
@=
Dx
mO}
W=
@xD
W=Ox
Hw
D ,=vt
"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "Owt
v xO=iD
U= cat()`
@=
D R=O
}=
@ OOQ
o A=
J|
W>x<{1:10
>cat('x=',x, '\n')
x= 12 34 5 67 8 910
Z
}wa
DQ]
U=
} w\
NC
tQ
iu
}=Q
Dj}
kO CQ=@
ax
@ "OQwN
vs
yx
@ > |=
Hx
mC
U=u
}= |=Q
@ '\n'CtU
k"
O}v
mpt
aQ
} R CQw
Yx
@O
}=
@O
vw
W A=
J =O
HQ]
U wO QO O=O
a= w x=CtU
kx
mO}
y=wN
@Q
o =Ov
m|
t>x<{1:10
>cat('x=','\n', x, '\n')
x=
R u=@R QO xO=t|=yxO=O 4
4
1
xO=iDU= u R= R}v Q=DWwv u}= QO xmCU= xOW xO=O Q=Qk =yp=Ft QO xO=iDU= |=Q@ xO=t xO=O |O=OaD
R
u=@ R QOxO=iDU= =@ =Q =yu pt=mCUQyi u=wD|txD@r=:::w
trees
'Nile
'LakeHuron
'iris
'cars
Ovv=t "OwW|t"Ci=}
R
QOQ} R QwDUO R=>
data()
"Ov=wN=Qi =Q u x=Qty |=yxO=O u=wD|t Q} R QwDUO=@ 'OW xO=iDU=
package
l} R=Qo = ,=vt>
library(gstat)
"Owtvx_Lqt Q} R QwDUO\UwD =Q
gstat
xDU@ QO GQOvt |=yxO=O CUQyi u=wD|t uwvm =>
data(package=
"gstat
")
C=QwDUO=@ =Q
meuse.alt
x@ \w@Qt |=yxO=O 'xOWCUQyi |=yxO=O |t=U= u=}t R= u=wD|t p=Ft u=wva x@"Owtv x_LqtQ} R
>
data(meuse.alt)
>meuse.alt
Ru=@RQO=yxO=OR=|DtUkV}=tv 1
4
4
1
u=wD|t Q=mu}= |=Q@ "Owtv xOy=Wt =Q=yv R= |DtUk u=wD|t '=yxO=O uOw@|vqw]?@Ux@ C=kw= R= |=xQ=B QO
"Owtv xO=iDU=
tail()
whead()
`@=D wO R=|=yxO=O p=Ft |=Q@ "OwW|t xO=iDU=
head()
`@=D R= xO=O Q]U6
x}rw= |=yQ]U uO=O u=Wv |=Q@"OQ}oQ_v QO
R
QO =Qtrees
>
data(trees)
>head(trees)
Girth Height Volume
1
8.3
70
10.3
2
8.6
65
10.3
3
8.8
63
10.2
4 10.5
72
16.4
5 10.7
81
18.8
6 10.8
83
19.7
>head(trees, 8)
Girth Height Volume
1
8.3
70
10.3
2
8.6
65
10.3
3
8.8
63
10.2
4 10.5
72
16.4
5 10.7
81
18.8
6 10.8
83
19.7
7 11.0
66
15.6
8 11.0
75
18.2
trees|=yxO=O p=Ft |=Q@ "OwW|t xO=iDU=tail()`@=D R= xO=O Q]U6QN=w= |=yQ]U uO=O u=Wv |=Q@
"OQ}oQ_v QORQO =Q
>tail(trees)
Girth Height Volume
26 17.3
81
55.4
27 17.5
82
55.7
28 17.9
80
58.3
29 18.0
80
51.5
30 18.0
80
51.0
31 20.6
87
77.0
"Ovm|t pta head()`@=DOvv=t tail()`@=D 'Q]U6R=QDtm w QDW}@ |=yQ]U O=OaDE}L R=
=yxO=OO}rwD 5
4
1
"OvW=@|t Q} R KQWx@ xm 'OvDUyO}rwDp@=k CQwY wO x@=yxO=O
=yxO=OR=s_vt |=yxr=@vOO=H}= 1
5
4
1
>
x
<{ 1:30
"OQ=O
C
}w
rw= |OO
a |=
yQort
au}
@ QO ':
Qort
a "C
U=QYv
a30
=
@ |=x
}=Ql
} jw
i QwD
UOxH}D
v>
1:10-1
1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
>
1:(10-1)
1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
%p
=F
t u=wv
ax
@ "Ov
mO}
rw
D =Q|k}k
L O=O
a= R= |=x
r=@
vOO
v=w
D|
tseq()
`
@=
D>
seq(1, 5, 0.5)
1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
"
O
yO|
t u=W
v =QV
}=R
i= u=R}
t OO
au}
tw
U wx
r=@
vOxt
D=
N OO
au}
twO 'x
r=@
vO `wQ
W OO
au}
rw= '`
@=
Du
}= QO"
C
Ww
v u=w
D|
tu}v
Js
y>
seq(from=1, to=5, length=9)
1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
"
C
U= xO
Ws}Uk
D |w=U
tCtU
k9
x
@5
=
D1
u}
@xr
Y=
i=Hv
}= QOcombine
`
@=
Dc()
x
@ "OQw QOx
r=@
vOl
} CQw
Yx
@ w O=O Q=Q
ks
y Q=v
m =QQ_
v OQw
t O=O
a= u=w
D|
tc()
`
@=
D=
@ "Ov
}w
o|
tR}
v>
c(1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0)
1] 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Q
Y=v
a Q=Qm
D O=Oa
D u u=
tw
oQu}
twO w Q=OQ
@ u u=
tw
oQu}
rw=x
m OQ=O Ow
Hwrep()
u=wv
aCL
D |Qo
}O`
@=
D "O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "C
U= pw= u=
tw
oQ>
rep(1:4, 4)
1] 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
u
}= QO "C
U= pw= u=
tw
oQ Q=OQ
@Q
Y=v
a O=Oa
D=
@Q
@=Q
@ uQ
Y=v
a O=Oa
Dx
mO
W=
@ Q=OQ
@O
v=w
D|
tR}
v swO u=
tw
oQ"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ uwv
m = "Ov
m|
tu}a
t =Q pw= u=
tw
oQQ
Y=v
a Q=Qm
D O=Oa
D 'swO u=
tw
oQ Q=OQ
@QYv
aQ
yC
r=
L>
rep(1:4, c(2,2,2,2))
1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
"
O}v
mx
Hw
Drep()
`
@=
D R=Q
} R xO=
U p=F
tx
@>
rep(' ', 3)
1]
" "" "" "=yxO=OR=|iO=YD |=yxr=@vOO=H}= 2
5
4
1
R
u=
@ R "OOQ
o|
tQ
m P xQ=
@u
}= QO |QYDN
t KQ
Wu
}=Q
@=v
@ "C
U=O}
rw
Dp
@=
k |Q=
t |=
y`
} Rw
D\
Uw
Dx
r=@
vO `w
vu
}=|O=
O
a= O=Oa
Dn
=
yu QO "C
U= xO
WP
N=|
iO=Y
D |=va
tx
@random
xS=w R=r
hQ
Lx
mC
U=p1, p2,
:::)
"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "O
yO|
t u=W
v =Q`
@=
D |=
yQD
t=Q=
BQ
}O=k
tp1, p2,
hwQ
L "Ow
WO}
rw
DC
U= Q=Q
kx
mC
U=>
rnorm(1)
1] 1.358007
"
C
U= xO
WO}
rw
Dl
} Q=}a
t h=QL
v= wQi
Yu}o
v=}
t OQ=O
v=D
U= p=
tQ
v|
iO=Y
D OO
al
}=Hv
}= QO=yxO=O uDWwv w uOv=wN 5 1
O
w
NC}t
y=|D
kw?r]
tu
}=X
Nq=
@ "C
U= u QO=
yxO=O GwQ
N w OwQw Q=R
i=sQ
vQ
y|
U=
U= |=
yVN
@ R=|m
}sy
tu
}= KQ
W Q=
mx
t=O= QO "OOQ
o xQ}
NPp
}=
il
} |wQ=
} w Ow
W xO
v=w
Np
}=
il
} R==
yxO=Ox
mO
yO|
t u=W
v =Q"
O
tO
y=w
Np}=iR= =yxO=OuOv=wN 1
5
1
"O
wt
v xO=iD
U= VwQ wO R= u=w
D|
t Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@ "O
v=w
N|
tp
}=
i |wQ R= =Qtext
|vD
t |=
yxO=OR
u=
@ Rread.tableuOv=wNQwDUO 1
1
5
1
QO w
c
w
}=QO QO ,qF
t wO
W=
@data.txt
|r
}=
i s=
vQ
o = "C
U=read.table()
`
@=
D xO=iD
U= OQw
t QwD
UOu}
rw= "Ov
m|
tpt
aQ
} R CQw
Yx
@ uO
v=w
N QwD
UO x=o
v 'O
W=
@ xO
W xQ}
NPtest
s=
vx
@ |=x
Ww
B>
mydata
<{ read.table(
"c:/test/data.txt
")
p
t=
asDU}
U QOx
m|
DQw
Y QO 'C
U= xO
WXNW
t/
=
@p
}=
i TQO=
} wQ}U
tx
mO}
W=
@xD
W=Ox
Hw
Dnn wO R=
O
}=
@O}v
m xO=iD
U= n O=t
v R=O}
y=wN
@x
J=v
J "OOQ
o|
t xO=iD
U= n O=t
v R= Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@windows
"O
w
W|
t|U
}w
vR=
@Q}
N= CQw
Yx
@ q=
@ p=F
t uwv
m = "OQ
m xO=iD
U=>
mydata
<{ read.table(
"c:
nntest
nndata.txt
")
Q
w
]x
@ "C
U= s=
v |=Q=O uQ}eD
tQ
yx
m Ow
W|
tp}mW
Dmydata
s=
vx
@=
yxO=O R=|
rwO
Hl
} jw
i QwD
UO |=Q
H==
@mydata
$V1, mydata
$V2,
|=
yCQw
Yx
@=
yux
@|
UQD
UO w Ow
W|
t xO}
t=
vV1, V2,
ZQ
iV}
BQ
wD
UO "O
W=
@|
tmydata, 1], mydata, 2],
wmydata"V1"], mydata"V2"],
:::=
} w"O
wt
v xO=iD
U= u R= OQw
t?U
L u=w
D|
tx
mC
U= |Q=}D
N= C=}
YwY
Np
t=
Wread.table
"C
U= xO
W xQ}
NPdata.txt
Q
} R CQw
Yx
@|r
}=
i "O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ uwv
m =Author: John Davis
Some comments...
Col1, Col2, Col3, Col4
23, 45, A, John
34, 41, B, Jimmy
12, 99, B, Patrick
"OwW|t xOv=wN=Qi
R
u=@ R QO q=L>
mydata
<{ read.table(
"c:/test/data.txt
", skip=3, sep=
",
", header=T)
>mydata
u=twoQ w Ovm|t Qw@a CU= C=L}wD \w@Qtxmp}=i pw=Q]UxU R=
skip
u=twoQread.table()
`@=D QOT
=Hv}= QO w CU= |k]vt `wv R= xmheader
u=twoQ xQNq=@ w O}=tv|t hPL =Q =yxO=Ou}@ pwoQ} wsep
"O}vmxHwD|HwQN x@ uwvm = "Ovm|t ^iL =Q=yxO=O |t=U= u}=Q@=v@ 'xOW Qm PCU=
TRUE
hiNt xmCol1 Col2 Col3
Col4
1
23
45
A
John
2
34
41
B Jimmy
3
12
99
B Patrick
uOv=wN x@ QO=k |}=yvDx@
R
u=@ R "CU= xOW xQ}NPExcel
Q=Ri=sQv QO ,q@k=yxO=O R= |Q=}U@Q=L p=L QO xU |}=yxO=O u}vJ uOv=wN |=Q@ "CU}v*.xlsx
=} w*.xls
|=yOvwUB |va}Excel
|=yp}=i s}kDUt"OQ=O OwHw pL x=Q
|vDtp}=i=yv
read.table()
`@=D=@TBU 'Owtv xQ}NP*.txt
CtQix@Excel
QO =Q=yxO=O u=wD|t 1"Ov=wN =Q
*.txt
read.csv("
p}=i TQO w s=v")
`@=D=@TBU 'Owtv xQ}NP*.csv
CtQix@Excel
QO =Q=yxO=O u=wD|t 2"Ov=wN =Q=yv
"Ov=wN|t =Q
Excel
|=yp}=i ,=t}kDUtR
u=@ R 'u R= xO=iDU= =@xmx]w@Qtpackage
R= xO=iDU= 3|=yxO=Op}=i u=wD|t 'OOQo|tpYw
R
x@xmforeign
|Q=Ri=sQvxDU@ltmx@=t=s}kDUt CQwYx@xvR
QO"CU=
read.spss("
p}=i s=v w Q}Ut")
CQwYx@ uOv=wN QwDUO "Ov=wN =Qspss
Q=Ri=sQvp}=i |rt=aDuDi=} 2
1
5
1
u}= |HwQN "O@=}@ =Q u w xOwtvwHDUH|rt=aD CQwYx@ =Q =tW Q_v OQwt p}=i Ov=wD|t
le.choose()
`@=D"O}vmxHwDQ} R p=Ft x@ uwvm = "OyO|t u=Wv =Q ux@ \w@Qt Q}Ut wp}=i s=v`@=D
1]"D:\\R_les\\data\\debit.txt"
u
Q}U
t wp
}=
i s=
v OwQwx
@ |R=}
vQo
}O 'OQ}
o Q=Q
k read.table()`
@=
D u=
tw
oQ u=wv
ax
@Q}
N=`
@=
DQ
o = uwv
m ="O=O s
=H
v= =QwHDU
Hpt
aO
}=
@x
t=
vQ
@ |=Q
H= Q=
@Q
y QO=
t= 'CU}
v>read.table(le.choose())
=Q
p
}=
iOv
J TQO w s=
vO
v=w
D|
t`
@=
Du
}= "OQ=O s=
vchoose.les()x
m OQ=O Ow
Hw xO=w
v=
Nu}t
y R= |Qo
}O`
@=
DO}r
muD
W=Oxo
v=
@O}
v=w
D|
t=t
W "Ow
W|
t xOwW
oSelectles s=
vx
@ |=xQHv
B`
@=
Du
}= |=Q
H==
@ "O
yOC
UOx
@|
=
yp
}=
i s=
v w TQO x=o
v "O}v
ml}r
m =QOpenO}r
mTB
U w xOwt
v ?=ND
v= =Q Ow
NQ_
v OQw
t |=
yp
}=
iCtrl"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ uwv
m = "OOQ
o|
tQ
y=
_ xO
W ?=ND
v=>choose.les()
1]"D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt""D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt"
`
@=
D|
HwQ
N=y
v |=
yTQO w airpass.txt w boise.txt |=
ys=
vx
@p
}=
i wO Ow
W|
tx_
Lq
tx
m Qw
]u=t
y"
OvDU
y xO
WxDi
o=y
v R= =RH
t Qw
]x
@ swR
r CQw
Y QO wC
W=Oxo
v x s=
vx
@ ,qF
t|
Wl
}p
N=O u=w
D|
t =Q=
yp
}=
i s=
v w TQO"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "Owt
v xO=iD
U=>x<{choose.les()
>x
1]"D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt""D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt"
>x1]
1]"D:\\R_les\\data\\boise.txt"
>x2]
1]"D:\\R_les\\data\\airpass.txt"
C
U=Q_
vKt]
t|
}=
yp
}=
i ,qF
tO}v
m ZQ
i "Owt
vQDr}
i u=
WO
vwU
B?U
LQ
@ =Q=y
v u=w
D|
t=
yp
}=
i ?=ND
v= QO"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "O
yO|
t s=H
v=Q}
N=`
@=
D QOQDr}
i u=
tw
oQ =Qxi}
_wu
}= 'O
W=
@ txt=y
vO
vwU
Bx
m>choose.les(lters =Filtersc("txt", "All"),])
scanuOv=wNQwDUO 3
1
5
1
R}
vQ
@ Q=
mxr}
Uwx
@O
v=w
D|
t`
@=
Du
}= "Ov
m|
t xO=iD
U= scan() s=
vx
@ |Q
Du}
}=
BK]
U`
@=
D R= read.table`
@=
DxO
=iD
U= u R= 'O
UQ|t
vQ_
vx
@?
U=v
tread.table OQmrt
ax
m C=
kw= R= |=xQ=
B QO w Ow
W xO
v=w
N=Q
i ,=t}kDU
t"
C
U=Q
} R KQ
Wx
@ u|
twtt
apm
W "Ow
W|
t>scan(le="")
p
}=
i Q=D
N=
UQ
o =x
mO}
W=
@xD
W=Ox
Hw
D "OOQ
o|
t GQO u TQO wp
}=
i s=
v 'uW}
Dw
mp
N=O 'p
}=
i u=
tw
oQ |wr
Hx
m"
O
WO
y=w
N xO=OK}
w
D=
yT
}Q
D=
tCtU
k QOx
m Owt
v xO=iD
U=matrix()
`
@=
D R=O
}=
@O
} Q=Oxo
v pwO
H "O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "O
v=wN
@O}r
mxLi
Y |wQ R= =Q=
yxO=OO
v=w
D|
tscan()
`
@=
D>
x
<{ scan()
1: 10
2: 11
3: 12
4: 13
5: 14
6: 15
7: 16
8:
Read 7 items
=
yxO=O OwQwxr
LQ
t R= u=w
D|
tEnter
O}r
m uOR=
@ 'O
}O
H OO
a OwQw uwO
@=
yxO=O s=t
D= R=T
Bxr
LQ
tu
}Q
N QO=t
W |=
yxO=OQ
o = wC
U=umt
t |OO
a |=
yxO=O OwQw\k
i xO
WxDi
o`
@=
D R= xO=iD
U=pm
Wu
}= QO "O
W GQ=
N"
O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R p=F
tx
@ "C
U=what=""
u=
tw
oQOv
tR=}
vscan()
`
@=
DO
W=
@=
yQD
m =Q=
m R= |=xD
WQ CQw
Yx
@>
scan(what=
"")
1: 1Jan2000
2: 5Mar2001
3: 1May2002
4: 10Jun2003
5: 11Sep2004
6:
Read 5 items
1]
"1Jan2000
""5Mar2001
""1May2002
" "10Jun2003
""11Sep2004
"=
yxD
WQs
y w O=O
a=s
y`
@=
Du
}=x
vwo
Jx
mO
WO
y=w
N xQ=
W=xDm
vu
}=x
@C
UQy
i=
} wCU}
rx
@ \w
@Q
tCtU
k QO"
O
v=w
NO
y=w
N s-=w
D Qw
]x
@ =Qp}=i|wQ=yxO=O uDWwv 2
5
1
"
OU
}w
v|
tp
}=
i |wQ =Q=
yxO=Owrite.table
QwD
UO>
write.table(x, le=
"")
x
Q}
NP u QO=
yxO=Ox
mC
U=|r
}=
i s=
vle=" "
QO w Ow
W xQ}
NPC
U= Q=Q
kx
mC
U=|
}=
yxO=Ox
u QOx
m "C
U=x
Hw
D Qw
NQOx
m OQ=O Ow
Hw u=
tw
oQOv
Jwrite.table()
`
@=
D QO "OQ}
o|
t Q=Q
kO
vw
W|
tw
s
y Q=v
m=
yxO=O uwD
U OwW
v xO=iD
U= u R=Q
o =x
m OQ=O Ow
Hw xOvv
m =O
H=
}sep
s=
vx
@ |Qo
}O u=
tw
oQ "Owt
v xO=iD
U= u=w
D|
tsep="
\t"
u=
tw
oQ R= Q=
mu
}= R= |Q}
owr
H |=Q
@ "Ow
W|
txD
Ww
vp
}=
i QO?
DQ
t=
v"O
w
W|
txD
Ww
vp
}=
i QO?
DQ
t ws
y R=u}a
txr
Y=
il
}=
@=
yxO=O uwD
U CQw
Yu
}= QOC
tQ
i R= Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@ "O
W=
@Excel
|=Q
@ uO
v=w
Np
@=
kx
m Owt
v xQ}
NPR
u=
@ R QO |=x
vw
ox
@ =Qp
}=
il
} u=w
D|
t "C
U=Q
} R KQ
Wx
@ QwD
UO|r
m CQw
Y "Ow
W|
t xO=iD
U=*.csv>
write.csv2(x, le=
".csv
")
OQ=O O
w
Hwrow.names
|k]v
t u=
tw
oQ ,=vt
"O
W=
@|
t|
HwQ
Np
}=
i |=Q
@=t
W x=wN
rO s=
vx
mO}v
mx
Hw
Dx
m|
DQw
Y QO "O
yO|
t Q=Q
k xQ=t
W=
yxO=O R=h
}OQQ
y |=Q
@ wC
U=C
UQOT
ZQ
iV}
B CQw
Yx
@x
m "C
Ww
v u=w
D|
t|va
} "OOQ
o|
t hP
L=
yh
}OQ xQ=t
W OOQ
orow.names=F
>
write.csv2(x, le=
".csv
", row.names=F)
p}=i R=xO=iDU= =@uDWwvw uOv=wNpLt 3
5
1
u
x
@x
m OQ=O Ow
Hw|
Q
iV}
B TQO 'p
}=
il
} |wQQ
@uD
Ww
v wp
}=
il
} |wQ R= uO
v=w
N |=Q
@R
u=
@ R QOQ
} R OQw
tx
@ "Ow
W|
t xO=iD
U=getwd()
`
@=
D R= u TQO uOQwC
UOx
@ |=Q
@ "Ov
}w
oworking directory
"O}v
mx
Hw
D>
getwd()
1]
"C:/Documents and Settings/shahin/My Documents
"w
}=QO '=t
WQ_
v OQw
t TQOx
mO}v
m ZQ
i ,qF
t "Owt
v xO=iD
U=setwd()
`
@=
D R= u=w
D|
t TQOu
}=Z
}wa
D |=Q
@ "C
U=Q
} R CQw
Yx
@ QwD
UOu
}=Q
@=v
@ 'O
W=
@R
_les
x
Ww
B wD
>
setwd(
"D:/R
_les
")
"
O}v
m pQDv
m =Q Ow
NO
}O
H TQOgetwd()
QwD
UO=
@O}
v=w
D|
t uwv
m =>
getwd()
1]
"D:/R
_les
"u
u
}=Q
@=v
@ 'OOQ
o|
tQ
@ ZQ
iV}
B TQOx
@O
}O
H TQO "O}v
m R=
@ =QR
,=OOH
t wO
}w
W GQ=
NR
R=|D
kw=yDv
t "O}v
mpt
aQ
} R CQw
Yx
@ Ow
W Q=O
}=
B TQOZ
}wa
Dx
mu
}= |=Q
@ "C
U=|D
kw
ts}_v
Dx
@ \w
@Q
t2.14.0
s=
kQ=x
mO}
W=
@xD
W=Ox
Hw
D "OOQ
oQ
y=
_ |=xQHv
B=
D 'O}v
mC
U=Ql}r
m uwm
}Q
@ s=H
v= =Q Q=
mu
}=R
R= |Qo
}OxNU
v=
@=t
Wx
mC
U=|a}@
] ,q
t=
mu
}=Q
@=v
@ "C
U= xOw
@R
|Q=
HxNU
v "Ov
m|t
v=i
}=|Wk
vx
HwI}
yx
@pt
axH}D
v QOQ
t=u
}==
t= "O}
yOl
} QOx
mu}a
tx
Ww
Bl
}x
@=t
W=
t= 'O
v=t
@|
k=
@ Ow
N Cw
kx
@O
}O
H TQOO}
y=w
N|
tx
mO}v
m ZQ
i uwv
m ="
O}
W=
@xD
W=Os}kDU
t|
UQD
UOx
v=
o =O
HR}
v TQO ux
@O}r
}=
t wO
} Q=O QQm
txa
H=Q
t 'OQ=O Q=Q
k|
Y=
NQ}U
t"
O}v
mpt
aQ
} R CQw
Yx
@ Q=
mu
}= |=Q
@"
O
}w
WR
OQ=w =OD
@= ?=ND
v= =QChange dir
xv
}R
oQ
=
L xQHv
B QOTB
U "O}
vR
@ =QFile
CQ=@
axLi
Y |q=
@ |wv
t R="OO
Q
o|
t R=
@Browse For Folder
s=
vx
@ |=xQHv
B x=o
v 'O}v
mgetwd()
QwD
UO R=Q}U
t ?=ND
v=|D
UQO R= u=v}t
]= |=Q
@ "O}v
m?}ka
DQ_
v OQw
tx
Ww
B=
D =Q Ow
NQ}U
t "O
yO u=W
v =Q xO
W Q=}D
N=Q}U
tO
}=
@O}v
m xO=iD
U=x
=o
v 'O}v
m ?=ND
v= =QSave Workspace
xv
}R
oTB
U "O}
vR
@ =QFile
CQ=@
axLi
Y |q=
@ |wv
t R="O
w
W|
t R=
@Save image in
s=
vx
@ |=xQHv
B "O}
vR
@ =QSave
O}r
m 'u QO |Q}}e
DI}
y uwO
@ "O
yO|
t u=W
v =Q xO
W Q=}D
N=Q}U
t u=t
yQ
=
L xQHv
BO
vwU
B=Hv
}= QO "O}v
m|
t xO
y=W
t =Q uwm
} x=o
v "O
} wQ
@ u=
DQ_
v OQw
tx
Ww
Bx
@TB
U "O
}Ov
@ =QR
=
@ w xOwt
v ?=ND
v= x=wN
rOx
@s
U=l
}O}
v=w
D|
tu
}=Q
@=v
@ "OQ=O
v Ow
Hw u |=Q
@|t
U==
t=C
U=RData
POT.RData
xH}D
vO
W=
@POT
Q_
v OQw
ts
U=Q
o = ,qF
t "O}v
mx
i=
= =Q uRename
VwQ R= xO=iD
U= "OOQ
o|
tu
}= R= "O}v
m O=H
}= Ow
N RwOv
} wDesktop
xLi
Y |wQshortcut
l
} u R=O}
v=w
D|
t=t
W uwv
m =xrt
HR
xLi
Y |=
yxD
Ww
vQ]
Uu
}Q
N QO ,qw= "O
}w
WR
OQ=wshortcut
Previouslysaved workspace restored]
"O
w
W|
tx_
Lq
tQ_
v OQw
t TQO u=t
y 'O}v
m =Q
H= =Qgetwd()
QwD
UOQ
o = ,=}
v=
F "OOQ
o|
tQ
y=
_=yxO=O Q=DN=U 6 1
"O
wt
v |Q=Oyo
vQ
} R |=
yCQw
Yx
@ =Q=
yxO=O u=w
D|
tR
u=
@ R QO(vector)
Q=OQ
@(matrix)
T
}Q
D=
t(array)
x
}=Q(data frame)
Q=O?w
JQ=
J |=
yxO=O(time series)
|
v=
tR |Q
U |=
yxO=O"O
w
W|
txD
N=OQ
B=
yu R=l
}Q
y |=RH
t KQ
Wx
@ uwv
m =1]10.00 5.00 3.006.00 0.5510.00 5.00 3.006.00 10.005.00 3.00
Q
D|
vqw
] Q=OQ
@ xR=O
v=x
@=
D OOQ
o|
t Q=Qm
D QOk
vQ
Dx=
Dw
m Q=OQ
@ 'Ov
W=@
v u=Um
} pw
] |=Q=O Q=OQ
@ wOx
m|D
r=
L QO"
O
}Q}
oQ_
v QO =Q OO
al
} w Q=OQ
@ xO=
U p=F
t "Ow
W>
sqrt(x) + 2
1] 5.162278 4.236068 3.732051 4.449490
`t
H2OO
a=
@ Q=OQ
@QYv
aQ
yTB
U w OOQ
oxQ=OQ
@ pw
] xR=O
v=x
@=
DC
U= xO
W Q=Qm
D Q=
@ Q=y
J2OO
a=Hv
}= QO"
Ov
W=
@ Q=OQ
@O
vwrt
a wOQ
yx
mx
mO}v
mx
Hw
D|
r=F
tx
@ uwv
m = "Ow
W|
t>
x
<{ c(1,2,3,4)
>y
<{ c(1,2,3,4,5,6)
>z
<{ x y
Warning message:
In x y : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
>
z
1] 1 4 9 16 5 12
Q=OQ@Q}RO=H}=
"O
wt
v O=H
}= =Q Q=OQ
@Q
} Rl
} u=w
D|
t CQw
Y wOx
@p
=F
t "O}v
mXNW
t =Q Ow
W ?=ND
v=O
}=
@x
m |Q
Y=v
a xQ=t
W>
x
<{ c(3,11,8,15,12)
>xc(2,4)]
1] 11 15
"O
wt
v hP
L =Q sRqQ}
eQ
Y=v
a u=w
D|
tQ
Y=v
a xQ=t
W|iv
t O=O
a= R= xO=iD
U==
@>
x
<{ c(3,11,8,15,12)
>x-c(2,3)]
1] 3 15 12
"
O}v
mx
Hw
D 'Ow
W|
t s=H
v= u |wQ C=}rt
a u=wv
ax
@x
m |OQ=w
tx
@ "C
U= ZwQi
tQ
} R CQw
Yx
@x Q=OQ
@>
x
<{ c(1,3,6,10,15)
>x1]
1] 1
>
x5]
1] 15
>
length(x)
1] 5
>
dim(x)
NULL
>
nrow(x)
NULL
NULL
|
vwD
U Q=OQ
@l
}x
x
mO}
y=wN
@Q
o = "CU}
v O=a
@= |=Q=OT
}Q
D=
t hq
NQ
@ Q=OQ
@ 'O}v
m|
tx_
Lq
tx
m Qw
]u=t
y "O}v
mx
Hw
DQ
} R |=
yO
)mx
@ "Owt
vh
}Qa
DT
}Q
D=
tl
} CQw
Yx
@ =Q uO
}=
@ 'OOQ
o>
x
<{ as.matrix(x)
>dim(x)
1] 5 1
=
@=
yuR
u=
@ R QO CQw
Yu
}= QO "Ov
W=
@ xO
W 13O
wki
t|
}=
yxO=O=
} xO=Ox
mC
U=umt
t=
yxO=O |Q
U QOu
=
@ R |=tv
y=Qx
@O
}=
@x
m 'C
U= Cw=iD
t=
yNA
OQw
t QOR
`
@=w
Dpt
a |xwL
v "O
vw
W|
t xO=O u=W
vNA
C
tq
a "OOQ
o|
tQ
m P p=F
t u=wv
ax
@`
@=
Dx
U=Hv
}= QO "Owt
vxa
H=Q
t"
Ov
m|
tpkDv
t |Q
UQ
Nx
@ =QNA
|=
yxO=Oorder()
`
@=
D 1>
x
<{ c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22)
>order(x)
1] 1 3 2 5 4
>
xorder(x)]
1] 1 2 20 22 NA
"
Ov
m|
t hP
L Ow
Nx
@Ow
N =QNA
|=
yxO=Osort()
`
@=
D 2>
x
<- c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22)
>sort(x)
1] 1 2 20 22
=Q Q
=
mna.rm=T
|D
UO CQw
Yx
@O
}=
@ wOv
m|t
vpt
a jw
i`
@=
D wO R=l
}I}
ypF
tmean()
`
@=
D 3 "O=O s=H
v=Q
U>
x
<{ c(1, 20, 2, NA, 22)
>mean(x)
1] NA
>
mean(x, na.rm=T)
1] 11.25
"O
wt
v xO=iD
U=R}
vQ
} Rp
L x=Q R= u=w
D|
txD@
r=>
x
<{ c(1,2,NA,3,4)
>y
<{ x!is.na(x)]
>mean(y)
1] 2.5
"O
Q
mpt
aQ
} R CQw
Yx
@ u=w
D|
t "O}v
m Zw
a-999
Q=Ok
t=
@ =QNA
,qF
tO}
y=wN
@Q
o = uwv
m =>
xis.na(x)]
<{ -999
>x
1] 1 2 -999 3 4
"OwW|t =yQ=OQ@x@ \w@QtxmO}vmxHwDQ} R?r=H p=Ft x@ uwvm =
>
x
<{ 0:10
>x
1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>
sum(x)
1] 55
Qo = =t= "OwW|t x@U=Lt
sum()
`@=D =@ =yv `wtHt TBU w xOwtv Q=}DN= =Q10
=D0
O=Oa=x
Q}eDt xmOUQ|tQ_vx@Qt= |O=@ QO "O}vm`tHsy =@ =Qx
Q}O=kt R= |WN@O}y=wN@ >sum(x
<5)
1] 5
"CU= xOwtvpta Q} R CQwYx@
R
u=@ R =Q} R "CU}vCUQO ?=wHxD@r=xm>
x
<5
1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
x@ p}O@D =Q =y
FALSE
w1
OOa x@ p}O@D =Q =yTRUE
w xDiQoQ_v QO =Qx
<5
|k]vt CQ=@a |va} xr=UtpL |=Q@ xQNq=@=t= "CU= xOWx@U=Lt5
OOa|va}=yTRUE
`tHTBU "CU= xOwtv0
OOa"Owtvpta CQwYx@O}=@
>
sum(xx
<5])
1] 10
cumsum()
`@=DuQYva u}t=
i
w CU= |OwQw |=yxO=Ox}rw= Q=OQ@Q@=Q@ u pw] xmOvm|t O=H}= =Q |Q=OQ@cumsum()
`@=D"O}vmxHwDQ} R p=Ftx@ "CU= |OwQw |=yxO=O pw= QYva
i
`tH Q@=Q@>
cumsum(rep(2,10))
1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
which()
`@=D 21
6
1
xHwDQ} R p=Ft x@ uwvm = "OOQo|tQ@
which()
`@=D\UwD u T}Ov= OW Q=QkQ@ Q=OQ@l} QO |Y=N \QWQo ="O}vm
>
vals
<{ c(1,3,2,68,11,13,19,8,49,4)
>my
_max
<- max(vals)
>
which
_val
<{ which(vals == my
_max)
>