COMPUTER NAME TCPIP IP ADDRESS WORKGROUP DOMAIN GATEWAY DNS

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ASAS RANGKAIAN

Pensyarah : Ahmad Azam bin Hasmawi

Jabatan Teknologi Pendidikan IPG Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim Sungai Petani, Kedah.

Ahmad Azam bin Hasmawi JTP IPGKSAH [email protected] / 013 5000 464

ISTILAH LAZIM

COMPUTER NAME

TCP/IP

IP ADDRESS

WORKGROUP / DOMAIN

GATEWAY

DNS

IPG Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim TP1310D

COMPUTER NAME

Nama sesebuah komputer.

Tidak boleh sama antara komputer.

Kalau sama komputer akan keliru bila

dirangkaikan.

PROTOCOL

An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between

two devices.

The protocol determines the following:

the type of error checking to be used data compression method, if any

how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message

how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message

PROTOCOL

There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example, some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.

From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is that your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to communicate with other computers. The protocol can be implemented either in hardware or in software. TCP/IP (Windows – digunakan menyeluruh)

Apple talk (Apple) Novell Netware (Unix)

Ahmad Azam bin Hasmawi JTP IPGKSAH

TCP

The Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP was one of the two original components, with Internet Protocol (IP), of the suite, so that the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. Whereas IP handles lower-level transmissions from computer to computer as a message makes its way across the Internet, TCP operates at a higher level, concerned only with the two end systems, for example, a Web browser and a Web server. In particular, TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer. Besides the Web, other common applications of TCP include e-mail and file transfer. Among its other management tasks, TCP controls message size, the rate at which messages are exchanged, and network traffic congestion

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IP

ADDRESS

An identifier for a computer or device on a

TCP/IP network. Networks using the

TCP/IP protocol route messages based on

the IP address of the destination. The

format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric

address written as four numbers separated

by periods. Each number can be zero to

255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be

an IP address.

WORKGROUP / DOMAIN

A group of computers and devices on a

network that are administered as a unit with

common rules and procedures. Within the

Internet, domains are defined by the

IP

address

. All devices sharing a common part

of the IP address are said to be in the same

domain.

GATEWAY

(1)A node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet. In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a router, which use headers and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway.

(2)A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and terrestrial networks.

(3)An earlier term for router, though now obsolete in this sense as

routeris commonly used.

DNS

1)Short for Domain Name System(or Serviceor Server), an Internet service that translates domain namesinto IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.commight translate to

198.105.232.4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.

Pengenalan Kepada

Rangkaian Komputer dan

Komunikasi Data

PENGENALAN KEPADA KOMUNIKASI DATA

Apakah tujuan komunikasi? Bagaimana anda berkongsi maklumat?

Komunikasi setempat (cth: rakan sebelah) Komunikasi jarak jauh (cth: org kampung)

Telefon, telegraf, televisyen -> tele … ? Dalam bahasa Greek tele bermaksud jauh Telekomunikasi ?

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PENGENALAN KEPADA KOMUNIKASI DATA

Apakah ciri sistem komunikasi data yang

berkesan?

Penghantaran : data dihantar ke destinasi

dan penerima yang betul

Ketepatan : Data yang dihantar mestilah tepat

(tidak terubah atau dibiar tanpa pembetulan)

Jangkamasa : Data yang lewat tidak berguna

KOMPONEN SISTEM KOMUNIKASI DATA

Penghantar

Penerima

- Maklumat data

yang saling Menghubungkan - Laluan fizikal

bagi pesanan untuk dihantar dari penyampai kepada penerima

Cth:-- wayar,rangkaian, gelombang radio -Protokol membolehkan peranti

berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain dengan menyatakan peraturan Cth:

-- siapa mula transmit? - suatu paket dihantar oleh

rangkaian yg mana?

JENIS RANGKAIAN KOMPUTER

Rangkaian komputer – suatu set peranti (nod)

pengkomputeran yang disambungkan oleh media komunikasi yang merangkumi suatu kawasan

Nod : komputer, pencetak, modem, atau apa saja peranti yang boleh menghantar/menerima data yang dijanakan oleh nod lain

Fungsinya: Membolehkan perkongsian perkakasan dan perisian disamping mengagihkan tugas pengkomputeran Rangkaian komputer yang menggunakan media gelombang radio diistilahkan sebagai “wireless” – boleh melibatkan transmisi siaran radio, mikrogelombang atau satelit Rangkaian kawasan peribadi “Personal area network/PAN” – rangkaian yang meliputi kawasan beberapa meter yang terdiri drp peranti wayarles seperti PDA, laptop, telefon selular, dll

JENIS RANGKAIAN KOMPUTER

Rangkaian kawasan setempat “Local area

network/LAN” : rangkaian yang meliputi kawasan

geografi yang kecil merangkumi suatu bilik,

bangunan atau kampus

Rangkaian kawasan metropolitan “Metropolitan area

network/MAN” : rangkaian yang meliputi kawasan

seluas 3 - 30 batu (~ saiz suatu bandar)

Rangkaian kawasan luas “Wide area network/WAN” :

rangkaian besar meliputi sebahagian negeri-negeri,

negara dan dunia

JENIS RANGKAIAN

Rangkaian suara – rangkaian yang

menghantar isyarat telefon

Rangkaian data – rangkaian yang

menghantar data komputer

Sekarang rangkaian suara juga diguna

untuk menghantar data

TOPOLOGI RANGKAIAN

Topologi hanya ditentukan oleh konfigurasi

sambungan diantara nod-nod

Oleh itu ia adalah sebahagian drp teori graf

Jarak di antara nod tidak penting dalam

topologi

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GAMBARAN KESELURUHAN

Rangkaian terdiri drp pelbagai peranti

termasuk:

stesen kerja (PC)

komputer pelayan/server

hub dan switch (bridges)

router (LAN-WAN dan WAN-WAN)

alat pensuisan telefon

Sambungan pelbagai jenis rangkaian

Terminal/mikrokomputer ke kerangka utama PC ke LAN

PC ke Internet LAN ke LAN PAN ke stesen kerja LAN ke MAN LAN ke WAN

Pengesan (Sensor) ke LAN Satelit dan mikrogelombang

Telefon berwayar dan wayarles ke rangkaian

JENIS-JENIS KONFIGURASI RANGKAIAN

KONFIGURASI RANGKAIAN –

TERMINAL KE KERANGKA UTAMA

- Popular dlm tahun 60an dan 70an

- Masih digunakan untuk kemasukan dan capaian data

- Sambungan kelajuan rendah

PC ke LAN

- Lazimnya di universiti dan perniagaan - Sambungan kelajuan

sederhana-tinggi - PC perlu ada kad

antaramuka rangkaian (NIC)

- NIC disambung kpd

PC ke INTERNET

- Popular untuk pengguna di rumah dan perniagaan kecil - Lazimnya guna “dial-up modem” untuk sambungan ke ISP (Internet service provider) - Teknologi lebih baru

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LAN ke LAN

- Digunakan di organisasi yang mempunyai >= 2 LAN yang perlu berkomunikasi - Peranti seakan (switch)

diguna untuk menyambungkan LAN-LAN

- Peranti ini boleh menapis kerangka data

PAN ke STESEN KERJA

- Sambungan peranti wayarles spt PDA, komputer riba, MP3 player ke stesen kerja - Jarak dekat :

beberapa meter

LAN ke MAN

- Sambungkan syarikat (LAN) ke rangkaian yang meliputi keseluruhan bandar

- Rangkaian kelajuan tinggi dgn litar bertindih (redundant)

LAN ke WAN

- Cara paling lazim diguna untuk sambungkan pengguna stesen kerja pada LAN ke Internet - Router diguna

sebagai penyambung LAN ke WAN - Router peranti

yang lebih kompleks dari bridge/switch

WAN ke WAN

Router dan switch berkelajuan tinggi

diguna utk menyambungkan WAN ke

WAN yang lain

dari pelbagai benua

SENSOR ke LAN

- Biasa ditemui dalam persekitaran industri dan makmal - Sensor disambung

ke LAN

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SATELIT dan MIKROGELOMBANG

- Sambungan wayarles jarak jauh - Meliputi pelbagai

aplikasi spt panggilan telefon jarak jauh, televisyen, perkhidmatan data wayarles - Mahal kosnya tetapi

syarikat menawarkan perkhidmatan dan kadar kompetetif untuk bersaing

TELEFON BERWAYAR DAN WAYARLES KE RANGKAIAN

- PCS (Personal Communication System) - Second generation

PCS services available in most areas and under many types of plans - Next generation

services beginning to replace PCS phones