FOOD SCIENCE RESEARCH

(1)

Purwiyatno Hariyadi - phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

FOOD

SCIENCE

RESEARCH

Purwiyatno Hariyadi

Dept of Food Science & Technology

Bogor Agricultural University

Bacaan :

Daryl B. Lund (2002). Food Engineering in the 21st Century.

College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell

University, Ithaca, NY

Anonymous. Introduction to Research. Research Methods in

Kinesiology (

http://faculty.fullerton.edu/leebrown/KNES

510 Research Methods/01 - Introduction to Research.ppt

)

Nayda G. Santiago. Scientific Research in Computer Science and

Computer Engineering

(

http://ece.uprm.edu/~nayda/Courses/grad/Orientation.ppt

).

Jones, C and Jia, X. Research Concepts.

(

myemail.tut.edu.tw/~z9501002/file/research.ppt

)

(2)

History of Research

• Humans have been researching since

the beginning of time

– Invention of the wheel

– Building material

– Weapons

– Agriculture

– Medicine

– And on and on and on…

Penelitian = Riset

RISET = RESEARCH

RISET = RE + SEARCH

there is no guaranteed recipe for success

at research

Research # experiment

(3)

Research is not a

vocation but a way of

living

What is Research?

• Research

is a diligent and systematic* inquiry or

investigation into a subject in order to discover or

revise facts, theories, applications etc.

• Research

is systematic study directed toward fuller

scientific knowledge or under-standing of the subjected

studied. Research is classified as either basic or

applied according to the objectives of the sponsoring

agency (National Science Foundations, US).

*having, showing or involving a system, method or plan

(4)

What is Research?

• The

systematic

part of this activity is what allows

us to fly into space, cure diseases, feed the

hungry and live fruitful lives

• Through research, we build on the discoveries of

those who have investigated before us and often

improve their findings

• Research often results in a synergy or the putting

together of two or more ideas to arrive at a new or

better solution

What is Research?

• Academic research

could be

reading the works of

several scholars about a particular topic and then

forming and reporting your own opinion about the

same topic

• The value added is that you have the luxury

of reviewing the work of many researchers

who may have individually worked only on

one facet of a research question

• You get the advantage of seeing the big

picture

(5)

What is Research?

Nature of Research

• Systematic –

plan, identify, design, collect data,

evaluate

• Logical –

examine procedures to evaluate

conclusions

• Empirical –

decisions are based on data

(observation)

• Reductive –

general relationships are established

from data

• Replicable –

actions are recorded

• Research isn’t

information gathering:

–

Gathering information from resources such books or

magazines isn’t research.

• Research isn’t

the transportation of facts:

–

Merely transporting facts from one resource to another

doesn’t constitute research.

–

Paraphrasing or rearranging the work of others

–

Cutting and pasting the work of others

• No contribution to new knowledge (

although

it might make existing knowledge more

accessible).

• There is no room for it in academia

• Beware of

PLAGIARISM

(6)

• Rehashing material you already know

thoroughly or, without your professor’s

permission, submitting a paper that you

have completed for another course

What Research

IS NOT!

Recycling ?

• Ekspresikan ide/pemikiran

• Innovasi



the practical applications of knowledge

• Berkontribusi pada misi universitas



Lulus

• Meningkatkan karir/pekerjaan

• Menjadi anggota aktif masyarakat ilmiah … peneliti



partisipasi pada

daya saing bangsa

(7)

Manusia selalu melakukan Penelitian dan

menghasilkan penemuan-penemuan untuk mencapai

“hal yang lebih baik”,

di berbagai bidang :

• Penelitian dan penemuan roda

• Bahan bangunan

• Senjata

• Pertanian

• Obat

Dst …



Daya Saing Bangsa ??

WHY Research?

Knowledge as a Key Factor in Development (WB, 2002)



Daya Saing Bangsa ??



The ability of a society to produce, select, adapt, commericialize, and

use knowledge is critical for sustained economic growth and improved

living standarts.



Knowledge has become the most important factor in economic

development.



(OECD, 1988). on the determinants of growth



“underlying

long-term growth rates in OECD economics depend on maintaining and

expanding the knowledge base”



World Development Report 1998/1999

concurred, stating that “today’s

most technologically advanced economies are truly knowledge-based

… creating millions of knowledge-related jobs in an array of

disciplines that have emerged overnight”

(8)

Faktor

Peranan (%)

Innovation

Networking

Technology

Natural Resources

45

25

20

10 Faktor Penentu Keunggulan Suatu Negara

(Hasil evaluasi Bank Dunia

(1995) terhadap 150 negara di dunia)



Daya Saing Bangsa ??

WHY Research?

PERLU :

Pemahaman

yg Baik ttg

Penelitian

Program Penelitian yang

baik

akan melahirkan :

• SDM berkualitas

• Pengetahuan Baru

• Produk baru

• Model/Desain (termasuk software) baru

• Publikasi

• Nilai baru



Daya Saing Bangsa ??

(9)



Intergritas

peneliti :

a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal

responsibility for ones action and to a range of practices that characterize

the responsible conduct of research,



Intellectual honesty

in proposing, performing, and reporting research



Accuracy

in representing contributions to research proposals and reports



Fairness

in peer review



Collegiality

in scientific interactions, including communications and sharing of

resources



Protection of human subjects;



Humane care of animals in the conduct of research



Adherence to the

mutual responsibilities

between investigators and their

research teams

RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH

www.cise.columbia.edu/nsec/outreach/courses/ethics/zwolenik.ppt

WHAT Researcher?

Food Science

is a convenient name used to describe the

application of scientific principles to create and maintain

a wholesome food supply

(Dept of Food Science & Technology, UC-Davis)

Food Science

is a very applied field, one that requires in-depth

knowledge in several disciplines

(Hartel, UW-Madison)

Definition of the Field of Study

(10)

Food science

is the science of food.

Food science

is a

multidisciplinary

field that applies disciplines such as

chemistry, microbiology, engineering and nutrition to develop new food products

and design new processes to improve the safety and quality of foods.

Food scientists

use cutting-edge technology to develop new foods, add value

to raw food commodities and improve the quality and safety of existing food

products.

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Definition of the Field of Study

Food Science

is the

multidisciplinary

study of food

and the application of knowledge thus gained to the

development of food products and processes, the

preservation and storage of foods, and the assurance of

food safety and quality.

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(11)

Food Science

is the discipline in which the

engineering, biological

, and

physical

sciences are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of

deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the

improvement of foods for the consuming public.

Food Technology

is the application of food science to the selection,

preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe,

nutritious, and wholesome food.

(In practice, the terms food science and food technology are often used

interchangeably).

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Definition of the Field of Study

Ilmu pangan

: ilmu dasar yang menggabungkan prinsip-prinsip ilmu

biologi, kimia, fisika dan teknik (

engineering

) yang digunakan

mempelajari karakteristik bahan pangan, mekanisme kerusakan dan

pencegahannya, serta dasar-dasar pengolahannya.

Teknologi pangan

: aplikasi

ilmu pangan

kedalam sistim seleksi,

pengawetan, pengolahan, pengemasan, distribusi, dan pemanfaatan

bahan pangan yang baik, aman, dan ber

gizi

.

Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fateta, IPB

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(12)

• Technology is the systematic study of techniques for making and

doing things (concerned with the fabrication and use of artifacts)



Technology is as old as mankind

• Science is the systematic attempt to understand and interpret the

world



Science depends upon the skills of literacy & numeracy



Science developed with the development of civilization

Definition

*)

_{Director, Division for Infrastructure Services and Innovation Promotion,}

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva

Wealth Creation through Invention, Innovation and Creativity.

Vladimir Yossifov

*)

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

• Invention:

• Creating something new that did not exist before (result of

human creativity and curiosity)

• Innovation

• Is the process and outcome of creating something new

(invention), which is of value.

• Innovation

= Invention + exploitation (commercialization)

= bringing an invention to market and users

*)

_{Director, Division for Infrastructure Services and Innovation Promotion,}

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva

Wealth Creation through Invention, Innovation and Creativity.

Vladimir Yossifov

*)

Definition

(13)

http://www.alliancetofeedthefuture.org/content/world-food-day-and-food-science

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:



TEKNOLOGI PANGAN



menjawab berbagai tantangan kehidupan

pada jamannya



feed the growing population

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

(14)

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 1864

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Napoleon Bonaparte:

Sayembara berhadiah untuk

mengatasi permasalahan

kekurangan gizi dan keracunan

pangan yang melanda tentara

Perancis saat itu

1795

1864

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(15)

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Nicholas Francois Appert

(i)

Botol gelas diisi makanan,

(ii) Ditutup rapat,

(iii) Dipanaskan dalam air

mendidih beberapa saat,

lalu

(iv) Didinginkan



Appertization

1804

1864

1800

Awal

Teknologi Pangan

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

Awal Ilmu &

Teknologi Pangan

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 1864

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(16)

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6

• _•

Fiber crates

_{Cellulose packaging}

• Gable-top, waxed milk cartons

• Sliced bread

• Regulations e.g. Food, Drug,

and Cosmetic Act

1930s

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 _{• Automation}

• Mass production

• Frozen foods

• Vending machines

• FAO (1945)

• WHO (1948)

1940s

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(17)

• Frozen dinners

• Food for bomb shelters

• Frozen, ready-to-eat bakery

goods

• Controlled-atmosphere

packaging

1950s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

• Diet foods

• Process control computers

• Clean-in-place

• Aseptic canning

• Drying improvements

• HACCP (1959-1960)

• CODEX (1

st

_{session-1963)}

1960s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(18)

• Energy efficiency

• Water/waste utilization

• Membrane processing

• Health/organic foods

• Computers

1970s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

• Dechemicalization

• Automation

• Aseptic processing

• Irradiation

• Packaging

1980s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(19)

• Intelligent Packaging

• Low Carb

• Sachet Packaging

• Functional Foods

• UU Pangan RI (UU no 7/1996)

1990s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:

• Aseptic Processing/UHT

• Non-thermal Processes

• RFID

• Packaging

• Chef-Like

2000s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

7

6 ₂₀₀₀

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

(20)

• Nano-Technology

• Intelligence packaging

• FSMA (2011)



HARPC

• UU Pangan No 18, 2012

• TAACP (2014)

2010s

Pemburu/Pengumpul

Industrial

4 juta tahun

Yang Lalu

10 000 tahun

Yang Lalu

1800

1900

2000

1

2

3

4

5 Populasi

Dunia

(Miliar)

6 1864

1930

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

7

6 2010

Penelitian ILMU PANGAN ??

Inovasi pangan untuk “kehidupan”:



Apa itu Industri 4.0

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

(21)

1st Revolution

through introduction of mechanical production facilities powered by water and steam INDUSTRY 1.0 First Mechanical Loom 1784

Degree

of

C

omplexity

2nd Revolution through introduction of mass production based on the division of labour powered by electrical energy INDUSTRY 2.0

3rd Revolution

through Introduction of electronics and IT for a further automization of production



INDUSTRY 3.0

4th_Revolution Through Cyber-Physical Production Systems



INDUSTRY 4.0

TIME

Start of

70ies

End of

18

th

_Century

Start of

20

th

_Century

Today



Apa itu Industri 4.0



Bagian dari Revolusi Industri

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?



Apa itu Industri 4.0



Bagian dari Revolusi Industri

(22)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

(23)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Bagaimana ?



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

(24)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Bagaimana membuat

“FOOD VALUE” manjadi :

• Available?

• Readable?

• Retrievable?

• Transferable?

• Communicable?

• SMART?



able to

apply a scientific logic



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Bagaimana membuat

“FOOD VALUE” manjadi :

• Available?

• Readable?

• Retrievable?

• Transferable?

• Communicable?

• SMART?



able to

apply a scientific logic

• Keterlibatan konsumen

• Keterleurusan

(25)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Example :



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

(26)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Example :

RipeSense

®



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

Example :

(27)



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”



The Internet of “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

In-Store product engagement (Millennials)

34%

27%

Communicate via

mobile about products

29%

Make mobile shopping

lists

Scan products to get info,

deals or experiences



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”



The Internet of “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

(28)

AS CLEVER AS AS EASYAS AS IMMEDIATEAS AS INFORMATIVEAS

AS SOCIALAS AS VISUAL AS AS PERSONAL AS AS ENTERTAINING_AS



Menuju Era Industri 4.0



Era of SMART “everythings”



The Internet of “everythings”

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

(29)

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie

Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

1. Kesehatan

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie

Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

1. Kesehatan

2. Kepraktisan

(30)

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie

Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

1. Kesehatan

2. Kepraktisan

3. Kenikmatan

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie

Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

1. Kesehatan

2. Kepraktisan

3. Kenikmatan

• Faktor ekonomi

(31)

FOOD

VALUE

= x

ETC

Flavor

Functionality

Ethic

Texture

Taste

Performance

QTY/Calorie

Nutrition

Appearance

Eco-Friendliness

Q

uality

Factors

S

afety

Factors

Physiological

Safety

Price

Time to Prepare

_{complexity”}

“handling

Psychological

Safety



Trend ke depan (menuju Era Industri 4.0)

1. Kesehatan

2. Kepraktisan

3. Kenikmatan

• Faktor ekonomi

• Prasyarat: KEAMANAN

Tantangan Penelitian Ilmu Pangan ?



Menyediakan pangan AMAN & BERMUTU

# penduduk

Sakit &

tdk bugar

Umumnya Sehat

Sehat &

Bugar

Semakin

banyak #

penduduk

yang sehat

dan bugar



hidup

produktif



DAYA

SAING

PANGAN

AMAN &

BERMUTU

Mahasiswa/

Peneliti/

Ahli Ilmu

Pangan

TERAKHIR,

Tantangan Mahasiswa/Peneliti/Ahli Ilmu Pangan ?

(32)

• Diskusi?

• Tugas membuat essay

pendek ttg :

“Peranan Ilmu Pangan dalam

menjawab tantangan

pembangunan di Indonesia”