• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Peran Biomasa Mangrove dalam Menyimpan Karbon di Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Membagikan "Peran Biomasa Mangrove dalam Menyimpan Karbon di Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat"

Copied!
12
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

3(5$1%,20$6$0$1*529('$/$00(1<,03$1.$5%21

',.8%85$<$.$/,0$17$1%$5$7

3PMFPG.BOHSPWF#JPNBTTJO$BSCPO4JOLJO,VCV3BZB8FTU,BMJNBOUBO

10+HUL\DQWR (QGUR6XELDQGRQR 3XVDW3HQHOLWLDQGDQ3HQJHPEDQJDQ+XWDQ-O*XQXQJ%DWX1R%RJRU,QGRQHVLD HPDLOQXUPKHUL\DQWR#\DKRRFRPHQGURV#\DKRRFRLG 'LWHULPD0HLGLUHYLVL)HEUXDULGLVHWXMXL0DUHW "#453"$5

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

(2)

,3(1'$+8/8$1

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

(NRVLVWHP PDQJURYH VHEDJDLPDQD HNRVLV WHPKXWDQODLQQ\DPHPLOLNLSHUDQVHEDJDLSHQ\H UDS URVRW NDUERQGLRNVLGD &2 GDUL XGDUD

0HQXUXW,QWHUQDWLRQDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH,3&& VDPSDLDNKLUWDKXQHPLVLNDUERQGL GXQLDDGDODKVHEHVDU“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

GL XGDUD 'KDUPDZDQ 6DPVRHGLQ 0DQIDDWODQJVXQJGDULSHQJHORODDQKXWDQEHUXSD KDVLOND\XVHFDUDRSWLPDOKDQ\DVHGDQJNDQ IXQJVL RSWLPDO GDODP SHQ\HUDSDQ NDUERQ PHQFDSDL'DUXVPDQ

6DODK VDWX PDVDODK KXWDQ PDQJURYH GL .HFDPDWDQ7HOXN3HNHGDL.XEX5D\DGDODPGXD WDKXQ WHUDNKLU \DLWX EHUNXUDQJQ\D OXDVKXWDQGDULKDPHQMDGLKD+DO LQL GLDNLEDWNDQ DGDQ\D NRQYHUVL ODKDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH XQWXN ODKDQ WDPEDN VHOXDV KD GDQSHQHEDQJDQOLDUVHOXDVKDXQWXNGLEXDW DUDQJ ROHK PDV\DUDNDW %LOD NHJLDWDQ LQL WLGDN GLNHQGDOLNDQ GHQJDQ EDLN DNDQ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ KXWDQDODPPDQJURYHVHPDNLQUXVDN6DQL

3HQHOLWLDQ LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHPSHUROHK LQIRUPDVL WHQWDQJ SHUDQ PDQJURYH NHUDJDPDQ MHQLV NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ GDQ NHELMDNDQ SHQJHORDDQ KXWDQ GL .XEX 5D\D .DOLPDQWDQ %DUDW 'LKDUDSNDQ KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ LQL GDSDW PHQLQJNDWNDQXSD\DNRQVHUYDVLKXWDQPDQJURYH PHODOXLPHNDQLVPHSHPEDQJXQDQEHUVLK ,,0(72'(3(1(/,7,$1 $/RNDVL:DNWXGDQ3HUDODWDQ 3HQHOLWLDQGLODNXNDQSDGDEXODQ-XOLGL NDZDVDQNRQVHVL37.DQGHOLD$ODP*DPEDU \DLWXSDGDNRRUGLQDWžµ/6GDQž µ %7 6HFDUD DGPLQLVWUDVL WHUPDVXN 'HVD .XEX.HFDPDWDQ.XEX.DEXSDWHQ.XEX5D\D 3URYLQVL.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW

(3)
(4)

D 3RKRQ \DLWX WXPEXKDQ EHUND\X GHQJDQ GLDPHWHUVHWLQJJLGDGDP!FPGLGDWD MHQLV GLDPHWHU GDQ WLQJJLQ\D 5LVDODKQ\D GLREVHUYDVLSDGDSHWDNEHUXNXUDQ[P

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

&$QDOLVLV'DWD

.HUDSDWDQ SRKRQ SHU KHNWDU GL NRQYHUVL GDUL MXPODKSRKRQ\DQJWHUFDWDWGDODPWLJDFRQWRKGL VHWLDSSORW&DWDWDQGLDPHWHUGDQWLQJJLGLJXQDNDQ PP P P P P

6XPEHU6RXUFH6RHULDQHJDUD ,QGUDZDQ

*DPEDU'LVDLQSORWDQDOLVLVYHJHWDVL

)LJXUHV'HVLJQSORWRI YHJHWDWLRQDQDO\VLV

XQWXN PHQJKLWXQJ YROXPH WHJDNDQ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQUXPXVVHEDJDLEHULNXW 9 G WI ° GLPDQD9 YROXPHSRKRQP NRQVWDQWD ° G GLDPHWHUSRKRQVHWLQJJLGDGD DWDXFPGLDWDVDNDUMDQJNDUFPW WLQJJLWRWDO PI DQJNDEHQWXNSRKRQ 8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJELRPDVVDSRKRQGLJXQD NDQ UXPXV SHQGHNDWDQ EHUDW MHQLV ND\X 'KDUPDZDQ 6DPVRHGLQ %LRPDVVD YROXPHSRKRQ [EHUDWMHQLVSRKRQ .HWHUDQJDQ EHUDW MHQLVG 5KL]RSKRUD

%UXJXLHUD 6RQQHUDWLDGDQ;\ORFDUSXV

.DQGXQJDQ NDUERQ GDODP WXPEXKDQ GL KLWXQJ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ UXPXV %URZQ GDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH ,3&& .DQGXQJDQ.DUERQ %HUDW.HULQJ7XPEXKDQ[ GLPDQDEHUDWNHULQJDGDODKYROXPH[EHUDWMHQLV ND\XSRKRQ

6HUDSDQ NDUERQGLRNVRGD &2 0U &2 $U & DWDX [ NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ

GL PDQD 0U PROHNXO UHODWLI GDQ $U DWRP UHODWLI

'L DQDOLVLV MXJD SURGXN NHELMDNDQ WHQWDQJ KXWDQPDQJURYH\DQJDGD

(5)

,,,+$6,/'$13(0%$+$6$1 $3RWHQVL+XWDQ0DQJURYH

%HUGDVDUNDQKDVLOLGHQWLILNDVLMHQLVGDQVXNX WXPEXKDQ GL KXWDQ DODP PDQJURYH .XEX 5D\D WLQJNDWSRKRQEHUGLDPHWHU•FPGLVDMLNDQSDGD 7DEHO 3DGDWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWGLOLKDWEDKZD GLKXWDQPDQJURYHDODP.XEX5D\DMXPODKMHQLV GDQ MXPODK VXNXQ\D VHGLNLW \DLWX PDNVLPXP GHODSDQMHQLVMXPODKSRKRQSHUP +DO LQLGLVHEDENDQWXPEXKDQ\DQJGDSDWWXPEXKSDGD NRQGLVLWDQDKOXPSXUVDQJDWVHGLNLW)HQRPHQDLQL VHMDODQ GHQJDQ SHUQ\DWDDQ 6RHULDQHJDUD GDQ ,QGUDZDQ \DQJ PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD WXPEXKDQ \DQJ GDSDW WXPEXK GL WDQDK OXPSXU GDQWHUJHQDQJDLUVDQJDWVHGLNLW

'L ORNDVL SHQHOLWLDQ LQL KXWDQ DODP SULPHU PDQJURYHGLGRPLQDVLROHKHPSDWMHQLV\DLWX5KL ]RSKRUDDSLFXODWD%OXPH%UXJXLHUDF\OLQGULFD:HW$ 6RQQHUDWLDDOED/GDQ;\ORFDUSXVPROXFFHQVLV/

%HUGDVDUNDQ LGHQWLILNDVL MHQLV KXWDQ PDQJ URYHGL.XEX5D\DVHSDQMDQJGXDEHODVNPULYHULQH PDQJURYHWHUFDWDWGXDSXOXKMHQLVSRKRQPDQJ URYH \DLWX 5KL]RSKRUD DSLFXODWD 5 PXFURQDWD

%UXJXLHUD J\PQRUK\]D % F\OLQGULFD % VH[DQJXOD %

SDUYLIORUD $YLFHQQLD PDULQD $ DOED $ ODQDWD $

RIILFLQDOLV &HULRSV WDJDO & GHFDQGUD &DQGHOLD FDQGHO

([FRHFDULDDJDOORFKD /XPQLW]HUDUDFHPRVD ;\ORFDUSXV

JUDQDWXP ;PROXFFHQVLV +HULWLHUDOLWWRUDOLV 6RQQHUDWLD

DOEDGDQ6RQQHUDWLDFDVHRODULV

%6WUXNWXU7HJDNDQGDQ5HJHQHUDVL+XWDQ

6WUXNWXUWHJDNDQKXWDQ

6WUXNWXU WHJDNDQ KXWDQ DGDODK VHEDUDQ LQGLYLGXWXPEXKDQGDODPODSLVDQWDMXNGDQGDSDW GLDUWLNDQVHEDJDLVHEDUDQSRKRQSHUVDWXDQOXDV

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

-HQLVSRKRQKXWDQPDQJURYHDODPGL.XEX 5D\D GHQJDQ SDUDPHWHU GLDPHWHU DWDX WLQJJL GLGRPLQDVL ROHK5KL]RSKRUD DSLFXODWD %OXPH GDQ

%UXJXLHUDF\OLQGULFD:HW$ 'HQJDQGHPLNLDQGDSDW

GLNDWDNDQEDKZDNHGXDMHQLVLQL\DQJSDOLQJEDLN GDODP PHPDQIDDWNDQ HQHUJL PDWDKDUL XQVXU KDUDPLQHUDOGDQDLUVHUWDVLIDWNRPSHWLVL

5HJHQHUDVLKXWDQ

5HJHQHUDVL PHUXSDNDQ IHQRPHQD DODP GL PDQD SRKRQ \DQJ PXGD DNDQ PHQJJDQWLNDQ SRKRQ GHZDVD NDUHQD VHVXDWX VHEDE PLVDOQ\D GLWHEDQJWHUEDNDUWXPEDQJEHQFDQDDODPDWDX PDWL VHFDUD ILVLRORJLV $GDSXQ UHJHQHUDVL MHQLV 7DEHO-XPODKSRKRQGDQMXPODKVXNXGDODPSORWP GL.XEX5D\D

7DEOH1XPEHURI WUHHVDQGQXPEHURI IDPLO\LQDSORWRI P LQ.XEX5D\D

/RNDVL/RFDWLRQ -XPODKMHQLV 1XPEHURI VSHFLHV -XPODKSRKRQ 1XPEHURI WUHHV -XPODKVXNX 1XPEHURI IDPLOLHV 3ORW, 3ORW,, 3ORW,,,

6XPEHU6RXUFH'DWDSULPHU3ULPDU\GDWD

3HUDQ%LRPDVD0DQJURYHGDODP0HQ\LPSDQ.DUERQGL.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW 10+HUL\DQWR (QGUR6XELDQGRQR

(6)

WXPEXKDQ GL KXWDQ PDQJURYH GLVDMLNDQ SDGD 7DEHO

3DGD 7DEHO WHUOLKDW EDKZD MHQLV \DQJ PHQGRPLQDVL GL ORNDVL SHQHOLWLDQ XQWXN WLQJNDW SRKRQ\DLWX5DSLFXODWDGHQJDQ,13GDQ WLQJNDWVHPDL\DLWXMHQLV5DSLFXODWDGHQJDQ,13 VHEHVDUVHGDQJNDQXQWXNWLQJNDWEHOWD% J\PQRUK\]D GHQJDQ ,13 +DO LQL PHQXQMXNNDQ UHJHQHUDVL GL KXWDQ PDQJURYH FXNXS EDLN GDQ FHQGHUXQJ PHQJHORPSRN SHU MHQLV +DVLO WHUVHEXW VHMDODQ GHQJDQ SHQHOLWLDQ %LVPDUN HW DO GDQ +HUL\DQWR 6XELDQGRQR GL &DJDU %LRVIHU 7DPDQ 1DVLRQDO 3XODX 6LEHUXW 6XPDWHUD %DUDW GDQ GL 7DPDQ1DVLRQDO$ODV3XUZR-DZD7LPXU

& 3HUDQ +XWDQ 0DQJURYH GDODP 0LWLJDVL .DUERQ

3HUDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH GDSDW GLOLKDW GDUL ELRPDVD\DQJGLEHGDNDQNHGDODPGXDNDWHJRUL \DLWX ELRPDVVD GL DWDV WDQDK EDWDQJ FDEDQJ UDQWLQJGDXQEXQJDGDQEXDKGDQELRPDVVDGL

6XPEHU6RXUFH'DWDSULPHU3ULPDU\GDWD

*DPEDU 6HEDUDQNHODVGLDPHWHUSRKRQGLKXWDQPDQJURYH

)LJXUHV'LVWULEXWLRQRI WUHHVE\GLDPHWHUFODVVLQPDQJURYHIRUHVWV

GDODPWDQDKDNDU3DGDSHQHOLWLDQLQLSHQJXNXUDQ ELRPDVVDPDQJURYHGLODNXNDQSDGDEDJLDQGLDWDV WDQDK.XVPDQDHWDOPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZD EHVDUQ\D ELRPDVVD GLWHQWXNDQ ROHK GLDPHWHU WLQJJL WDQDPDQ EHUDW MHQLV ND\X GDQ NHVXEXUDQ WDQDK .DQGXQJDQ NDUERQ SDGD WDQDPDQ PHQJ JDPEDUNDQEHUDSDEHVDUWDQDPDQWHUVHEXWGDSDW PHQJLNDW&2 GDULXGDUD6HEDJLDQNDUERQDNDQ PHQMDGLHQHUJLXQWXNSURVHVILVLRORJLWDQDPDQGDQ VHEDJLDQ PDVXN GDODP VWUXNWXU WXPEXKDQ GDQ PHQMDGLEDJLDQGDULWXPEXKDQPLVDOQ\DVHOXORVD \DQJ WHUVLPSDQ SDGD EDWDQJ DNDU UDQWLQJ GDQ GDXQ%HUGDVDUNDQDVXPVLUXPXV%URZQ GDQ,3&&\DQJPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZD VDPSDL EDKDQ NHULQJ WDQDPDQ WHUGLUL GDUL NDQGXQJDQNDUERQ

'DODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL SHQJXNXUDQ ELRPDVVD GDQNDQGXQJDQNDUERQPDQJURYHWLGDNGLODNXNDQ

GHVWUXFWLYH VDPSOLQJ PHODLQNDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SHQGHNDWDQYROXPHGHQJDQEHUDWMHQLVPDQJURYH %LRPDVVD GDQ NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ GL ORNDVL SHQHOLWLDQGLVDMLNDQSDGD7DEHO

íìríõ

u

îìrîõ

u

ïìrïõ

u

E

ðì

u

ðì

9

ñï

9

íî

9

ïí

9

(7)

7DEHO5HJHQHUDVLGLKXWDQDODPPDQJURYHGL.XEX5D\D

7DEOH5HJHQHUDWLRQLQQDWXUDOPDQJURYHIRUHVWVLQ.XEX5D\D

-HQLV6SHFLHV 6XNX)DPLO\ ,13,9,

6HPDL6HHGOLQJ %HOWD6DSOLQJ 3RKRQ7UHH

5DSLFXODWD 5KL]RSKRUDFHDH

%J\PQRUK\]D 5KL]RSKRUDFHDH

6DOED /\WKUDFHDH

;PROXFFHQVLV 0HOLDFHDH

6XPEHU6RXUFH'DWDSULPHU3ULPDU\GDWD

7DEHO %LRPDVVDGDQNDQGXQJDQNDUERQKXWDQPDQJURYHWLQJNDWSRKRQEHUGLDPHWHU•FP GL

.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW

7DEOH %LRPDVVDQGFDUERQFRQWHQWRI PDQJURYHWUHHV•FPGLDPHWHUDW.XEX5D\D:HVW.DOLPDQWDQ

-HQLV6SHFLHV -XPODKSRKRQ1XPEHURI WUHHVSHUKD

,VL9ROXPHP KD %LRPDVVD%LRPDVVWRQKD 3ORW, 3ORW,, 3ORW,,, 3ORW, 3ORW,, 3ORW,,, 3ORW, 3ORW,, 3ORW,,,

5DSLFXODWD %J\PQRUK\]D 6DOED ;PROXFFHQVLV -XPODK7RWDO 5DWDUDWD$YHUDJHKD

6XPEHU6RXUFH'DWDSULPHU3ULPDU\GDWD

7HJDNDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH EHUGDVDU VDPSHO MHQLV5KL]RSKRUD DSLFXODWD PHPSXQ\DLELRPDVVD

VHEHVDUWRQKDWRQKDGDQ

WRQKD SORW ,,, GLLNXWL ROHK MHQLV %UXJXLHUD J\PQRUK\]DVHEHVDUWRQKDSORW,,, WRQKD SDGD ORW ,, 7RWDO ELRPDVD GL ORNDVL SHQHOLWLDQGLGRPLQDVLROHKSORW,,,\DLWXVHEHVDU WRQKD 1LODL UDWDUDWD GDUL NHUDSDWDQ NDQGXQJDQNDUERQGDQVHUDSDQ&2 ROHKPDVLQJ

PDVLQJMHQLVPDQJURYHGLVDMLNDQSDGD7DEHO %LRPDVVD KXWDQ PDQJURYH .XEX 5D\D WHUPDVXNWLQJJL\DLWXWRQKDVHWDUD WRQ &KD DWDX WRQ &2 KD 'LEDQGLQJ

GHQJDQSHQHOLWLDQ'KDUPDZDQGDQ6LUHJDU ELRPDVVDGDQNDQGXQJDQNDUERQPDQJURYHWRWDO GL&LDVHP-DZD%DUDWVHEHVDUWRQKDGDQ NDQGXQJDQNDUERQVHEHVDUWRQ&KDVHWDUD GHQJDQWRQ&2 KD

+XWDQ PDQJURYH PHPLOLNL SRWHQVL EHVDU GDODPPHQ\HUDSNDUERQ+DOLQLGLGDVDUNDQSDGD QLODL SURGXNVL EHUVLK \DQJ GDSDW GLKDVLONDQ ROHK KXWDQ PDQJURYH VHEDJDL EHULNXW ELRPDVD WRWDO

WRQKD JXJXUDQ VHUDVDK

WRQKDWDKXQGDQULDSYROXPHP KDWDKXQ SDGD WHJDNDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH XPXU WDKXQ .XVPDQD 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ ELRPDVVD PDQJURYH GL .XEX 5D\D WHUPDVXNWLQJJL

3HUWXPEXKDQ SRKRQ PHODOXL KDVLO IRWR VLQWHVLV NHPXGLDQ GLJXQDNDQ ROHK WXPEXKDQ XQWXNPHODNXNDQSHUWXPEXKDQNHDUDKKRULVRQWDO GDQ YHUWLNDO 2OHK NDUHQD LWX VHPDNLQ EHVDUQ\D GLDPHWHUGLVHEDENDQROHKSHQ\LPSDQDQELRPDVD KDVLONRQYHUVL&2 \DQJVHPDNLQEHUWDPEDKEHVDU

VHLULQJ GHQJDQ VHPDNLQ EDQ\DNQ\D &2 \DQJ

GLVHUDS SRKRQ WHUVHEXW 6HFDUD XPXP KXWDQ GHQJDQQHW JURZWK WHUXWDPD SRKRQSRKRQ \DQJ VHGDQJEHUDGDGDODPIDVHSHUWXPEXKDQPDPSX PHQ\HUDS OHELK EDQ\DN &2 VHGDQJNDQ KXWDQ

GHZDVDGHQJDQSHUWXPEXKDQ\DQJNHFLOPHQDKDQ GDQ PHQ\LPSDQ SHUVHGLDDQ NDUERQ WHWDSL WLGDN GDSDW PHQ\HUDS &2 HNVWUD 'KDUPDZDQ

6DPVRHGLQ

3HUDQ%LRPDVD0DQJURYHGDODP0HQ\LPSDQ.DUERQGL.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW 10+HUL\DQWR (QGUR6XELDQGRQR

(8)

' .HELMDNDQ GDODP 0HQJHOROD +XWDQ 0DQJURYH

0DQJURYHPHPLOLNLSRWHQVL\DQJVDQJDWEHVDU GDODP XSD\D PLWLJDVL SHPDQDVDQ JOREDO NDUHQD PDQJURYH WHUQ\DWD PDPSX PHQ\HUDS &2 \DQJ

VDQJDW EHVDU 2OHK VHEDE LWX PDQJURYH SHUOX GLOHVWDULNDQDNDQWHWDSLGDODPXSD\DSHOHVWDULDQ PDQJURYH LQL VDQJDW GLSHUOXNDQ SHUDQ EHUEDJDL SLKDNDJDUSHOHVWDULDQELVDEHUMDODQGHQJDQEDLN GDQ EHUKDVLO .HPXGLDQ WHNQLN LPSOHPHQWDVL \DQJ GLODNXNDQ GLPXODL GHQJDQ GLODNXNDQQ\D

DVVHVVPHQWSDGD EHUEDJDL SDUD SLKDN \DQJ WHUNDLW GHQJDQPDQJURYHVHFDUDXPXPQ\D\DLWXGHQJDQ FDUD)RFXV *URXS 'LVFXVVLRQ )*' \DLWX GLVNXVL WHUDUDK \DQJ GDSDW PHQ\DPDNDQ PDNQD GDQ NHVLPSXODQ GDODP XSD\D SHOHVWDULDQ PDQJURYH 7LGDN KDQ\D VHEDJDL XSD\D PLWLJDVL SHPDQDVDQ JOREDOVHPDWDWHQWXQ\DWHWDSLMXJDPHPLNLUNDQVLVL VRVLDO HNRQRPL GDQ SROLWLN GDUL EHUEDJDL SLKDN %DUELHUHWDO

(NRVLVWHPSHVLVLUSDQWDL\DQJEHUXSDKXWDQ PDQJURYHUDZDSDVDQJVXUXWGDQSDGDQJODPXQ PHODNXNDQPLWLJDVLSHUXEDKDQLNOLPGHQJDQFDUD PHQ\HUDS JDV NDUERQ GLRNVLGD &2 GDUL

DWPRVIHUGDQVDPXGUDGHQJDQWLQJNDW\DQJOHELK WLQJJL SHU VDWXDQ OXDV GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ SHQ\HUDSDQGDULKXWDQGDUDWDQ*DPEDU6DDW HNRVLVWHP SHVLVLU WHUGHJUDGDVL KLODQJ DWDX GLNRQYHUVLNDQ XQWXN SHQJJXQDDQ ODKDQ ODLQ VLPSDQDQ NDUERQ ELUX GDODP MXPODK EHVDU GL WDQDK WHUEXND GDQ GLOHSDVNDQ VHEDJDL &2 NH

GDODP DWPRVIHU GDQDWDX VDPXGUD 7LQJNDW NHKLODQJDQ HNRVLVWHP SHVLVLU \DQJ DGD VDDW LQL GDSDW PHQ\HEDENDQ ² PLOLDU WRQ &2

GLOHSDVNDQVHWLDSWDKXQQ\D:DODXSXQOXDVGDHUDK KXWDQ EDNDX UDZD SDVDQJ VXUXW GDQ SDGDQJ ODPXQ VHFDUD JOREDO KDQ\DODK ² GDUL OXDV NHVHOXUXKDQ KXWDQ WURSLV QDPXQ GHJUDGDVL HNRVLVWHPLQLPHQ\HEDENDQ²HPLVLNDUERQ GDULGHIRUHVWDVLJOREDO%DUELHUHWDO

3HUNLUDDQ GDPSDN JDV UXPDK NDFD GDUL NRQYHUVLHNRVLVWHPSHVLVLUPHQFDNXSSHQXUXQDQ SHQ\HUDSDQ GDQ EXNDQ SHOHSDVDQ NDUERQ VHKLQJJD QLODLQ\D MDXK OHELK UHQGDK GDUL QLODL DVOLQ\D0HQXUXWDQDOLVLVWHUEDUX3HQGOHWRQHWDO KLODQJQ\DWLJDHNRVLVWHPNDUERQELUXVHWLDS WDKXQQ\DPHQ\HEDENDQHPLVL3J&2 \DQJ

VHUXSDGHQJDQHPLVL&2 WDKXQDQ7DEHO

7DEHO3RWHQVLGDQVLPSDQDQ&2 KXWDQPDQJURYHGL.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW

7DEOH3RWHQF\DQG&2 VDYLQJVRI PDQJURYHIRUHVWVLQ.XEX5D\D:HVW.DOLPDQWDQ

-HQLV6SHFLHV .HUDSDWDQ WHJDNDQKD 6WDQGGHQVLW\KD 5DWDUDWDGLDPHWHU 'LDPHWHUDYHUDJH FP 5DWDUDWD WLQJJL +HLJKW DYHUDJHP .DQGXQJDQNDUERQ &DUERQFRQWHQW WRQ&KD .DUERQGLRNVLGD &DUERQGLR[\GH WRQ&2KD 5DSLFXODWD %J\PQRUK\]D 6DOED ;PROXFFHQVLV -XPODK7RWDO

(9)

6XPEHU6RXUFH0F/HRGHWDO

*DPEDU 7LQJNDWSHQ\HUDSDQNDUERQUDWDUDWDWDKXQDQXQWXNKDELWDWNDUERQELUXSHUVDWXDQOXDV GLEDQGLQJNDQGHQJDQKDELWDWKXWDQGDUDWDQ

)LJXUHV 7KHOHYHODQQXDODYHUDJHRI FDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQIRUKDELWDWRI EOXHFDUERQSHUXQLWDUHDFRPSDUHGWR IRUHVWKDELWDWODQG

7DEHO 3HUNLUDDQMXPODKNDUERQ\DQJGLOHSDVNDQNDUHQDSHUXEDKDQSHQJJXQDDQODKDQSDGDHNRVLVWHP SHVLVLUVHFDUDJOREDO

7DEOH (VWLPDWHVRI WKHDPRXQWRI FDUERQUHOHDVHGGXHWRFKDQJHVLQODQGXVHLQFRDVWDOHFRV\VWHPVJOREDOO\

0DVXNDQ,QSXW +DVLO2XWFRPH (NRVLVWHP (FRV\VWHPV +XWDQ%DNDX 5DZD3DVDQJ6XUXW 3DGDQJ/DPXQ 7RWDO

&DWDWDQ1RWH3J PLOLDUPHWULNWRQ3J ELOOLRQPHWULFWRQV

6XPEHU6RXUFH3HQGOHWRQHWDO

7 LQJNDWSHQ\HUDSDQ 6HTXHVWUDWLRQUDWH J&P \U +XWDQ

7URSLV %RUHDO+XWDQ 6XEWURSLV+XWDQ 0DQJURYH+XWDQ 3DVDQJ6XUXW5DZD 3DGDQJ/DPXQ

3HUDQ%LRPDVD0DQJURYHGDODP0HQ\LPSDQ.DUERQGL.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW 10+HUL\DQWR (QGUR6XELDQGRQR 7DUDI JOREDOMXWDKD *OREDOOHYHOPLOOLRQKD /DMXNRQYHUVLVDDWLQL SHUWDKXQ &XUUHQWFRQYHUVLRQUDWH SHU\HDU 'DHUDKUHQWDQNDUERQ GHNDWSHUPXNDDQ VHGLPHQODSLVDQDWDV ELRPDVVD0J&R SHUKD &DUERQYXOQHUDEOHDUHDV QHDUWKHVXUIDFHVHGLPHQW WRSOD\HUELRPDVV &2 0JSHUKD (PLVLNDUERQ3J&R SHUWDKXQ &DUERQ(PLVVLRQ3J&R SHU\HDU

(10)

6LPSDQDQ NDUERQ \DQJ WHUDNXPXODVL GDODP VLVWHPLQLGLVLPSDQGLDWDVWDQDKGDODPELRPDVVD WXPEXKDQEDWDQJSRKRQEDWDQJGDQGDXQGL EDZDKWDQDKGDODPELRPDVVDWXPEXKDQVLVWHP DNDU GDQ ULPSDQJ GDQ GL GDODP WDQDK RUJDQLN ND\D NDUERQ \DQJ EDQ\DN GLMXPSDL GDODP HNRVLVWHPLQL

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

6HODLQ 3HUDWXUDQ 0HQWHUL .HKXWDQDQ 3UHVLGHQMXJDWHODKPHQJHOXDUNDQ3HUDWXUDQ1R 7DKXQ WHQWDQJ 6WUDWHJL 1DVLRQDO 3HQJHORODDQ (NRVLVWHP 0DQJURYH 613(0 EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQVLQHUJLNDQ NHELMDNDQ GDQ SURJUDP SHQJHORODDQ HNRVLVWHP PDQJURYH \DQJ PHOLSXWL ELGDQJ HNRORJL VRVLDO HNRQRPL NHOHP EDJDDQ GDQ SHUDWXUDQ SHUXQGDQJXQGDQJDQ XQWXN PHQMDPLQ IXQJVL GDQ PDQIDDW HNRVLVWHP PDQJURYHVHFDUDEHUNHODQMXWDQEDJLNHVHMDKWHUDDQ PDV\DUDNDW 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ JXEHUQXU ZDOL

NRWDEXSDWL SHPHULQWDK GDHUDK EHUWDQJJXQJ MDZDE SDGD SHQJHORODDQ HNRVLVWHP PDQJURYH GL GDHUDKQ\DPDVLQJPDVLQJ0HQXUXW.HPHQWHULDQ .HKXWDQDQSDGDWDKXQPHQDUJHWNDQ PLQLPDO KD ODKDQ PDQJURYH \DQJ GLUHKDELOLWDVL GDUL VHMXPODK MXWD KD \DQJ UXVDNSHUOXUHKDELOLWDVLGDQSDGDWDKXQWHODK WHUWDQDP“KD

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

3HOHVWDULDQ PDQJURYH DGDODK XSD\D SHOHV WDULDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ VHFUD KROLVWLN GDQ WLGDN VHWHQJDKVHWHQJDK 8SD\D SHOHVWDULDQ PDQJURYH WHODK GLODNXNDQ GDODP EHQWXN NRQVHUYDVL PDQJURYH ROHK SLKDN .HPHQWHULDQ /LQJNXQJDQ +LGXSGDQ.HKXWDQDQ3DGDXSD\DNDOLLQLDGDODK XSD\DVHUHQWDN\DQJGLODNXNDQEHUVDPDVDPDROHK SDUD SLKDN GHQJDQ VDWX NHELMDNDQ NKXVXV \DQJ GLEXDW WDQSD WXPSDQJ WLQGLK GDQ EHUGDVDUNDQ

(11)

,9.(6,038/$1'$16$5$1 $.HVLPSXODQ

'LKXWDQDODPPDQJURYH.XEX5D\DGLMXPSDL GXD SXOXK MHQLV PDQJURYH GDQ GLGRPLQDVL ROHK HPSDW MHQLV \DLWX 5KL]RSKRUD DSLFXODWD GHQJDQ NHUDSDWDQ SRKRQKD %UXJXLHUD J\PQRUK\]D GHQJDQNHUDSDWDQSRKRQKD6RQQHUDWLDDOED GHQJDQ NHUDSDWDQ SRKRQKD GDQ;\ORFDUSXV PROXFFHQVLVNHUDSDWDQQ\DSRKRQKD

0DQJURYHPHPLOLNLSRWHQVL\DQJVDQJDWEHVDU GDODP XSD\D PLWLJDVL SHPDQDVDQ JOREDO NDUHQD PDQJURYH WHUQ\DWD PDPSX PHQ\HUDS &2 \DQJ

VDQJDWEHVDU(NRVLVWHPSHVLVLUSDQWDL\DQJEHUXSD KXWDQ PDQJURYH PHODNXNDQ PLWLJDVL SHUXEDKDQ LNOLPGHQJDQFDUDPHQ\HUDSJDVNDUERQGLRNVLGD &2 GDUL DWPRVIHU GHQJDQ WLQJNDW \DQJ OHELK

WLQJJL SHU VDWXDQ OXDV GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ SHQ\HUDSDQGDULKXWDQGDUDWDQ

3HUDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH GLFLULNDQ ROHK ELRPDVVD GDQ NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ GL ORNDVL SHQHOLWLDQ\DLWX5DSLFXODWDVHEHVDUWRQKD WRQ &KD VHUDSDQ NDUERQ GLRNVLGDQ\D VHEHVDU WRQ &2 KD GDQ MHQLV % J\PQRUK\]DVHEHVDUWRQKDWRQ&KD VHWDUD &2 KD 7RWDO ELRPDVVD GL ORNDVL

SHQHOLWLDQ VHEHVDU WRQKD VHWDUD

WRQ&KDDWDXWRQ&2 KD

3HOHVWDULDQ PDQJURYH DGDODK XSD\D SHOHV WDULDQ \DQJ GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD KROLVWLN GDQ WLGDN VHWHQJDKVHWHQJDK8SD\DSHOHVWDUDLDQPDQJURYH WHODK GLODNXNDQ GDODP EHQWXN NRQVHUYDVL PDQJURYH ROHK SLKDN .HPHQWHULDQ /LQJNXQJDQ +LGXS GDQ .HKXWDQDQ .HJLDWDQ LQL GLODNXNDQ EHUVDPDVDPD ROHK SDUD SLKDN GHQJDQ VDWX NHELMDNDQ NKXVXV \DQJ GLEXDW WDQSD WXPSDQJ WLQGLKGDQEHUGDVDUNDQDVVHVPHQWGDULVHPXDSLKDN

$GDSXQ DNWRUDNWRU \DQJ DNDQ PHQMDGL

VWDNHKROGHUGDODPSHODNVDQDDQXSD\DLQLDQWDUDODLQ .HPHQWHULDQ/LQJNXQJDQ+LGXSGDQ.HKXWDQDQ .HPHQWHULDQ .HODXWDQ GDQ 3HULNDQDQ EDLN GDUL SXVDW VDPSDL WLQJNDW ZLOD\DK VHUWD SHPHULQWDK SXVDW VDPSDL SHPHULQWDK GDHUDK PDV\DUDNDW /60GDQSHQJXVDKDWDPEDN

%6DUDQ

6XNVHVLSDGDKXWDQPDQJURYHGL.XEX5D\D WHUXWDPD EHNDV WHEDQJDQ SHUOX GLNHOROD GHQJDQ

EDLN VHKLQJJD SHUDQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH VHEDJDL SHQ\HUDSNDUERQ ORJDP EHUDWGDQ WHPSDWSLMDK LNDQDNDQWHUMDPLQNHOHVWDULDQQ\D

8QWXN PHUHKDELOLWDVL KXWDQ PDQJURYH \DQJ UXVDN SHUOX GLFDUL WHURERVDQ NHELMDNDQ VHFDUD FHSDW VDODK VDWXQ\D GHQJDQ SHQJDPELODQ ELELW GDULKXWDQDODPGDQODQJVXQJGLWDQDPGLORNDVL

8&$3$17(5,0$.$6,+

3DGD NHVHPSDWDQ LQL SHQXOLV PHQJXFDSNDQ WHULPD NDVLK NHSDGD .HSDOD 'LQDV .HKXWDQDQ 3HUNHEXQDQ GDQ 3HUWDPEDQJDQ GL .XEX 5D\D \DQJWHODKPHPEDQWXSHODNVDQDDQSHQHOLWLDQLQL

'$)7$53867$.$

%DUELHU (% +DFNHU 6' .HQQHG\ & .RFK (: 6WLHU $& DQG 6LOOLPDQ %5 7KHYDOXHRI HVWXDULQHDQGFRDVWDOHFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV(FRORJLFDO0RQRJUDSKV

%LVPDUN06XELDQGRQR( +HUL\DQWR10 .HUDJDPDQ GDQ SRWHQVL MHQLV VHUWD NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH 6XQJDL 6XEHOHQ 6LEHUXW 6XPDWHUD %DUDW -XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +XWDQ GDQ .RQVHUYDVL $ODP 9

%URZQ 6 (VWLPDWLQJ ELRPDVV DQG ELRPDVVFKDQJHRI WURSLFDOIRUHVW$SULPHU

)$2)RUHVWU\SDSHU

%XVWRPL 6 :DKMRQR ' +HUL\DQWR 10 .ODVLILNDVL SRWHQVL WHJDNDQ KXWDQ DODP EHUGDVDUNDQ FLWUD VDWHOLW GL NHORPSRN KXWDQ 6XQJDL %RPEHUDL ² 6XQJDL %HVLUL GL .DEXSDWHQ )DNIDN 3DSXD-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +XWDQGDQ.RQVHUYDVL$ODP,,,

'DUXVPDQ ' 3HQJHPEDQJDQ SRWHQVL QLODL HNRQRPL KXWDQ GL GDODP UHVWRUDVL HNRVLVWHP /DSRUDQ%RJRU,QVWLWXW3HUWDQLDQ%RJRU 'KDUPDZDQ ,:6 6LUHJDU &$

.DUERQ WDQDK GDQ SHQGXJDDQ NDUERQ WHJDNDQ$YLFHQQLD PDULQD )RUVN 9LHUK GL &LDVHP 3XUZDNDUWD-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +XWDQ GDQ.RQVHUYDVL$ODP9

3HUDQ%LRPDVD0DQJURYHGDODP0HQ\LPSDQ.DUERQGL.XEX5D\D.DOLPDQWDQ%DUDW 10+HUL\DQWR (QGUR6XELDQGRQR

(12)

'KDUPDZDQ ,: 6 6DPVRHGLQ , 'LQDPLND SRWHQVL ELRPDVVD NDUERQ SDGD ODQGVNDS KXWDQ EHNDV WHEDQJDQ GL KXWDQ SHQHOLWLDQ0DOLQDX-XUQDO3HQHOLWLDQ6RVLDOGDQ (NRQRPL.HKXWDQDQ ,; *RRJOH(DUWK3HWDGLJLWDO3XODX.DOLPDQWDQ ,PDJH7HUUD0HWULFV'LXQGXK0HL GDULKWWSZZZJRRJOHFRP *XQDZDQ + $QZDU & .HDQHND UDJDPDQ MHQLV EXUXQJ PDQJURYH GL 7DPDQ 1DVLRQDO 5DZD $RSD :DWXPRKDL 6XODZHVL 7HQJJDUD-XUQDO3HQHOLWLDQ+XWDQGDQ.RQVHUYDVL $ODP, +HUL\DQWR 10 6XELDQGRQR ( .RPSRVLVL GDQ VWUXNWXU WHJDNDQ ELRPDVVD GDQ SRWHQVL NDQGXQJDQ NDUERQ KXWDQ PDQJURYH GL 7DPDQ 1DVLRQDO $ODV 3XUZR

-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +XWDQ GDQ .RQVHUYDVL $ODP

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

0DLQVWUHDPLQJ PDQJURYHV KHOG LQ 6XUDED\D OQGRQHVLD3DSHUSUHVHQWHGLQ5HJLRQDO6\PSR VLXPRQ0DQJURYH(FRV\VWHP0DQDJHPHQW LQ6RXWK(DVW$VLD6XUDED\D7KH0LQLVWU\RI )RUHVWU\5HSXEOLFRI OQGRQHVLDDQGWKH-DSDQ OQWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ$JHQF\-,&$ .XVPDQD&0HWRGHVXUYHLYHJHWDVL%RJRU

,3%3UHVV

.XVPDQD&6DELKDP6$EH. :DWDQDEH + $Q HVWLPDWLRQ RI DERYH JURXQG WUHH ELRPDVV RI D PDQJURYH IRUHVW LQ (DVW 6XPDWHUD7URSLFV,

.XVPDQD&$JXVWXV3HQJHORODDQHNRVLVWHP PDQJURYH VHFDUD EHUNHODQMXWDQ GDQ EHUEDVLV PDV\DUDNDW 0DNDODK GLVDPSDLNDQ SDGD /RNDNDU\D1DVLRQDO3HQJHORODDQ(NRVLVWHP 0DQJURYH-DNDUWD'LXQGXK$JXVWXV GDUL 0F/HRG ( &KPXUD */ %RXLOORQ « DQG 6LOOLPDQ%5 $EOXHSULQWIRUEOXH FDUERQ WRZDUG DQ LPSURYHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH UROH RI YHJHWDWHG FRDVWDO KDELWDWV LQ VHTXHVWHULQJ&2 )URQWLHUVLQ (FRORJ\ DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW

1RQWML$/DXWQXVDQWDUD-DNDUWD3HQHUELW 'MDPEDWDQ

3HQGOHWRQ/'RQDWR'&0XUUD\%&DQG %DOGHU $ (VWLPDWLQJ *OREDO ´%OXH &DUERQµ (PLVVLRQV IURP &RQYHUVLRQ DQG 'HJ UDGDWLRQ RI 9HJ HWDWHG &RDVWDO (FRV\VWHPV3/R621(H

3HUDWXUDQ 3UHVLGHQ 1RPRU 7DKXQ WHQWDQJ 6WUDWHJL 1DVLRQDO 3HQJHORODDQ (NRVLVWHP0DQJURYH613(0

3HUDWXUDQ0HQWHUL.HKXWDQDQ5HSXEOLN,QGRQHVLD 1RPRU 30(1+879 WHQWDQJ 3HGRPDQGDQ3HWXQMXN3HODNVDQDDQ3HQ\H OHQJJDUDDQ *HUDNDQ 1DVLRQDO 5HKDELOLWDVL +XWDQGDQ/DKDQ

6DQL . $SULO +XWDQ EDNDX GLEDEDW

3RQWLDQDN3RVWS

6RHULDQHJDUD , ,QGUDZDQ $ (NRVLVWHP KXWDQ,QGRQHVLD%RJRU/DERUDWRULXP(NRORJL +XWDQ)DNXOWDV.HKXWDQDQ,3%

6XSULKDU\RQR 3HOHVWDULDQ GDQ SHQJHORODDQ VXPEHU GD\D DODP ZLOD\DK SHVLVLU WURSLV-DNDUWD *UDPHGLD

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Metode di atas merupakan salah satu cara yang bisa kita pakai untuk meningkatkan keamanan perangkat lunak yang kita bangun yaitu dengan menggunakan tools

(3) Umur kendaraan maksimum sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan (2), dapat dipenuhi dengan ketentuan kendaraan tersebut lulus uji laik jalan kendaraan bermotor

Mengingat banyaknya tantangan yang menghadapi REDD+, kurangnya kelanjutan kemajuan dalam mengembangkan kerangka global, dan adanya fragmentasi secara umum dari

Gambar 5 grafik temperatur terhadap tekanan Pada grafik perbandingan laju pengurangan massa material terlihat laju sublimasi variasi 1 lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan

i. &amp;azimnya, istilah sol digunakan untuk menyatakan sistem koloid yang terbentuk dari fase terdispersi berupa zat padat di dalam medium pendispersi berupa zat 'air

LCB Bandung Kopi - Ready To Drink White Coffe Kopi Susu 1 Liter - Gula Aren/ Vanilla/ Hazelnut/ Caramel/ Rhum 0 Legit Layercake Cemilan Nusantara - Kue &amp; Oleh2 Nusantara (contoh

Penelitian lain yang kami kembangkan yaitu Case Based Reasoning diagnosis Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman nilam menggunakan metode Nearest Neighbor (Adawiyah, 2018) dengan

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan fotokatalis lapisan tipis adalah absorbansi, energi gap, ukuran bulir, dan ketebalan.. Hal ini dipengaruhi