2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Dynamic Structualism
A novel is a result of imagination from an author. A novel exits in the way it does because an author has chosen to put it together in that particular way. This means that novels are not real lifelike all works of art-poems, plays, plots or pieces of music- they have been constracted or crafted. Novels, however are fictional, it have been made up. A character in a novel can not be compared to a real person from whom he or she has been copied. When you write about novels, it is very important to make clear that they are not direct records of real events.
Novel is a literature that has intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic elements is an element builds the literature. Nurgiyanto (1995:23) says, this element causes the literature presence by the fact and can be found in the literature Novel is called as a great literature because can be able to produce a conflict that happen in each characters. The story in a novel can be able to change the fate of main character, include in love problems, power, poverty and the other society life problems. It causes novel has the intrinsic elements that function to create the interesting story. Intrinsic elements include of character, characterizations, setting, plot, theme, moral messages. This six elements can be able to build great story of the main character. Therefore, good or bad a story of a novel depends on the intrinsic elements that is used by the author.
a. Theme
Hartoko and Rahmanto (1986:142) says that the theme is the ideas of common bases that sustains a work of literature and are contained in the text semantic structure and regarding commonality or differences. Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme also can be defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary form such as novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual etc. Stanton and Kenny (1965:70) have stated theme is a meaning of story which especially explains a big part of the elements in the simple way. It is more or less synonymous the central idea and central purpose. The expanding of story does not always paralled with the framework because the idea will often develop suitable with the author’s will. Hamalian and Karl (1976:23) says that where they claim that before a writing story, the author will frame her ideas first. But when she thinks that the idea has become so usual in life and bored, she develops it out of the basic framework and makes her story more interesting to be enjoyed and implemented her readers.
her dreams and her existence. And the last she get all the things she wants especially get her existence from her environment. By her struggles, Francie proves that a woman is not borned only for being a wife but a woman can be able to be an educated woman.
b. Character.
Harahap (2007: 23-24) wrote that character has several meanings, the most common of which is “the aggeregiate of traits and features that form the nature of person or animals”. Characters also refer to moral and ethical standards and principles. In literature, character has several other specific meanings, notably that of a person represented in a story, novel, play, etc. In seventeenth and eighteenth century England, a character was a formal sketch or descriptive analysis of particular virtue or vice as represented in a person, what is a more often called a character sketch. In a literary work, character is made to complete a novel operation to the reader that has been planned by maker. Eastman (1965:17) states, “Character is an apparatus, mechanism, a device planned by his maker to help power the complete operation of novel upon the reader.”
defined that character is short pros sketches of different types of people moulded to a pattern. From this definition we can catch an idea that characters are drawn from different types to a pattern. Each of character has his or her own traits. Characters may be ambitious or lazy, serene or anxious, aggressive or tearful, thoughtful or inconsiderate, open or secretive, confident or self doubting, kind or cruel, quite or noisy, visionary or practical, careful or careless, impartial or biased, straightforward or underhanded,”winners”or”losers” and so on. Characters can be convincing whether they are presented by showing or by telling. Michael Meyer (2002: 121) states, “Authors have two major methods of presenting characters; showing and telling. Showing allows the author to present a character talking and acting, and lets the reader infer what kind of person the character is. In telling, the authors intervenses to describe and sometimes evaluated the character for the reader”.
for Francie, he is a good father even she knows that her father is a drinking. Francie lover her father because only her father knows and understands about her languange, her dreams and her fighting. And Johnny Nolan does the same way. He loves his familiy but he does not know how to show it because he thinks he is not a good husband and father for her family. Their poverty makes Johnny Nolan stress and depression. Neeley Nolan is Francie’s brother. Neeley is a good boy but he does not has deep wishing like as his sister. He is not too ambitious but he loves so much his mother and sister. Neeley has a capability to manage money well. And the last main characters is McScane. McScane does not has full part in this novel, but his presence gives big effects for Francie’s family. After her father, Johnny Nolan has gone, McScane comes for being a new father for Francie and Neeley. McScane is very understanding person. He is very kind and patient. He never forces Francie and Neeley to accept him as their father because he knows that he never can be able to change Johnny Nolan in their heart.
It is all about the main characters in the novel. Yet, the writer only analyzed Francie Nolan specificly because the writer wants to discuss only about her struggles to fight her dreams and her existance from feminism approach.Francie is the point of this story. All the journey of this novel is talking about how Francie fights, pretends, and success by helping another main characters especially her family.
c. Characterizations
almost the same meaning. The term 'character' refers to the person, the perpetrator of the story, for example, as an answer to the question, "Who is the main character of the novel?" Or "Who is the protagonist and antagonist in the novel?" And so on. Character, disposition, characterizations, refers to the nature and attitude of the characters as interpreted by the reader, it refers to the quality of self. Characterization is often equated with the character and disposition meansdesignate on the placement of certain figures with certain temperaments in a story. Jones (1968: 33) says thatthe characterizations are painting a clear picture of someone who is featured in a story. Stanton (1965: 17) says that the use of the term 'character' (characterizations) alone in the literature include on two different sense, namely, as the characters are displayed, and as attitudes, interests, desires and emotions and moral principles that are owned by these figures. Thus, between a figure with its disposition indeed is something intact. However, the term 'characterization' wider sense than 'character' because the simultaneously covers the issue of who the characters, how dispositive, and how the placement and discribing in a story that could give a clear picture to the reader. So in terms of characterizations that once contained two aspects, namely, content and form.Jones (1968: 33) states that what and who is actually a character in a story not to be something very important for the reader but when the reader can identify themselves in these figures and understand and interpret the characters in accordance with the logic of the story and perception.
Katie Nolan, Johnny Nolan, Neeley Nolan and McScane are the protagonist featured in that novel. They are a poor family lives in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Katie and Johnny Nolan as a parents are figured by unintact family because Johnny Nolan is not a responsible husband. Meanwhile, Francie and Neeley as the children of Katie and Johnny are the person who wants fight with their life. Both of them do not mind if they have to work to help their parents in fulfilling their daily needs. And McScane is a new father of Francie and Neeley after their father has gone. McScane is a good man for their mother, Katie but it is difficult for Francie and Neeley to accept the presence of McScane to be their father. However, McScane pretends because he loves Katie and her children.
d. Moral Message
a moral message that mandated or delivered by the author. Even the moral element of the message is really the underlying idea of writing a work, the idea behind the creation of literature as a supporter supporting the message. Literary works of fiction always offers a moral message associated with the virtues of humanity, fighting for their rights and human dignity.
This novelteaches the reader especially women to fight their dreams for showing that woman is not borned only for a wife but only can be able to be an educated person. The moral messages that Smith wants to say for the reader is never give up on your dream whatever your life background. By having education, a woman can be existanced of her environtment. This novel is trying to open and changes the women mindset about what struggles means. If you have your talents and your efforts to get your dreams, you will get like as Francie has done.
2.2 Feminism
One important issue that emerged towards the end of the 20th century is gender. The gender issue has been discussed that enters every social analysis, the subject of the discourse of the debate on social changes and also become the main topic of conversation on development and social change. The term gender was originally developed as a social science analysis by Ann Oakley in1972 and Fakih in 1997, he thought genderregarded as a good analytical tool to understand the problem of discrimination against women in general.
growing in society. Inthe previous section have explained that the roots of gender inequality is the gender difference. In gender studies, there are two major theories in the social sciences that gave birth to feminism, the flow of the status quo or functionalism and flow of the conflict. Feminist theory is the underlying research authors to resolve the issues in the novel. Feminists do not only belong to women but to men or women who have awareness of the oppression and exploitation experienced by women. But his achievements are not only limited to that alone, but the existence of women also need to be developed and championed.
Steps in conducting research feminist literary criticism in a work of fiction, namely:
(1) There must be a female character who plays the main character or a subordinate then associated with male figure;
(2)Look for the position of the characters in the community;
(3) To find out the purpose of life, for example women aspire to the various ways to develop themselves into independent human beings and unseen will be supported by the feminist movement. Thus women will elevate the status and dignity to be level with the status and dignity of men, either in the family or in the community;
people can be recognized as someone who has their own identity without being associated with the position of the husband;
2.3 Existence
Fuad (2010: 177) states, existence is a way of being human. Animals and humans are in the world but the way its being not the same. Humans understand that life has meaning In line with the above opinion. Supaman and Sobirin reveal the presence of humans in life are within limitations. Within the limitations of human beings should be able to give meaning to his life by setting the value. Setting a value in life is the duty of human existence. Without the meaning of life or values, human as well as the bodies of living.So it can be concluded that the existence of a human being is how to live a life in this world with all its limitations.
in itself) but is transcendent (exit or beyond itself). Humans want to overcome fear and uncertainty by increasing self, struggling to overcome the passive nature of the controlled nature to be active, aiming and free, change of creatures become creators. Original reality may be painful and unpleasant, strived to be a healthy and pleasant world.
2.4 Existence of Feminism
theory I use to analyzed the struggles of Francie from feminism approach is the fourth theory of transcendencethat can be waged by women items, namely:
1.Women can work
Although the hard and tiring work of women, employment still provide a variety of possibilities for women, by women who otherwise would be to lose the opportunity altogether. By working outside the home along with men, women can "recapture transcendence". Women will be concretely confirmed his status as a subject, as someone whodetermine actively the direction of his fate.
2. Women may be an intellectual
The which is a member of a group that will build change for women. Intellectual activity is the activity when a person thinks, sees, and define, and not nonactivity when one becomes an object of thought, observation, and definition.
3. Women can work to achieve a socialist transformation of society
Beauvoir convinced that one of the keys for women's liberation is economic power. If a woman wants to realize all she wants, she must help create a community that will offer material support to transcend boundaries encircling it now.
