DESIGNING A CORPUS-BASED DICTIONARY OF K-2
VOCABULARY IN WHEN ENGLISH RINGS A BELL,
ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR
GRADE VII, VIII, IX STUDENTS
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Lugista Harliana 112013083
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2017. Lugista Harliana and Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M. A.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of a least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Arts, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE ... i
PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT ... ii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN AKSES... iii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iv
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi
ABSTRACT ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 1
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 3
The important of Vocabulary in Language Learning... 3
Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) ... 6
THE STUDY ... 9
Method ... 9
Sample ... 10
Data Collection ... 10
Research instrument ... 10
Data Analysis ... 11
FINDINGS ... 12
CONCLUSION ... 118
REFERENCES ... 120
1
DESIGNING A CORPUS-BASED DICTIONARY OF K-2
VOCABULARY IN WHEN ENGLISH RINGS A BELL,
ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR
GRADE VII, VIII, IX STUDENTS
Lugista Harliana 112013083
ABSTRACT
One of the strategies commonly used by teachers to enhance students’ vocabulary is using a dictionary. However, applying that strategy still cannot help the students optimal. The problem is the students usually use dictionary which is not suitable with their needs. This study aims to design a corpus-based dictionary. This corpus-based dictionary is designed based on three textbooks “When English
Rings a Bell” for grade VII, VIII, and IX. This dictionary also more focuses on vocabulary items which belong to K-2 group. For selecting the word entry, I converted those three textbooks using vocabulary profiler in Compleat Lexical Tutor application. After converting, I got 207 words which belong to K-2 group. Therefore, I only needed 150 words for dictionary entries. Here I used random sampling to select 150 words from 207. This amount is considered to be representative of 207 words of K-2 group from those three textbooks. Moreover, this corpus-based dictionary was completed by 5 examples of sentences in every word. I used three corpuses for selecting 5 example sentences. They are 1k graded corpus, 2k graded corpus, and general academic corpus. Those three corpuses were in concordance corpus. The findings result a corpus-based dictionary of K-2 vocabulary which can be used for students as a complement of the textbook. Keywords: Vocabulary, vocabulary profiler, corpus-based dictionary.
INTRODUCTION
“The lack of good vocabulary learning skills is a main obstacle in a
foreign language.” (Ahmadi, Ismail, and Abdullah, 2012, p. 186)
2
complicating rules. Mukoroli (2011) assumed that after students know the meaning of words it would enhance another aspect such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
Nowadays, vocabulary becomes a big problem for language teachers. Many language teachers, especially English teachers in Indonesia try to figure out the sufficient strategy to be applied to improve students’ vocabulary. Several strategies mentioned by Harley, Hart and Qian as cited in Huang and Eslami
(2013) which are “... using a dictionary, receiving help from the teachers or peer, or parsing the meaning of a word from its context, to facilitate the learning of new
words” (p. 1). To overcome students’ limitation in vocabulary many teachers in Indonesia force the students to bring a dictionary. The teachers believe that by using the dictionary, it may help their students to overcome students’ limitation of vocabulary. As mentioned above one of the strategies to improve students’ vocabulary is using a dictionary as stated by Prichard (2008) “...dictionary use
may lead to improved comprehension and efficient vocabulary development” (p.
216).
However, the problem is not simply solved by using the dictionary. Another problem comes up such as students are wasting too much time when they try to look for the meaning of a word in the dictionary. Then sometimes, they
cannot find the meaning even “... they may find that this meaning in the given sentence makes no sense” because their dictionary is not appropriate enough
3
students’ need. By this situation, students need a dictionary which is match with the book that they used in the school. Based on the problem, this study aims to
answer, “How can dictionary of basic vocabulary be designed for the students?”
This study aims to design a suitable dictionary for the students. This dictionary is designed based on textbooks “When English rings a Bell”for grade VII, VIII, IX. Both students and teachers will get some advantages from this dictionary. Since this dictionary is designed based on the textbooks, the students can easily find a difficult word from the book in this dictionary. The students also can more understand the textbook. From the teacher side, the teachers can maximize the use of target language in explaining the material from the textbook without worry their students do not understand the book. Then, the teachers also do not need to translate the word in the textbook one by one while explaining the material. Hence the suitable dictionary is needed as students’ resource and equipment of the book.
LITERATURE REVIEW The importance of Vocabulary in Language Learning
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Rabadi (2016) also said that “vocabulary in communication situations is usually more essential than grammar as it is annoying for language users when they cannot communicate effectively due to the lack of needed vocabulary”(p. 47). If the students do not have sufficient vocabulary the process of transferring new idea is not going smoothly.
In teaching vocabulary, many researchers have suggested to the teachers and students different ways of learning vocabulary. Nation (1990) has mentioned two ways of learning vocabulary which are using demonstration and verbal explanation. First, it is using demonstration. In this way, teachers can use picture, photograph, and gesture. Second, it is using verbal explanation. For the verbal explanation, teachers can directly use a word as an object for analyzing the definition, putting the word in the sentence and translating the word to the other language.
As mentioned above, vocabulary is a key for learning a new language. It is true since Vocabulary has a strong relation with communication. Alqahtani (2015)
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because vocabulary knowledge is a key for the students’ success in improving the other skill such as reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Mukoroli (2011) also argued that having sufficient vocabulary knowledge, it will help the students enhance their four skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing). Mukoroli (2011) also said that if the students do not have sufficient vocabulary, it would be impossible for them to produce and reach language comprehension. Thus, it is important for the students to have sufficient vocabulary.
Through reading, students can enrich their vocabulary. Schmitt (2000)
showed reading as ‘better resource’ for students to gain a large amount of a new word. He also assumed that while reading the students can learn a new language
‘incidentally’. Moreover, Coxhead (2006) stated that the more students have an
adequate vocabulary, the more fluency they are in reading. Some teachers view vocabulary as standard in deciding reading material for the students. Schmitt (2000) admitted that teachers’ consideration of the amount of ‘unknown and
known vocabulary’ in the reading text is crucial before give it to the students.
Vocabulary has a strong relation with listening. Most of the teachers, will give their students vocabulary list before listening activity. Coxhead (2006) noticed that the students would have difficulty in listening activity if they do not have great prior knowledge related to the topic. He also stated that pre-listening tasks by explaining related-vocabulary is very helpful for the students in a listening activity.
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Coxhead (2006) explained that while the students use a new word in their writing, in same the time, they also will memories that new word. She also argued that the students need to know the meaning first before they use it in writing. Moreover,
according to Nation (2008) in vocabulary learning, writing is seen as ‘a form of assessment’ which is usually used by teachers to assess students’ vocabulary in using a word.
Speaking requires the students to have good vocabulary knowledge. A fluent speaker must have great vocabulary knowledge. Coxhead (2006) said that students will use word creatively in conversation. Through speaking, students also can memorize new vocabulary by doing repetitions. She also explained that repetition is the best way to practice students’ fluency.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS)
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the words have similar spelling. Moreover, some researchers also mentioned other strategies which also commonly used by the students is using a dictionary. By using a dictionary, students can directly find out the meaning of a word. Nation
(1990) also mentioned one of the strategies which can support students’ autonomy
learning is dictionary use.
Before use the strategies in class, the teachers need to consider several things. Since not all the strategies can be used by the teachers and the students in learning vocabulary. Schmitt (2000) described several things which need to be considered such as the proficiency level, L1 and culture of the students, their motivation and purpose of learning the L2, task and text being used, and the nature of the L2 itself.
In applying vocabulary learning strategies, there should be good plans from the teachers. Nation (2001) mentioned several plans before applying in vocabulary learning such as choosing the strategy, time spending, putting the strategy in a syllabus, and controlling students while the strategy is used.
Basically, all the strategies are good for improving students’ vocabulary. It
depends on how teachers use the strategies and how students pay attention to it. One of the strategies commonly used by the students is using a dictionary. Eslami (2013) stressed that one of the strategies which is usually used by the students are dictionary use. By using a dictionary as the students’ resource in
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Eslami, 2013, p. 2). Prichard (2008) also assumed that by using dictionary it can
“…lead to improved reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and an efficient use of study time” (p. 220). Moreover, Nation (2001) stated that
“Dictionary use is kind of language-focused learning: the deliberate, explicit study
of words” (p. 296).
When deciding to use a dictionary as a strategy in learning vocabulary, the students and the teachers should choose kinds of dictionary. Nation (2001) mentioned three types of the dictionary. They are monolingual, bilingual, and bilingualised. Monolingual dictionaries use only one language. It includes the headword, the information and the meaning of the word. In contrast, bilingual dictionaries use two languages. Then the last is bilingualised dictionaries which cover all the information in monolingual dictionaries and provide an additional translation in another language like bilingual dictionaries have. Each dictionary has its own strength and weakness. Nowadays, the dictionary can be found through online even available in the form of electronic usually called as electronic dictionary. In fact, Prichard (2008) believed that online dictionary could help students to find the meaning of the word easily and fast, but online dictionary is not good enough for long-term memory.
Dictionary is often used in learning vocabulary. In a recent study done by Hyso and Tabaku in 2011 showed that most of Albanian students prefer to use bilingual dictionary as vocabulary learning strategy. Albanian students assumed that by using bilingual or monolingual dictionary they could be easy and fast find
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one of the strategies which are most often used by English and non-English major technical university freshmen students in Taiwan (Tsai & Chang, 2009). It means dictionary can be one of the alternative strategies for teachers to help students
improving students’ vocabulary.
This study aims to design bilingual dictionary. This dictionary is designed based on the textbooks “When English Rings a Bell” for grade VII, VIII, IX students. The dictionary entries focus on K-2 vocabulary of the textbooks. Astika
(2016) stated that “the K-2 words are those that are less common and less frequent
in a text” (p. 206). Since this dictionary is designed based on particular book, this dictionary is very helpful as a complement of the book.
THE STUDY Method
10 Sample
The textbooks titled “When English Rings a Bell” for grade VII, VIII, and IX were selected as the sample of this study. These three books were published by Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemdikbud. They were also recommended from the education ministry to be used by junior high school in order to implement curriculum 2013.
Data collection
I did some steps to collect the data. First, I converted PDF file of the books to MS word. It would make easy to edit the books. Second, I deleted unnecessary text. Unnecessary text includes Indonesian words for example in kata pengantar, daftar isi, and information of the books, proper names (people, name of towns, and places in Indonesia), and numbers. After deleting unnecessary words, I copied paste the file into Vocabulary Profiler in order to classify K-2 word vocabulary items.
Research instrument
For collecting data, this study used Compleat Lexical Tutor, version 8 which is available at www.lextutor.ca. Vocabulary Profiler was chosen to identify K-2 words of the textbooks. Concordance also needed to be used to find example sentence of a particular word to be put in the dictionary entry. Tribble and Jones (1997) stated that concordance “…provided a list of words and information as to
11 Data analysis
For analyzing the data, I did some steps. The first step was organizing data in the textbook in order to make it more readable. After the data was ready, I opened vocabulary profiler at www.lextutor.ca. Second, I clicked VP-Compleat, selected NAWL and copied paste the textbook in the blank space provided. And after that I clicked SUBMIT_WINDOW. Word frequency profile would be automatically produced. After that, I extracted the word group of NGSL2 (K-2) and copied it for the dictionary entry.
12 FINDING
The data were collected based on the textbook “When English Rings a Bell” for grade VII, VIII, and IX. From those three books, I classified vocabulary
entries that belonged to K-2 group. In order to complete dictionary entries with example of sentences, I used 1k graded corpus, 2k graded corpus, and general academic corpus from concordance corpus as a resource. 1k graded corpus consists of 1000 word families for a beginner. It comes from a smaller group of 2k graded corpus. Then, 2k graded corpus consists of 2000 word families. It also provides word item that students familiar with. The last is general academic corpus which consists of 6 million word corpus. It was composed from several corpuses such as bnc_humanities, bnc_soc_sci, AA_Academic_Abstracts, Brown_Academic. The sentence selections from the corpus were based on grammatical features that were used before, before and after, and after a particular lexical item.
There were several criteria for selecting the sample sentence. It included several grammatical features such as collocation, infinitives, conjunction, auxiliary verb, adverb, article, preposition, possessives pronoun, noun, adjectives, and verb. Those criteria were taken based on grammatical features which frequently appear in the textbooks. Moreover, this following explanation and example were taken from grammar book written by Cowan (2008) and Carter and McCarty (2006).
13 “Take a medicine.”
“Make a bed.”
b. Infinitive is a base form of a verb. For example:
“I hope to see you again soon.”
“I am just wondering what to say to you.”
c. A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. For examples:
“I saw a cat and you sa w a mouse.”
“It was too foggy to see, but the hotel was only a short distance in front of
them.”
d. Auxiliary usually called as helping verb. It usually comes before the main verb. For example:
“Olga can speak English”.
“I will just find out who you need to speak to.
e. Adverb is a word that is used to modify the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause, or another adverb. For example:
“She had a surprisingly high score.”
“He behaved abominably.”
f. Articles are divided into three types. They are indefinite (as a/an), definite (the), and zero article. Article a/an is used for indefinite noun. It means both speaker and listener do not have an idea what they are talking about. For example:
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Sarah: What kinds of book do you want to buy?
The second article is the. It is used definite noun. It means both speaker and listener know what thing they are talking about. For example:
Martha: The magician I told you about is on TV tonight.
Merry: Let’s watch him.
The last is zero article. Zero article is used for a general statement. It can be used for indefinite or definite. For instance, cotton candy is very sweet. In this case cotton candy in general so it does not need article.
g. Prepositions are a word which describes the location and time of things. It also expresses a relation between two events. For example:
“The dictionary is on the self”.
“After the interview, they phoned the police.”
h. Possessive pronoun is a pronoun that can describe ownership or possession of a thing. For example:
“Can I bring your book?”
“Someone stole all Mrs. Jones’ money.”
i. Noun refers to people, places, things, and ideas. For example:
“They sell shoes at that store.”
“Samantha is not my friend.”
j. Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state being. For example:
“Maria drives a car.”
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k. Adjective describes the features of a noun or pronoun. It may describe the color (red, white), size (small, big), age (young, old), or quality (beautiful, ugly). For example:
“I have a beautiful red wallet.”
“It is a nice room.”
After selecting word entries from three books, the next step was arranging them into a dictionary. There were 207 word entries that belonged to K2 group. From 207 word entries, it only needed 150 word entries, since this amount could represent 207 words. I used random sampling to select 150 words from 207 words. For vocabulary entry, it also needed to be completed with example sentence. Here every word was accompanied by 5 example sentences which had different grammatical features. I took those 5 example sentences fro m concordance corpus. For the meaning of the word was taken from an electronic dictionary named Kamus Inggris (Kamusku). It is available in Play store. The last, because it is used for the dictionary, then all word items should be ordered alphabetically. Moreover, the word items were ordered alphabetically automatically after converting process. Bellow is the corpus-based dictionary which consists of 150 words followed by 5 example sentences.
1. Absence (noun) absen, ketiadaan a. Article
He was the only one of the cheerful little party who commented on the absence of their hostess. (absen)
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Nobody was surprised at Dunstan Cass's absence. (ketidakhadiran Dunstan Cass)
c. Adjective
She finally came home after her long absence, she almost seemed a different person. (ketidakhadiran yang lama)
d. Conjunction
The concepts of presence and absence are crucial to the separated couple. (dan absen)
e. Infinitive
Such conditions would be likely to lead to absence from work. (untuk tidak datang)
2. Accident (noun) kecelakaan a. Article
It's a hospital in Prague. You had an accident yesterday. (kecelakaan) b. Collocation
When Diana died in a car accident in 1997 with her lover, Dodi Fayed, many British people were very sad. (kecelakaan mobil)
c. Possessive pronoun
Only a month after her accident, Ana began walking around inside the hospital. (kecelakaannya)
d. Adjective
17 e. Preposition
Instead, the lawyer said 'So you won't be worried, Mr. Duncan, if someone falls into the river by accident, and drinks a lot of river water. (secara tidak sengaja)
3. Accompanied (verb) menemani, ditemani a. Adverb
Such gestures are not always accompanied by ritual - yet the cutting of hair, especially women's, often announces a new departure, a turning into a new identity. (selalu diiringi)
b. Noun
The headline accompanied the story of the unfortunate Suzanne Lloyd who recounted her "acid times".(sebuah berita dilengkapi dengan) c. Preposition
Lady Catherine's nephew, Mr Darcy, was expected soon, accompanied by his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam. (ditemani oleh)
d. Conjunction
Mother took books and crayons and accompanied Susan while she was seated on the lavatory, encouraging and talking to her about doing her "poo" in it. (dan menemani)
e. Article
The two officers accompanied the young ladies to Mrs Philips' house, but did not go in, in spite of Lydia's repeated invitations. (menemani)
18 a. Possessive pronoun
It may seem unfair, given all his achievements, but 16 years on from the film that promised immortality for its protagonists. (prestasinya)
b. Adjective
To this he added doctors, long-distance runners, engineers, religious men, specialists in digging for gold and jewels, and a1 historian called
Callisthenes to record his great achievements. (prestasi besar) c. Noun
All these are marvelous technical and human achievements, but none of them involves living independently in space. (pencapaian manusia) d. Conjunction
The list of his interests and achievements is extraordinary. (pencapaian) e. Auxiliary
It is thus invidious to compare him with the 'notable historians' whose achievements may amount to rewriting the history of, say, the Tudor period, for a new generation of students. (pencapaian)
5. Active (adjective) aktif, gesit, giat, rajin a. Article
Glyn Jones was politically of the Left, though never an active member of the Labour Party and always sympathetic to the aims of Plaid Cymru. (seorang anggota yang aktif)
b. Noun
19 c. Preposition
John J. Davis, 88, an Army lieutenant general who retired from active duty in 1970. (dari keaktifan dalam bertugas)
d. Adjective
She's a very active person. (orang yang sangat rajin) e. Adverb
It felt good to know that he'd dressed that way especially for me, and I didn't want the evening to be spoiled because of Lisa's over active imagination. (berimajinasi secara berlebihan/terlalu aktif berimajinasi) 6. Additional (adjective) bersifat tambahan
a. Article
If you pay an additional $100 in principal each month, you will cut the life of the loan to 24 years and seven months and save $94,721.
(tambahan) b. Adjective
And you won't enjoy the surprise of finding that you owe money for many additional charges when you get your bill the next morning. (banyak tambahan)
c. Conjunction
20 d. Preposition
Critics say the positive benefits of expansion have been negated by the lack of planning and funding for additional teachers and resources. (untuk tambahan)
e. Adverb
The notice did not explain why they would owe penalties and interest on no additional tax. (tidak ada tambahan)
7. Advertisement (noun) iklan a. Article
He looked at the back of her newspaper and saw an advertisement. (sebuah iklan)
b. Adjective
He was the one working on their new advertisement. (iklan baru) c. Possessive pronoun
I saw your advertisement for the room. (iklan milikmu) d. Preposition
He passed an advertisement to Paul, who read SCHOOLMASTER REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY To teach English, Maths, German and French at Llanabba Castle School, North Wales. (iklan untuk)
e. Noun
Magazine advertisement, featuring a painting by Botero. (majalah periklanan)
21 a. Possessive pronoun
Today, of course, I realize that his advice was always very good and sensible. (Nasehatnya)
b. Collocation
Bosses of all kinds give orders, even friends give advice. (member nasehat)
c. Conjunction
The two organizations say the service helps people learn languages more efficiently because it allows them to practice their skills in real-life situations with expert help and advice available. (nasehat)
d. Article
She also fell in love with him, and married him, against the advice of all her family. (nasehat)
e. Adverb
'I want no further advice from you, Ehen Dean,' said Mr. Edgar coldly. (nasehat lebih lanjt)
9. Afraid (adjective) Takut a. Conjunction
There were tears in her eyes. She really was very worried and afraid. (takut)
b. Adverb
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The screams were loud and strong, and I stepped back I became afraid. (menjadi takut).
d. Adjective
But I felt very lonely and a little afraid. (sedikit takut) e. Preposition
I was both very interested and afraid at the same time. (takut pada) 10. Amazing (adjective) mengagumkan
a. Adverb
'You're absolutely amazing, Sandra Rovello!' I shouted. (luar biasa mengagumkan)
b. Article
‘What an amazing place!’ said Beste-Chetwynde. The car stopped. (sebuah tempat yang mengagumkan)
c. Adjective
He had the most amazing eyes - sort of strong blue that seemed to look through you. (mata yang paling mengagumkan)
d. Noun
Will Machines Live in Houses? Amazing ideas of Professor-Architect.' (ide yang mengagumkan)
e. Preposition
23 11. Analyze (verb) menganalisa
a. Noun
Factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. (menganalisa data)
b. Auxiliary
I will analyze articles from Népszabadság. (akan menganalisa) c. adverb
The steps systematically analyze the attributes of a variable. (menganalisa secara sistematis)
d. Infinitive
I chose to analyze introductions because they are essential parts of every composition. (untuk menganalisa)
e. Conjunction
Here my aim is to demonstrate and analyze the results given by examining. (dan menganalisa)
12. Angry (adjective) Marah a. Article
But Aunt March was an angry woman, and Jo didn't always like her. (pemarah)
b. Possessive
24 c. Adjective
Newspapers feel obliged to permit expressions like angry young men and women where twenty years ago angry young men would have sufficed. (pria muda yang marah)
d. Adverb
Henry was wildly angry. (amat sangat marah) e. preposition
Serrurier was in the middle a small man, with angry eyes and a thin, hard voice. (dengan mata yang marah)
13. Announced (verb) mengumumkan, diumumkan a. Conjunction
The servant had opened the door and announced his name. (memanggil) b. Noun
On Feb. 24, 1981, Buckingham Palace announced the couple's engagement and she was catapulted into a world of photo lenses and flashbulbs. (mengumumkan)
c. Possessive pronoun
I've announced my engagement. (mengumumkan pertunanganku) d. Adverb
Archipenko has formally announced that he has completely detached himself from the Cubist group whose principles he rejects.
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Dinner was announced by Martha, still crying. (diumumkan oleh) 14. Anybody (pronoun) siapapun, seseorang
a. Preposition
But Anne didn't look at anybody. (siapapun) b. Verb
You don't usually meet anybody on that road, but one day I looked behind me. (bertemu seseorang)
c. Auxiliary
How can anybody kill a dead man? (seseorang bisa) d. Adverb
The thin dark man jumped through the window and was across the grass before anybody could stop him. (sebelum seseorang)
e. Adjective
I never heard of an education keeping anybody warm on a winter's night. (seseorang hangat)
15. Appearance (noun) Penampilan a. Adjective
And the story of Diana and Charles was not over yet in November 1995 she recorded her famous appearance on television. (penampilan yang terkenal)
b. Possessive pronoun
26 c. Article
But that should not distract us from the strengths of the appearance of Impropriety. (penampilan)
d. Preposition
Mark was much younger than her, and her grandmotherly change of appearance made that defiantly obvious. (penampilan)
e. Conjunction
They had always distrusted his great charm and appearance of goodness. (dan penampilan)
16. Attitudes (noun) cara berfikir, sikap, kelakuan a. Possessive pronoun
It is possible that the argument was about Alexander's attitude to his older commanders. (sikap Alexander)
b. Article
Likewise, there has been no rush to develop an attitude at the new Arthur Ashe Stadium. (sikap)
c. Adjective
They were deeply religious, and they saw that Alexander had a better attitude than the Persian king to the Egyptian gods. (sikap yg lebih baik) d. Verb
It shows attitude as clearly as if they'd had it tattooed. (menunjukkan sikap)
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The rise of these born-again sports heroes also marks a shift in the attitude of the churches to sporting competition. (sikap dari) 17. Attract (verb) menarik
a. Conjunction
WNBA would draw more people in August than Major League Soccer and attract as many TV viewers as men's professional golf. (dan menarik) b. Infinitive
We couldn't get him to glance in our direction, no matter what we did to attract his attention. (untuk menarik)
c. Auxiliary
The more a community does to conserve its unique resources, whether natural or man-made, the more tourists it will attract. (akan menarik) d. Noun
The University of Edinburgh runs summer schools which attract students from all over the world (menarik siswa)
e. Adverb
Eliot and many others will probably attract biographers for years to come. (barangkali menarik)
18. Audience (noun) Penonton a. Article
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Dangerfield is about to capture another audience, for 1995 is the Year of the Ginger Man. (penonton lain)
c. Possessive pronoun
Captain Winters looked at his audience. (penontonnya) d. Noun
Doogie (Howser) still dogs Harris, as the whispers of recognition that ripple through the theater audience attest. (penonton teater)
e. Preposition
Swimming alone for the audience in the big central hall, it was like being deep under the sea, moving through blue waters. (penonton)
19. Award (noun) Hadiah a. Article
Actor Christopher Reeve presented an award in 1996. (sebuah hadiah) b. Possessive pronoun
One actor sold his award to pay for his wife's hospital bills. (hadiahnya) c. Adjective
The Academy gave a special award to funny man Charlie Chaplin, too. (hadiah khusus)
d. Noun
He received the 1990 Book award from the Sons of the Revolution for his book. (buku penghargaan)
29
The Comets, playing before a sell-out crowd of 16,285 at the Summit, pulled away from the Liberty midway through the second half behind Cooper, who added the championship game m. v. p. award to her growing list. (penghargaan kepada)
20. Background (noun) latar belakang a. Possessive pronoun
'He didn't tell you anything about his background at dinner on Thursday?' (latar belakangnya)
b. Adjective
It will give a pleasant background to the photographs. (latar belakang yang menyenangkan)
c. Article
In the background is a long line of striking workers wearing signs in the foreground and in the shadows are two mounted police officers in stark silhouette. (latar belakang)
d. Noun
Will private schools that accept public vouchers be required to take all applicants, regardless of educational ability or social background? (latar belakang sosial)
e. Preposition
Nick Leeson was not 'one of us' to the grandees of Barings, not in background, education or class. (pada latar belakang)
30 a. Conjunction
But basically I can't think of a better way of earning a living. (tapi pada dasarnya)
b. Adjective
Some families who ask for help have a basically good relationship with their children. (hubungan yang baik pada dasarnya)
c. To be
It is, we might note, a basically male drive. (pada dasarnya pengemudi pria)
d. Article
Some families who ask for help have a basically good relationship with their children. (dasar)
e. Preposition
In all three of these novels the "crimes" are those committed by basically good people. (oleh umumnya)
22. Beach (noun) pantai a. Article
We drove to a beach and went for a long walk. (pantai) b. Preposition
We arrived at beach House. (di pantai) c. Adjective
31
He looked at the children, with their beach things, as the Mercedes passed him, and did not notice the tears rolling down Jane's face. (barang-barang pantai milik mereka)
e. Conjunction
I met one of your men, the young man, down on the beach and he was coming from the boat. (pantai)
23. Bedroom (noun) kamar tidur a. Article
They also had a bedroom, and a kitchen and a bathroom all poor little rooms. (kamar tidur)
b. Possessive pronoun
When Annie opened Grace's bedroom door, the light from the stairs filled the room. (Kamar tidur kepunyaan Grace)
c. Adjective
But two days ago I had to move to my sister's old bedroom. (kamar tidur tua)
d. Conjunction
She went into the bedroom and I looked around the study. (kammar tidur) e. Noun
I'll go up to your bedroom window, miss, and shout at him from there. (jendela kamar tidur)
32
The bracelets belong to the dead man, Bowman, and the Captain needed it for the record. (gelang milik)
b. Auxiliary
They're all mine, or they will belong to me very soon. (akan menjadi kepunyaan)
c. infinitive
Plying the seas like Elizabethan pirates and refusing to belong to any club prepared to have us as members. (untuk dimiliki)
d. Preposition
A man and a boy, whose clothes and voices showed that they didn't belong in town. (termasuk warga kota)
e. Adverb
The two fragments do not join, but they certainly belong to one figure and they share an extraordinary simplicity. (pasti milik)
25. Besides (preposition) disamping, disebelah, lagi pula a. Conjunction
And beside her, her grandfather, who was showing her Munich. (disamping)
b. Noun
He stopped his car beside my front door. (disamping) c. Adjective
33 d. Preposition
He opened the door to Rick's car and got in beside him. (disamping) e. Verb
Another truck drove beside me on the right. (disamping) 26. Bike (noun) sepeda
a. Article
In 1984, the city added a bike path. (sebuah jalur sepeda) b. Preposition
He was travelling around France by bike. (dengan bersepeda) c. Possessive pronoun
A younger man rode his bike from South Dakota. (sepedanya) d. Adjective
Next, she asked for an exercise bike in her hospital room. (olahraga bersepeda)
e. Collocation
The next night she came on her motor-bike to fetch him. (sepeda motor) 27. Birth (noun) kelahiran
a. Possessive pronoun
And his eyes were sky blue from the day of his birth three months before. (kelahirannya)
b. Noun
34 c. Article
The birth of Rap Most people agree that rap music began on the streets of New York in the 1970S. (kelahiran)
d. Collocation
I love you, I gave birth to you. I know you. And I know this can't be the kind of life for you. (melahirkan)
e. Adjective
Of course a safe birth does not depend on a bride price. (kelahiran yang aman)
28. Block (noun) balok, blok, rintangan a. Article
There was a block of the green glass near me. (sebuah rintangan kaca hijau)
b. Adjective
He made a big block of ice and we put it into the new pipanto we had built. (balok besar)
c. Infinitive
But by nightfall the police arrested 110 demonstrators as some marchers tried to block traffic in downtown Brooklyn. (untuk menghalangi) d. Noun
Hu's mother did small jobs for people, for neighbors in the apartment block and for friends. (blok apartemen)
35
There are two computer rooms, separate and fully equipped biology, physics and chemistry labs, a music block with recording studio, an art centre and an indoor swimming pool. (balok dengan)
29. Blood (noun) darah a. Adjective
There was dry blood all over his face, and fresh blood was pouring from a large hole in his chest. (darah kering, darah segar)
b. Possessive pronoun
I knew then that those women were vampires, and that they wanted my blood. (darahku)
c. Article
The blood from his leg ran deep in the bottom of the boat. (darah) d. Conjunction
Nelson was lying in the garden with blood all over him. (dengan darah) e. Adjective
But Harry Logan, the horse doctor, did not think that he could live for very long he was losing too much blood. (terlalu banyak darah)
30. Boat (noun) kapal, perahu, sampan a. Article
She found a boat on the river and got into it. (sebuah perahu) b. Adjective
36 c. Preposition
We learnt that the Count's coffin was travelling by boat up the river, and Jack Seward, Arthur, and I began to follow in another boat. (dengan perahu)
d. Possessive pronoun
Duncan, Larry and Roxanne get into Duncan's boat. (perahu milik Duncan)
e. Noun
They would wear identical surplus navy greatcoats and explore the hidden sides of London in a canal boat 'mile after mile of abandoned factories returning to the wild. (perahu kanal)
31. Borrow (verb) pinjam, meminjam a. Auxiliary
Look, you can borrow my army car. (bias pinjam) b. Conjunction
A gentleman can have money or borrow money from his friends the important thing is that even if he is very poor he must not do useful work. (atau pinjam)
c. Infinitive
This company can't afford to borrow any more money, John. (untuk pinjam)
d. Noun
37 e. Possessive pronoun
I'll teach you not to borrow my books again. (meminjam buku-bukuku) 32. Boss (noun) atasan, kepala
a. Article
They met Mr McElrea, a Canadian, who was the boss of the three planes that flew out of Lesotho. (atasan)
b. Possessive pronoun
I need to ask you and your boss some questions. (atasanmu) c. Adjective
Having one idiot boss is a much higher risk than having many idiot clients. (atasan bodoh)
d. Auxiliary
Even if his boss could not see him, Tom could always talk to him. (atasannya tidak bisa)
e. Conjunction
The guard had to report to his boss with a certain number of workers. (atasan dengan)
33. Bottle (noun) botol a. Article
I took a bottle of wine from the racks of bottle s along the walls. (sebotol) b. Adjective
38
Everything was exactly as it had been, and I opened the drug bottle immediately. (botol obat)
d. Preposition
The bottle in front of him was half empty. (botol) e. Conjunction
Mark took the bottle and pretended to drink. He smelled the gas. (botol) 34. Branches (noun) dahan, ranting, cabang
a. Conjunction
The monkeys jumped from tree-top to tree-top, crashing through the leaves and branches. (dan ranting-ranting)
b. Adjective
Bagheera was trying to climb up the tree, but he was too heavy for the thin branches. (ranting yang tipis)
c. Article
Mother hung our food bags on the branches we had already seen rats. (ranting)
d. Preposition
I'll only land in the branches of some trees farther down, and shout until someone hears me. (ranting pohon)
e. Noun
39 35. Brand (noun) macam, jenis, baru, cap
a. Article
It all started in the early 1950s when Smokey got a brand new toy, a big primitive radar gun. (sebuah jenis)
b. Possessive pronoun
So you can make a difference just by changing your brand. (capmu) c. Preposition
I already felt that I was not a part of brand ham. (jenis) d. Conjunction
Perhaps the scariest news is the arrival in local service of competitors with brand names that command consumer respect. (jenis)
e. Adjective
The person who does the best brand has to make a speech after dinner. (jenis terbaik)
36. Breakfast (noun) sarapan a. Adverb
The next morning, after breakfast, Queen Annoure wanted to see Arthur. (setelah sarapan)
b. Collocation
Let's go and have breakfast with them. (sarapan) c. Possessive pronoun
40 d. Article/noun
She had a letter in her hand and took it across to her husband at the breakfast table. (meja sarapan)
e. Infinitive
Next morning, Anne didn't come down to breakfast. (untuk sarapan) 37. Breath (noun) nafas
a. Article
And this time, he was sure; she took a breath by herself, afterwards. (nafas)
b. Adjective
He took a deep breath, and blew strongly into Christine's mouth again. (nafas dalam-dalam)
c. Possessive pronoun
I held my breath and listened. Complete silence. (nafasku) d. Preposition
I just had breath to cry (nafas untuk) e. Conjunction
He took one last breath and died. (nafas) 38. Bridge (noun) jembatan, penghubung
a. Article
It was like a bridge between this world and the next world. (sebuah jembatan)
41
At the time it was the largest bridge in the world, just over 1 mile (1. 8 kilometers) long. (jembatan terbesar)
c. Possessive
The ship's bridge gave the captain and officers a good view. (jembatan kapal)
d. Noun
They marched north to south across the Golden Gate Bridge on Thursday. (gerbang jembatan)
e. Conjunction
I paused by a tree, put down my suitcase, sat down on the bridge and let my legs hang over the side. (jembatan)
39. Bright (adjective) cemerlang, cerah, terang a. Article
We followed a bright star in the sky. (sebuah bintang yang terang) b. Conjunction
The man's eyes were small and bright, and for some strange reason he had a newspaper in his hand. (dan cemerlang)
c. Noun
A bright light exploded in my head. (lampu yang cerah) d. Possessive
With his bright eyes, his long hair, his boat with an engine, he was much more exciting than Rafael. (matanya yang cemerlang)
42
Mattie's face turned bright red. (berubah menjadi merah cerah) 40. Brown (adjective) warna coklat
a. Article
Now there was nothing in her home - only a brown envelope in a hole in the wall. (sebuah amplop berwana coklat)
b. Conjunction
Their hair is red and brown, like the hair that Dupin was holding in his hand. (dan coklat)
c. Adjective
The beautiful brown hair fell down. (rambut coklat yang indah) d. Possessive pronoun
And with her brown hair and white face, she also looked very different to Anne Boleyn. (rambutnya yang coklat)
e. Preposition
I opened it and a piece of brown hair fell out.. (sehelai rambut berwarna coklat)
41. Burn (verb) membakar a. Infinitive
It paid people to burn the forest and to start new businesses. (untuk membakar)
b. Auxiliary
43 c. Article
She thought about the burn on her dress. (sesuatu yang terbakar) d. Conjunction
I could cut the body up into very small pieces and then burn them in a fire. (lalu membakar)
e. Noun
The other wrong thing people do is to give the burn victim drinks, especially alcoholic drinks, which mean that later on, if the patient needs an operation, we can't give an anesthetic. (korban kebakaran)
42. Busy (adjective) sibuk a. Article
I mean, it's only a lane; it's not really a busy road. (jalan yang ramai) b. Adverb
They were always busy. (selalu sibuk) c. Preposition
Tired and weak, Matthew arrived in busy Port Sudan. (di pelabuhan Sudan yang ramai)
d. Noun
They have to keep their children busy all the time. (anak-anak sibuk) e. Conjunction
Millions of tourists come to enjoy the neighborhood's shops, great restaurants, and busy street life. (dan jalan yang ramai)
44 a. Article
It was a calm night. (malam yang teang) b. Conjunction
For the first time in many months, I felt happy and calm. (tenang) c. Possessive pronoun
But his calm face hides a very difficult past. (wajahnya yang tenang) d. Adverb
He felt strangely calm. (tenang dengan anehnya) e. Adjective
She was very calm when he told her. (sangat tenang) 44. Camping (noun) berkemah
a. Article
But Matty wasn't very good at explaining his feelings, and he was already in trouble at home because of his dog Nelson, and because of the camping holiday. (libburan berkemah)
b. Preposition
The kitchen was full of camping things on the floor, the table, everywhere. (penuh dengan barang perkemahan)
c. Conjunction
They were soon falling about everywhere, and they had to hold on to their bags and camping things. (tas dan benda perkemahan)
d. Adjective
45 e. Adverb
I was actually camping in Zimbabwe by the Zimbabwe ruins. (sesungguhnya kemah)
45. Careful (adjective) berhati-hati a. Article
Erin was a careful worker and she wanted to do her job well. (pekerja yang teliti)
b. Adverb
We were always careful, but it was a terrible danger. (selalu berhati-hati) c. Possessive pronoun
In the end, by my careful plan, I was playing alone against Glendinning, while the others watched our game. (rencanaku yang teliti)
d. Adjective
The Queen is rich, but the royal family is usually very careful with money. (sangat teliti)
e. Collocation
There'll be a lot of people in the streets, so I think that you'll be all right. But be careful. (berhati-hatilah)
46. Cat (noun) kucing a. Article
The cat was looking into my room. (kucing) b. Adjective
46 c. Possessive pronoun
It was Julie's cat. (kucingnya Julie) d. Noun
An hour later he collected an electric cat which was not working properly, and drove it in his truck towards the Van Ness Pet Hospital. (kucing listrik (robot kucing))
e. Preposition
Hu put the cat on another plastic chair and stood up. (kucing diatas) 47. Celebrate (verb) merayakan
a. Infinitive
ALASKA, USA Man Walks to Alaska from Patagonia A British man, George Meegan, forty- seven, arrived in Alaska to celebrate the new Millennium. (untuk merayakan)
b. Conjunction
You can make new friends, and celebrate life. (dan merayakan) c. Adjective
This day was called Thanksgiving, and Americans still celebrate it every year, on the fourth Thursday of November. (masih merayakan)
d. Pronoun
"Now, as we celebrate the sixty-fourth day of the games you will see how kind the Emperor is and how he loves his people!" (merayakan)
47
San Fernando will celebrate its founding with a history symposium, entertainment and religious services next weekend. (akan mmerayakan) 48. Chair (noun) kursi
a. Article
Mary is sitting on a chair, thinking. Joseph comes into the room. (sebuah kursi)
b. Possessive pronoun
Old Mrs Harvey sat in her chair. (kursinya) c. Adjective
He then offered our visitor a pipe and a comfortable chair. (kursi yang nyaman)
d. Adverb
He sat down in the nearest chair. (kursi terdekat) e. Noun
And Jim, I need a ladder and a kitchen chair, too. (kursi dapur) 49. Chairman (noun) ketua,pemimpin
a. Article
Perhaps his friend the chairman would join him. (si ketua) b. Noun
It received a more sarcastic welcome from Eric Pickles, Conservative Party vice-chairman, who said he could have written most of it himself. (wakil ketua)
48
Herman Ouseley, the commission's chairman, said 'It will be a sad waste if the Government fails to realise that real progress has been made with this particular educational policy. (ketua komisi)
d. Conjunction
'Now why were the football team manager and chairman meeting two young Swedes and a South African? (ketua)
e. Preposition
This could be the thoughts of Chairman Mao for a generation taking their hats off to Peter Kerry and secretly admiring Nick Leeson. (pemikiran dari ketua)
50. Characteristics (noun) sifat yang khas a. Possessive pronoun
Every period brings its characteristic enthusiasms, the wisdoms that dumb directors express in their visual one-liners. (sifatnya yang khas) b. Preposition
One characteristic of people of the twentieth century is that we are a race on the move. (salah satu sifat yang khas dari)
c. Article
By the 1920s a characteristic book, as for example Cézanne a study of his development by Roger Fry, published in 1927, had black and white
49
The common characteristic is the happy acceptance of whatever comes to mind. (sifat khas yang umum)
e. Verb
They make characteristic changes to their recall. (membuat sifat yang khas berubah)
51. Cheap (adjective) murah a. Article
It was a cheap school writing book. (sebuah buku tulis sekolah yang murah)
b. Adverb
The meal seemed quite cheap. (cukup murah) c. Adjective
If you need a large cheap meal, then Bogle's is the place for you. (makanan besar yang murah)
d. Verb
Japan was then simply a place that made cheap toys, imitation Western branded goods, and had done many horrible things in the war. (membuat mainan yang murah)
e. Conjunction
The trailer was small, and crowded with cheap furniture. (dengan perabotan yang murah)
50
More prosaically, the sandpaper was donated by English Abrasives and chemicals Ltd. (dan bahan kimia)
b. Article
It's true that the chemicals inside Fat Boy are dangerous. (bahan kimia) c. Preposition
The air smelled strongly of chemicals. (dari bahan kimia) d. Adjective
The analytical techniques, employed by the Paracelsian chemists to extract their active ingredients from otherwise dangerous chemicals, (bahan kimia berbahaya)
e. Verb
Germans made chemicals in Russia, and other Germans invested heavily in the coal mines of French Lorraine. (membuat)
53. Climb (verb) mendaki, naik, menaiki, menempuh a. Article
Hansen fought against the wind and pushed the plane into a climb. (tanjakan)
b. Auxiliary
Who can climb the big tree by Diana's front door? (bisa memanjat) c. Infinitive
Anne started to climb to the top of the house, but it was very difficult. (untuk mendaki)
51
After a meal, he cannot fight or climb easily. (atau mendaki) e. Adjective
It was a hard climb up to the west wall, and Kaa moved carefully over the stones. (sulit memanjat)
54. Closely (adverb) secara dekat a. Verb
The police did not look closely enough. (melihat secara dekat) b. Noun
They would have checked our movements closely. (gerakan kita secara dekat)
c. Preposition
Dupin looked closely at everything, even the bodies. Then we went into the other rooms and into the yard. (secara dekat ke segala)
d. Article
They were a closely knit family and McWatters's friends were struck by the change family life brought about in him. (merajut erat)
e. Conjunction
I was careful to observe your sister closely and as her manners and appearance was as pleasant and cheerful as ever. (secara dekat) 55. Coach (noun) pelatih
a. Article
52 b. Adjective
Now I spoke to Allan Baker, the former British Athletics coach, and he had this to say. (pelatih olahraga)
c. Possessive pronoun
When they get back to Stockholm on Friday, I want you to search their coach. (pelatih mereka)
d. Conjunction
Jim Harbaugh leads in playmaking and in courage and coach Lindy Infant is an adept play-caller. (dan melatih)
e. Noun
Recently, Alonzo Mourning called Georgetown basketball coach John Thompson to discuss Allen Iverson. (pelatih basket)
56. Code (noun) sandi, kode a. Article
I was certain that Scudder was using a code. (sebuah kode) b. Noun
It seemed to be a number code, where groups of numbers replace letters. (kode angka)
c. Preposition
He moved his wings as if to say hello and when Marina did not answer, the butterfly decided to send a message in code. (berbentuk kode) d. Adjective
53 e. Conjunction
I explained the code and he understood very quickly. (kode) 57. Collect (verb) mengumpulkan, mengambil
a. Auxiliary
But they could collect fruit, medicinal plants, and rubber in these areas. (bisa mengumpulkan)
b. Infinitive
I began to collect the things that I needed for the monster. (untuk mengumpulkan)
c. Conjunction
I wished I could blow up all my ships and collect the insurance. (dan mengumpulkan)
d. Possessive pronoun
The old man had gone to collect his friends, the men who had talked to me when I was the roadman.(mengumpulkan temannya)
e. Adjective
One day Alan took off on a routine flight to the other side of IV II to collect some rocks. (mengumnulkan beberapa batu)
58. Column (noun) kolom, lajur, karangan a. Adjective
54
He was a tall, thin man dressed all in black, with a cold, stony face at the top of the column. (sebuah lajur)
c. Possessive pronoun
"The woman in the classified department would complain about how her advertisers didn't like my column. (karanganku)
d. Preposition
Horace's column of imperishable verse shines quietly enough in the lucid air of Augustan Rome. (karangan tentang)
e. Noun
He explained in the letters column. (kolom surat-surat) 59. Combine (verb) menggabungkan, menyatukan
a. Conjunction
The right of the painter to move around an object and combine various views of it into a single image, first stated in writing by Metzinger in 1910 and elaborated a few months later by Allard, was quickly adopted by most critics as a central feature of the style, and became related to the
conceptual or intellectual aspect. (dan menggabungkan) b. Auxiliary
The small farmer can combine the seasonal work offered by agribusiness and urban enterprises with his family farm and must do this to survive. (bisa menggabungkan)
55
Some of these aspects may well combine in complex. ( bergabung dengan baik)
d. Noun
Again sex and religion combine through anthropological images invested with pain. (bergabung)
e. Infinitive
More recently, some writers have tried to combine elements from several of these approaches, so as to be able to explain both class and gender inequality. (untuk menggabungkan)
60. Comfort (noun) kenyamanan, menghibur, menyenangkan a. Article
It would be a comfort to know that she died in a good cause. (menyenangkan)
b. Preposition
She became very depressed and turned to food, alcohol, and drugs for comfort. (untuk kenyamanan)
c. Verb
You don't save any money traveling first class, but you get comfort and freedom instead. (mendapat kenyamanan)
d. Infinitive
Well, there's only a week more,' was all that Paul could say to comfort him. (membuat nyaman)
56
'Have you everything you need for your comfort?' he asked. (kenyamananmu)
61. Complains (verb) mengeluh, mengadu a. Adverb
She didn't say anything, of course - she never complains. (tidak pernah mengeluh)
b. Noun
If the patient complains that he is thirsty, he should wash his mouth with water but not swallow. (mengadu)
c. Preposition
Hobbes complains of the lack of philosophical progress his predecessors have made. (mengeluh tentang)
d. Possessive pronoun
The obligation to investigate his complains, could never have satisfied Professor Qureshi. (keluhannya)
e. Verb
He complains prevents him from recovering that part of his loss caused by the criminal act. (aduannya mencegah)
62. Complex (noun) kompleks, rumit, ruwet a. Article
57
Although he became a fluent Welsh-speaker, and able to render the most technically complex Welsh poetry, almost all his own writing had to be done in English, the language of his schooling, his adolescent reading, and his awakening imagination. (rumit secara teknik)
c. Conjunction
The local government must attack immediately to avoid more costly and complex urban ills, said Robert J. (dan kompleks)
d. Noun
So you should entertain the possibility of communicating more complex thoughts by building more complex sentences. (kalimat rumit)
e. Verb
It is also the most versatile structure on which to build complex graphic detailing. (membangun rincian graphic yang rumit)
63. Concentrate (noun) sari, intisari, memusatkan a. Noun
But I could not make Adele concentrate on her lessons because she was constantly talking about the presents Mr Rochester had promised to bring her. (konsentrasi)
b. Infinitive
He tried hard to concentrate on Kafka for the rest of the lesson. (untuk konsentrasi)
58
But I couldn't entirely concentrate on what she was saying. (sepenuhnya memusatkan)
d. Adjective
I'm definitely going to concentrate more on the next one. (lebih memusatkan)
e. Preposition
He would never have been able to concentrate on his studies. (memusatkan ke)
64. Confuse (verb) membingungkan, bingung a. Infinitive
'You're thin, and with a dark curly wig and a false mustache, sitting in your car, you'd look enough like Curtis Colt to confuse any witnesses. (membingungkan)
b. Auxiliary
'I told you it would confuse you,' she said. (akan membingungkan) c. Conjunction
Any other behavior, such as suggesting a game of cards, would surprise and confuse us. (membingungkan)
d. Adverb
The ways of poetry as we have known it called their works "poems" doesn't merely confuse the whole issue. (tidak semata-mata
59
Not only does the Englishman confuse terms he appears ridiculously ignorant of the comic implications of his bewilderment to the initiates in French fabliau slang. (istilah yang membingungkan)
65. Consist (verb) susunan, terdiri a. Auxiliary
It may consist in a rejection of the specific schemes or lines of evolution propounded by nineteenth - century authors. (bisa terdiri dari)
b. Adverb
The diets of older people will often consist of foods favored in their younger days, but which are now known to be deleterious to health. (sering terdiri)
c. Noun
Some 31 per cent of elderly households consist of such married couples. (rumah tanga terdiri)
d. Preposition
Some 42 per cent of households containing an elderly person consist of a lone woman. (terdiri dari)
e. Conjunction
The most significant attitudes are those which either involve, or consist in, the kind of serious wishes that certain things should be done or left
undone. (atau termasuk)
60
There is a consistent view that Britain's history has been characterised by stability and decency. (pandangan tetap)
b. Adverb
The figures for males and females are also consistent with our findings. (juga sesuai)
c. Conjunction
Admittedly even he was sometimes touched by doubt, but in contrast to many others leading political figures his faith in the American connection was remarkably strong and consistent. (dan konsisten)
d. Noun
Republican leaders, however, were equally insistent upon the greatest possible devolution of authority consistent with the maintenance of a single state. (kekuasaan yang tetap)
e. Verb
In social life we build personal "constructs" (Kelly 1955) and use them to create consistent patterns of relating with others. (membuat pola yang konsisten)
67. Content (adjective) daya muat, muatan, isi a. Noun
Mr Anderson maintains that the diploma has more academic content than the GNVQs and NVQs developed by further education colleges. (berisi akademis)
61
In a content analysis of over 400 accounting articles published since 1926. (sebuah muatan)
c. Conjunction
I read George Herbert's critically neglected poem The Church-Porch by considering the ways in which its language and content relate to the historical, religious, and secular functions of a parish church porch. (dan isinya)
d. Verb
Their problem seems to be that very often they appear content to conclude the negotiating process before a satisfactory outcome has been achieved. (memunculkan isi)
e. Adverb
We provide a computational and formally precise theory of how the compositional semantics is supplemented with further content via reasoning about the context. (isi lebih lanjut)
68. Contrast (verb) berbeda, berlawanan a. Article
Birmingham was a contrast, but an enjoyable one. (berbeda) b. Adjective
In sharp contrast, Mongolia in the Nineties is a bankrupt nation. (perbedaan yang sangat tajam)
62
The Pope by contrast is a centralist who has reined in the bishops conference. (sebaliknya)
d. Auxiliary
They may contrast new information with old information, or put another side to the argument. (mungkin membedakan)
e. Conjunction
But a brief survey may establish points of comparison and contrast. (dan perbedaan)
69. Shoulder (noun) bahu, pundak, memanggul, memikul a. Possessive pronoun
Annie went to stand at Grace's shoulder. (bahunya Grace) b. Noun
His clothes were covered in blood and the pain in his right shoulder was terrible. (bahu sebelah kanan)
c. Article
Someone touched Helen on the shoulder. (bahu) d. Collocation
They came closer for Anna Ivanovna to see them and stood shoulder to shoulder beside her bed. (bersebelahan)
e. Adjective
63 a. Article
And Tom knew, with a sick feeling, that it was Pilgrim. (dengan perasaan sakit)
b. Conjunction
He looked thin and white and sick. (sakit) c. Verb
She took them to visit sick people in hospitals. (mengunjujngi orang sakit) d. Possessive pronoun
As he pushed open the hospital doors, he immediately thought of his sick son. (anaknya yang sakit)
e. Adjective
She said she felt a little sick. (sedikit sakit)
71. Sight (noun) melihat, pemandangan, penglihatan, rupa a. Adjective
Taxis New York's bright yellow taxis are a famous sight. (pemandangan terkenal)
b. Possessive pronoun
After two years his sight began to return in one eye. (pandangannya) c. Article
64
If a married couple comes to live in the town, the gentleman soon disappears from sight. (dari pandangan)
e. Verb
She caught sight of him from her bedroom window, riding towards Longbourn House, with another gentleman, also on horseback. (mencuri pandangan)
72. Skin (noun) kulit a. Adjective
Americans with dark skin had to sit in the back of city buses. (kulit gelap) b. Possessive pronoun
Her skin was weak and it burned very easily. (kulitnya) c. Article
Then I saw that the skin on his face was blue, so I knew he was dead. (kulit)
d. Preposition
The right arm was enormous, and there were bags of skin on it, too. (dari kulit)
e. Noun
There was a large piece of donkey skin with its grey hair. 73. Sky (noun) langit
a. Adjective
