55
1. Katno, Pramono S. Tingkat Manfaat dan Keamanan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional. Balai Penelitian Obat Tawangmangu, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada [press release]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Farmasi UGM. 2. Faried A, Kurnia D, Faried L.S, Usman N, T. Miyazaki, Kato H. Anticancer
effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria
macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines. Int j oncol [Internet].
2007 [cited 2012 Nov 29];30(3): 605-13. Available from: Spandidos Publications
3. Amit KT, Madhumita R, Bhattacharya RK. Natural products as inducers of apoptosis: Implication for cancer therapy and prevention. Current Science [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 80(11):1387-96. Available from: Indian Institute of Science
4. Tazulakhova EB, Parshina OV, Guseva TS, Ershov FI. Russian experience screening, analysis, and clinical application of novel interferon inducers. J Interferon Cytokine Res [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 21(2): 65-73. Available from: Marry Ann Liebert Inc. publisher
5. Stagg J. Phyllanthus. c2006 [updated 2006 Jun 17; cited 2013 Feb 7]. Available from: http://www.supplementnews.org/phyllanthus.html cited 17/6/06
6. Williams JE. Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Uña de Gato and Sangre de Grando. Alternative Medicine Review [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2012 Nov 29];6(6):567-79. Available from: Thorne Research, Inc.
7. Ahmed N, Agrawal SS, Chattervedi S, Tabassum N. Hepatoprotective studies on phyllanthus niruri on paracetamol induced liver cell damage in albino
mice. JK-Practtitioner [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 12(4):211-2. Available from: Indian Medlars Centre
8. Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas. Phytochemicals from phyllanthus niruri linn and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 58(12): 1559-70. Available from: Wiley Online Library
9. Phyllanthus Introduction [Internet]. c2009 [updated 2009 Jun 2; cited 2012 Nov 29]. Available from: http://www.supplementnews.org/wiki/phyllanthus 10. Krithika R, Mohankumar R, Verma RJ. Shrivastav PS, Mohamad IL,
Gunasekaran P, et al. Isolation, characterization and antioxidative effect of phyllanthin against CCl4-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line. Chemico-Biological Interactions Journal [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2012 Nov 29]; 181(3): 351-8. Available from: ScienceDirect
11. Setiawati A, Suyatna FD, Gan S. Pengantar Farmakologi dan Terapi. 5th ed. Jakarta: Departemen Farmakologi dan Terapeutik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2007.
12. Donatus IA. Toksikologi Dasar. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Bagian Farmakologi dan Farmasi Klinik Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada; 2005
13. Mehta N, Ozick LA, Gbadehan E, Sharma S, Tavalera F, Rice TD, et al. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity [Internet]. c2012 [updated 2012 Jun 27; cited
2012 Nov 29]. Available from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169814-overview#aw2aab6b4
14. Katzung BG. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. 10th ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2010
15. Underwood JC, Cross SS. General and Systematic Pathology. 5th ed. London: Churcill Livingstone; 2009
16. Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Buku Ajar Patologi. 7th ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2007
17. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. 902-6
18. Moslen, MT. Toxic responses of the liver. In: Klaasen, CD, Editor. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 471-88
19. Parkinson A. Biotransformation of xenobiotics. In: Klaasen, CD, Editor. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 72-97
20. Patient UK. Liver Function Test [Internet]. c2010 [updated 2010 Feb 02, cited 2013 Jan 26]. Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Blood-Test-Liver-Function-Tests.htm
21. Herrine KS, Navarro VJ. Liver Injury Caused by Drugs [Internet]. c2009 [updated 2013 Jan, cited 2013 Jan 26]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec03/ch024/ch024c.html
22. Liver function test. Wikipedia [online] c2009 [updated 2009 Oct 07, cited 2013 Jan 26] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liver_function_test 23. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. 3rd ed cetakan ke-7.
Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 226-7
24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 11th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. 324-33
25. Schnellmann RG. Toxic responses of the kidney. In: Klassen CD. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology the basic science of poisons. 6th ed. New York: Mac Graw Hill; 2001. 491-510
26. Hodgson E, Levi PE. Nephrotoxicity. In: Hodgson E, editor. A Textbook of modern toxicology, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. 273-5 27. Cotran RS. Ginjal dan sistem penyalurannya. In: Robbins SL, Kumar V. Staf
Pengajar Laboratorium Patologi Anatomik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, editor. Buku ajar patologi II. 4th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 1995. 203-4
28. Underwood JCE. Sarjadi, editor. Patologi umum dan sistemik. 2nd ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2000
29. Ford-Martin PA, Best MA. Kidney Function Tests [Internet]. cited 2013 Jan 26. Available from: http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Kidney-Function-Tests.html
30. Tim Penulis. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid II. 3rd ed cetakan ke-2. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 2004. 301
31. Lisdawati V. Mahkota Dewa, toksisitas, efek anti oksidan, dan efek anti-kanker berdasarkan uji penapisan farmakologi [Internet]. c2002 [updated 2004 Jul 09, cited 2013 Jan 26]. Available from: http://mahkotadewa.com/blog/2004/07/tinjauan-ilmiah-dra-vivi-lisdawati-msi-apt/
32. Sumastuti R, Sonlimar M. Efek sitotoksik ekstrak buah dan daun Mahkota Dewa terhadap sel hela. Yogyakarta: Farmakologi FK UGM; 2003
33. Selamat B, Benny I, Djoko H, Dwi P, Riwanto I. Pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak mahkota dewa (phaleria macrocarpa) dengan doxorubicin dan cyclophosphamide terhadap ekspresi VEGF dan indeks apoptosis tumor adenokarsinoma mamma mencit C3H. (in-press).
34. Sulaksana J, Jayusman DI. Meniran, Budi Daya dan Pemanfaatan untuk Obat. Cetakan I, Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya; 2004.
35. Taylor. Technical Data Report for Chanca Piedra. In: Herbal Secrets of The Rainforest, 2nd ed, Austin India: Sage Press, Inc; 2003
36. Mangan Y. Cara Bijak Menaklukkan Kanker. Sehat dengan Ramuan Tradisional. Cetakan keempat revisi, Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka; 2005. 37. Markom M, Hasan M, Daud WRW, Singh H, Jahim JM. Extraction of
hydrolisable tannins from Phyllanthus niruri Linn: effects of solvents and extraction methods. Separation and Purification Technology [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 52(3): 487-96. Available from: ScienceDirect
38. Liu L, Lin H. Genus Phyllanthus for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepatitis [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 8(5): 358-62. Available from: Wiley Online Library
39. Mustofa, Solikhah EN, Wahyuono S. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri Linn herbs traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med Public Health [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2013 Jan 26]; 38(4): 609-15. Available from: Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region
40. Taylor, L. Chanca Piedra. In: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herb. Carson City: Raintree Nutrition, Inc; 2005
41. Ma’at S. Imunomodulator manfaat dan bahayanya. Dalam: Kusmita L, Djatmika. Imunomodulator dan Perkembangannya. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Farmasi Tahun 2010 Cetakan ketiga. Semarang: Penerbit STIFAR Yayasan Farmasi; 2010
42. Sumaryanto W. Analisis Urea-Kreatinin Tikus Putih pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa dan Herba Pegagan. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2008; 6(1): 35-40
43. Edhiatmi M. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria
papuana) Dosis Bertingkat terhadap Struktur Histologik Hepar Mencit
BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro;2006
44. Firdaus GI. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010
45. Alboneh SFH. Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) terhadap Ginjal Mencit BALB/c. Semarang: Program Studi Pendidikan Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2010
46. Ali RB, Atangwho IJ, Kaur N, Abraika OS, Ahmad M, Mahmud R, et al. Bioassay-guided antidiabetic study of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract.
Molecules [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2013 July 22]; 17(5): 4986-5002. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547320
47. Gordon WP, Forte AJ, McMurtry RJ, Gal J. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity of pennyroyal oil and its constituent terpenes in the mouse. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Internet]. 1982 [cited 2013 July 22];
65(3): 413-24. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041008X82903878
48. Authors. Terpenes. TCI America. Available from:
DOKUMENTASI PENELITIAN
OUTPUT ANALISIS SPSS 11.5 FOR WINDOWS
1. Kadar AST Tabel 4. Kadar AST
Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3 A 269 425 152 263 B 209 767 200 231 C 299 279 196 227 D 260 190 165 348 E 452 231 185 222 Rata-rata 297,8 378,4 179,6 258,2 a. Analisis Deskriptif Descriptives
PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error
KADAR K Mean 297,80 41,184
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean Lower Bound 183,45
Upper Bound 412,15 5% Trimmed Mean 294,17 Median 269,00 Variance 8480,700 Std. Deviation 92,091 Minimum 209 Maximum 452 Range 243 Interquartile Range 141,00 Skewness 1,541 ,913 Kurtosis 2,954 2,000 P1 Mean 378,40 104,948 95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 87,02
Upper Bound
669,78
Median 279,00 Variance 55070,80 0 Std. Deviation 234,672 Minimum 190 Maximum 767 Range 577 Interquartile Range 385,50 Skewness 1,545 ,913 Kurtosis 2,155 2,000 P2 Mean 179,60 9,190 95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 154,08 Upper Bound 205,12 5% Trimmed Mean 180,00 Median 185,00 Variance 422,300 Std. Deviation 20,550 Minimum 152 Maximum 200 Range 48 Interquartile Range 39,50 Skewness -,532 ,913 Kurtosis -1,887 2,000 P3 Mean 258,20 23,570 95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 192,76 Upper Bound 323,64 5% Trimmed Mean 255,22 Median 231,00 Variance 2777,700 Std. Deviation 52,704 Minimum 222 Maximum 348 Range 126 Interquartile Range 81,00 Skewness 1,783 ,913 Kurtosis 3,056 2,000 b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas
2). Uji Normalitas Setelah Data Ditransform dengan log-n
3). Uji One Way ANOVA
ANOVA TRANS
Squares Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups ,198 3 ,066 3,191 ,052 Within Groups ,331 16 ,021 Total ,528 19 Tests of Normality ,295 5 ,179 ,861 5 ,233 ,264 5 ,200* ,841 5 ,167 ,204 5 ,200* ,918 5 ,519 ,297 5 ,171 ,769 5 ,044 PERLAKUA K P1 P2 P3 KADAR
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Kolmogorov -Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
This is a lower bound of the true significance. *.
Lillief ors Significance Correction a. Tests of Normality ,247 5 ,200* ,926 5 ,568 ,221 5 ,200* ,935 5 ,629 ,217 5 ,200* ,912 5 ,482 ,297 5 ,172 ,798 5 ,077 PERLAKUA K P1 P2 P3 TRANS
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Kolmogorov -Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
This is a lower bound of the true significance. *.
Lillief ors Significance Correction a.
2. Kadar ALT Tabel 6. Kadar ALT
Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3 A 81 123 57 83 B 63 249 65 65 C 85 74 112 60 D 134 52 79 87 E 128 43 108 94 Rata-rata 98,2 108,2 84,2 77,8 a. Analisis Deskriptif Descriptives
PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error
KADAR K Mean 98,20 13,926
95% Confidence Interval
for Mean Lower Bound 59,53
Upper Bound 136,87 5% Trimmed Mean 98,17 Median 85,00 Variance 969,700 Std. Deviation 31,140 Minimum 63 Maximum 134 Range 71 Interquartile Range 59,00 Skewness ,295 ,913 Kurtosis -2,571 2,000 P1 Mean 108,20 37,830 95% Confidence Interval
for Mean Lower Bound 3,17
Upper Bound 213,23 5% Trimmed Mean 104,00 Median 74,00 Variance 7155,700 Std. Deviation 84,591
Minimum 43 Maximum 249 Range 206 Interquartile Range 138,50 Skewness 1,583 ,913 Kurtosis 2,314 2,000 P2 Mean 84,20 11,124 95% Confidence Interval
for Mean Lower Bound 53,32
Upper Bound 115,08 5% Trimmed Mean 84,17 Median 79,00 Variance 618,700 Std. Deviation 24,874 Minimum 57 Maximum 112 Range 55 Interquartile Range 49,00 Skewness ,206 ,913 Kurtosis -2,768 2,000 P3 Mean 77,80 6,538 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 59,65 Upper Bound 95,95 5% Trimmed Mean 77,89 Median 83,00 Variance 213,700 Std. Deviation 14,618 Minimum 60 Maximum 94 Range 34 Interquartile Range 28,00 Skewness -,342 ,913 Kurtosis -2,416 2,000 b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas Tests of Normality
PERLAKUA
Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KADAR K ,264 5 ,200(*) ,883 5 ,325
P1 ,257 5 ,200(*) ,829 5 ,137
P2 ,231 5 ,200(*) ,890 5 ,357
P3 ,239 5 ,200(*) ,911 5 ,474
* This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction
2). Uji One Way ANOVA
ANOVA KADAR
Squares Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 2816,600 3 938,867 ,419 ,742
Within Groups 35831,200 16 2239,450
Total 38647,800 19
3. Kadar Kreatinin Tabel 8. Kadar Kreatinin
Sampel Kontrol P1 P2 P3 A 0,38 0,15 0,49 0,36 B 0,52 0,38 0,33 0,37 C 0,36 0,28 0,33 0,31 D 0,40 0,41 0,42 0,37 E 0,46 0,34 0,36 0,43 Rata-rata 0,424 0,312 0,386 0,368
a. Analisis Deskriptif
Descriptives
PERLAKUA Statistic Std. Error
KADAR K Mean ,4240 ,02926 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound ,3428 Upper Bound ,5052 5% Trimmed Mean ,4222 Median ,4000 Variance ,004 Std. Deviation ,06542 Minimum ,36 Maximum ,52 Range ,16 Interquartile Range ,1200 Skewness ,849 ,913 Kurtosis -,666 2,000 p1 Mean ,3120 ,04598 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound ,1843 Upper Bound ,4397 5% Trimmed Mean ,3156 Median ,3400 Variance ,011 Std. Deviation ,10281 Minimum ,15 Maximum ,41 Range ,26 Interquartile Range ,1800 Skewness -1,153 ,913 Kurtosis ,996 2,000 p2 Mean ,3860 ,03076 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound ,3006 Upper Bound ,4714 5% Trimmed Mean ,3833 Median ,3600 Variance ,005 Std. Deviation ,06877
Minimum ,33 Maximum ,49 Range ,16 Interquartile Range ,1250 Skewness 1,019 ,913 Kurtosis -,265 2,000 p3 Mean ,3680 ,01908 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound ,3150 Upper Bound ,4210 5% Trimmed Mean ,3678 Median ,3700 Variance ,002 Std. Deviation ,04266 Minimum ,31 Maximum ,43 Range ,12 Interquartile Range ,0650 Skewness ,229 ,913 Kurtosis 1,848 2,000 b. Analisis Analitik 1). Uji Normalitas Tests of Normality PERLAKUA Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
KADAR K ,243 5 ,200(*) ,922 5 ,544
p1 ,207 5 ,200(*) ,917 5 ,513
p2 ,247 5 ,200(*) ,867 5 ,254
p3 ,281 5 ,200(*) ,927 5 ,579
* This is a lower bound of the true significance. a Lilliefors Significance Correction
2). Uji One Way ANOVA
ANOVA KADAR
Between Groups ,033 3 ,011 2,030 ,150
Within Groups ,086 16 ,005
