ART Banu W.Yohanes A Survey on 4g Full text

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A SURVEY ON ../G NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT Banu W. Yohanes

A SURVEY ON 4G NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO

ENVIRONMENT

Banu W. Yohanes

lJt:pLUUH.:Hl vl Ut:t:UUlllC illltl lomputer tngmeermg. ｾｏＮｈＩｩＮＡ＠ WilCi..IHil UHI!>llilll

UniYersity

Jl Diponegoro 52-60 Salat1ga 5071!

email bona yo a;gmail. com

Abstract

In the wireless communications conununity \Ye are witnessing more and more

the existence of the composiTe radio environment ( CRE) and as a consequence the

need for reconfigurability concepts based on cognitive. coopemtiYe. and

opportunistic algoritluns. This paper describes the fundamentals of 4G networks and

CRE by designing a management system for the CRE (MS-CRE) component which

attached to each nehYork. It also presents an analysis of protocol booster as an

element of the reconfiguration in 4G nenvorks. Based on experimental research for

the networks. it sho\\s that protocol boosters have potential to improYe protocol

perfo nuance.

Keywords: -IG netvrork\·, composiTe radio environment (( 'REJ. proTocol boosTer

1.

Introduction

The CRE assumes that different radio networks can be cooperating components

in a heterogenous wireless access infrastructure. through \Yhich nehvork pro,·iders

can more efficiently achieve the required capacity and quality of sen·ice (QoS)

leYels. ReconfigurabiJity enables terminals and nehYork elements dynamically to

select and adapt to the most appropriate radio access technologies for handling

conditions encountered in specific sen·ice area regions and time zones of the day.

Both concepts pose ne\Y reqmrements on the management of \\treless systems.

Techne Jurnal Umiah Elektroteknika Vol. 1

) No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107 123

Nowadays. a multiplicity of radio access teclmology (RAT) standards are used in

"ireless communications. As shown in Figure ! .. these technologies can be rough!:

categorized in four sets:

• Cellular networks that include second-generation (2G) mobile systems. such as

Glohal s,stem for Mobile CommumcatlotlS CGSM)

Ill.

and their eYolutwns.

olten called 2.:'iG s' stems. such as enhanced digital GSM eYolutwn (EDtil:.:).

General Packet Radio Access (GPRS) [2]. and IS 136m the US. These systems

are based on TDMA technology. Third generation (3G) mobile net\\ ori-s.

known as UniYersal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) (WCDMA

and cdma2000)

f3l

are based on CDMA technology that proYides up to 2

Mbit/s Llmg-term eYolution (l.TE) [4-121 0f these systems is e:x.pected ln

emlYe into 4G system providing up to 100 Mbit/s on the uplink and up to I

Gbit/s on the downlink. The solutions "·ill be based on a combination of

multtcarrier and space-time signal formats The network architectures include

macro. micro. and pico cellular networks and home (HAN) and personal area

network (PAN).

• Broadband radio access network (BRANs) [ 13] or wireless local area net" orks

(WLANs) [ 141 \Yhich are expected to provide up to l Gbit/s in 4G. These

teclmologies are based on OFDMA and space-time coding.

• Digital Yideo broadcasting (DVB) [151 and satellite conm1utlications. • Ad hoc and sensor networks with emerging applications

lOX

1

A SURVEY ON -IU NETWORKS ANIJ COMPOSITE RAIJlO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yohanes

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Figure J. Composite radio emironment in cogtlitive. cooperative. and opp01tunistic

4G networks.

2.

System Architecture

In order to increase the spectral efficiency furtheL besides the space.fime

frequency coding in the physical layer, the paradigms like cognithe ( l6-18J.

cooperative {19-21]. and opportunistic [22-241 solutions \viii be used.

Although 4G 1s open for ne" multiple access schemes. the CRE concept

remains attractive for increasing the serrice provision efficiency and the exploitation

possibilities of the m·ailable RATs. The main assumption is that the different radio

networks. GPRS. UMTS. BRAN/WLAN. DVB. and so on. can be components of

a

heterogeneous wireless access infrastucture. A net\vork provider (NP) can 0\\11

several components of the CR infrastructure (in other \Yords. can own licenses for

deploYing and operating different RATs). and can also cooperate "ith affiliated NPs

In ｡ｮｾ＠ case. an NP can reh on se,·eral alternate radio net\vorks and technologies. for

Techne Jurnal Umiah Elektroteknika Vol. 1

) No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107 123

Nowadays. a multiplicity of radio access teclmology (RAT) standards are used in

"ireless communications. As shown in Figure ! .. these technologies can be rough!:

categorized in four sets:

• Cellular networks that include second-generation (2G) mobile systems. such as

Glohal s,stem for Mobile CommumcatlotlS CGSM)

Ill.

and their eYolutwns.

olten called 2.:'iG s' stems. such as enhanced digital GSM eYolutwn (EDtil:.:).

General Packet Radio Access (GPRS) [2]. and IS 136m the US. These systems

are based on TDMA technology. Third generation (3G) mobile net\\ ori-s.

known as UniYersal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) (WCDMA

and cdma2000)

f3l

are based on CDMA technology that proYides up to 2

Mbit/s Llmg-term eYolution (l.TE) [4-121 0f these systems is e:x.pected ln

emlYe into 4G system providing up to 100 Mbit/s on the uplink and up to I

Gbit/s on the downlink. The solutions "·ill be based on a combination of

multtcarrier and space-time signal formats The network architectures include

macro. micro. and pico cellular networks and home (HAN) and personal area

network (PAN).

• Broadband radio access network (BRANs) [ 13] or wireless local area net" orks

(WLANs) [ 141 \Yhich are expected to provide up to l Gbit/s in 4G. These

teclmologies are based on OFDMA and space-time coding.

• Digital Yideo broadcasting (DVB) [151 and satellite conm1utlications. • Ad hoc and sensor networks with emerging applications

lOX

1

A SURVEY ON -IU NETWORKS ANIJ COMPOSITE RAIJlO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yohanes

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tl('l\\'tXb

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\."\>(tll£UK ;.t<klfl)

Adh<.:

m:tu·nri;:-.

s....,..J_

(J4'!1Ul"'M')'

<od.&nr;t

llflliMIJJ

ｳ｡ｾ＼＠ II lie

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nwhklfl R".,;ontiguration

..,_t

&

Ｎ｜ｾ＠ flytntmit:

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SJ!C<·Ira AltocJnloa

Rcronii$1Jr.:oi>IC

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ｾｃｮｦｴｾ､ｬｩｾﾷ｣Ｌ＠ Ctlllp!r.dh-t·

ｬｬｬｬ､ｏｒＢＧｦｬ｜｜ｾｩｳｬｬ＼ｊ＠

IIRAI'<I

WI.AN/If1<5ll

/

ｾｾＭＭfrrqvocy ｴＢｏｏＺｉｮｾ＠

/ tiGMtJ

[image:3.1054.75.470.67.508.2]

I

Figure J. Composite radio emironment in cogtlitive. cooperative. and opp01tunistic

4G networks.

2.

System Architecture

In order to increase the spectral efficiency furtheL besides the space.fime

frequency coding in the physical layer, the paradigms like cognithe ( l6-18J.

cooperative {19-21]. and opportunistic [22-241 solutions \viii be used.

Although 4G 1s open for ne" multiple access schemes. the CRE concept

remains attractive for increasing the serrice provision efficiency and the exploitation

possibilities of the m·ailable RATs. The main assumption is that the different radio

networks. GPRS. UMTS. BRAN/WLAN. DVB. and so on. can be components of

a

heterogeneous wireless access infrastucture. A net\vork provider (NP) can 0\\11

several components of the CR infrastructure (in other \Yords. can own licenses for

deploYing and operating different RATs). and can also cooperate "ith affiliated NPs

In ｡ｮｾ＠ case. an NP can reh on se,·eral alternate radio net\vorks and technologies. for

Techne Jurnal flmiah Elebroteknika Vol. 9 No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107 123

achienng the reqmred capacity and QoS levels. in a cost-efficient manner Users are

directed to the most appropriate radio networks and technologies. at different sernce

area regions and time zones of d1e ､｡ｾＮ＠ based on profile requirements and network

performance cnteria. The various RATs are thus used in a ｣ｯｭｰｬ･ｭ･ｮｴ｡ｲｾ＠ manner n₁ther than competing each other. EYen no" adan a mobile handset can make a

handoff beh,·een different RATs The deployment of CRE S\ stems can be facilitated

by the recontigurahility concept. which is an evolution of a soft"are-defined radio

[25. 261. The CRE requires terminals that are able to "ork mth different RATs. <md

the existence of multiple radio net\\ orks offering alternate "ireless access

capabilities to sen ice area regions. Reconfigurability supports the CRE concept by

prO\ 1d111g essenttal technologies that enable terminals and network element<:

dynamtcally (transparently and securely) to select and adapt to the set of RATs that

are most appropriate for the conditions encotmtered in specific sen·ice area regions

and time zones of the ､｡ｾﾷ＠ According to the reconfigurability concept. RAT selection

is not restricted to those that are pre-installed in the network element In fact the

required software components can be dynamically domlloaded. installed. and

Yalidated. Tllis makes it different from the static paradigm regarding the capabilities

of terminals and neh\ ark elements.

The networks proYide wireless access to IP (Internet protocols)-based

applications and sen ice continuity in the light of infrasystem mobility. Integration of

d1e network segments in the CR in1:l"astructure is acllieYed through the management system for the CRE (MS-CRE) components attached to each net\York. The

manaoement sYstem in each network manages a specific radio teclmology bo" eYer.

""

.

the platforms can cooperate The fi'i.ed (core and bacl,bone) net\YOrk will consist of

public and primte segments based on lpY4- and lp\6-based infrastructures A mobile

IP (MIP) "·ill enable the mamtenance of IP-le\el cotmecll\ ｩｴｾ＠ regardless of the likel:

changes in the underlying radio technologies used that will be imposed by the CRE

｣ｯｮ｣ｾｴＮ＠

I

Figures 2 and 3 depict the architecture of a ternunal that is capable of

operating in n CRE context The terminals include soft\Yare and hard" are

components (layer l and 2 functionalities) for operating \Yith different system The

higher protocol layers. in accordance with their peer entities in the net" ork. support

I l ()

A SURVEY ON -Ill NETWORKS ANO COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yohanes

continuous access to IP-based applications. Different protocol busters can further

enhance the efficiency of the protocol stack. There is a need to pro,ide the best

possible IP perfonnace owr wireless links. including legacy ｳｾ＠ stems. Within the

performance implications of link characteristics (PILC) and the IETF group. the

concept of a performance-enhancing pro'-.:Y (PEP) 127-301 has been chosen to refer to

a set of methods used to unproYe the perfornumce of Internet protocols on net\,ork

paths "here natiYe TCP/IP performance is degraded due to characteristics of a link.

Different types of PEPs. depending on their basic functi01ling. are also dtstinguished.

Some of them try to compensate for the poor performance by modif)-ing the

protocols themselYes. In contrast a symmetric/asymmetric boosting approach.

transparent to the upper layers. is often both more efficient and flexible

A common frame\York to house a number of different protocol boosters

proYides high t1exibility. as it may adapt to both the characteristics of the traffic

being deli,ered and the particular conditions of the links. In thts sense. a control

plane for easing the required information sharing (cross-layer commwlication and

configmability) is needed. Furthermore. anotl1er requirement comes from the

appearance of multihop communications. as PEPs haYe been traditionally used mer

the last hop. so they should be adapted to the multihop scenario.

rcm1\nal ｭ｡ｲｵＺｾｮｴ＠

;;;y!itcrn

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• Mobility m ... ｾＭＮＮＱ＠

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• Prufile ｭ｡ｮｾｧ･ｭ｣ｲｲｴ＠ t1SC'·f ｰｲＭ｣ｦｌ＼＾ｲ･ＱｋｾｃｓＮ＠

tctmin:od char.K1L-ristics

if

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CI'RS""l'P'"'

ｲｲＺ｡ｳｊｾｦｕｔｬｃｮｴ＠

""""''"'

laJ"-r.< 211

Application ｅｾ＠ for TMS ｩｮｾ･ｲ｡｣ｴｩｯｯ＠ and

lofnrmation fltw.· l<)'ndmmit..alion

1

TCJ>IIJI)P

1

rl

1

r

I

l'MTS Sllf'f'Url WLANIIJitAN f"'l''<"' Suppott ptoi<Mll

l.a)'<n 211 !.aye.-. 2/1

I'""'''''' I

hfx)!tlcrs & L'nnwn;ton

1

1

l>VIl-T

Support proiOcol lay!.'" :111

Figure 2 Architecture of a terminal that operates in a composite radjo emiromnent.

[image:4.1053.72.471.240.598.2]

Techne Jurnal flmiah Elebroteknika Vol. 9 No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107 123

achienng the reqmred capacity and QoS levels. in a cost-efficient manner Users are

directed to the most appropriate radio networks and technologies. at different sernce

area regions and time zones of d1e ､｡ｾＮ＠ based on profile requirements and network

performance cnteria. The various RATs are thus used in a ｣ｯｭｰｬ･ｭ･ｮｴ｡ｲｾ＠ manner n₁ther than competing each other. EYen no" adan a mobile handset can make a

handoff beh,·een different RATs The deployment of CRE S\ stems can be facilitated

by the recontigurahility concept. which is an evolution of a soft"are-defined radio

[25. 261. The CRE requires terminals that are able to "ork mth different RATs. <md

the existence of multiple radio net\\ orks offering alternate "ireless access

capabilities to sen ice area regions. Reconfigurability supports the CRE concept by

prO\ 1d111g essenttal technologies that enable terminals and network element<:

dynamtcally (transparently and securely) to select and adapt to the set of RATs that

are most appropriate for the conditions encotmtered in specific sen·ice area regions

and time zones of the ､｡ｾﾷ＠ According to the reconfigurability concept. RAT selection

is not restricted to those that are pre-installed in the network element In fact the

required software components can be dynamically domlloaded. installed. and

Yalidated. Tllis makes it different from the static paradigm regarding the capabilities

of terminals and neh\ ark elements.

The networks proYide wireless access to IP (Internet protocols)-based

applications and sen ice continuity in the light of infrasystem mobility. Integration of

d1e network segments in the CR in1:l"astructure is acllieYed through the management system for the CRE (MS-CRE) components attached to each net\York. The

manaoement sYstem in each network manages a specific radio teclmology bo" eYer.

""

.

the platforms can cooperate The fi'i.ed (core and bacl,bone) net\YOrk will consist of

public and primte segments based on lpY4- and lp\6-based infrastructures A mobile

IP (MIP) "·ill enable the mamtenance of IP-le\el cotmecll\ ｩｴｾ＠ regardless of the likel:

changes in the underlying radio technologies used that will be imposed by the CRE

｣ｯｮ｣ｾｴＮ＠

I

Figures 2 and 3 depict the architecture of a ternunal that is capable of

operating in n CRE context The terminals include soft\Yare and hard" are

components (layer l and 2 functionalities) for operating \Yith different system The

higher protocol layers. in accordance with their peer entities in the net" ork. support

I l ()

A SURVEY ON -Ill NETWORKS ANO COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yohanes

continuous access to IP-based applications. Different protocol busters can further

enhance the efficiency of the protocol stack. There is a need to pro,ide the best

possible IP perfonnace owr wireless links. including legacy ｳｾ＠ stems. Within the

performance implications of link characteristics (PILC) and the IETF group. the

concept of a performance-enhancing pro'-.:Y (PEP) 127-301 has been chosen to refer to

a set of methods used to unproYe the perfornumce of Internet protocols on net\,ork

paths "here natiYe TCP/IP performance is degraded due to characteristics of a link.

Different types of PEPs. depending on their basic functi01ling. are also dtstinguished.

Some of them try to compensate for the poor performance by modif)-ing the

protocols themselYes. In contrast a symmetric/asymmetric boosting approach.

transparent to the upper layers. is often both more efficient and flexible

A common frame\York to house a number of different protocol boosters

proYides high t1exibility. as it may adapt to both the characteristics of the traffic

being deli,ered and the particular conditions of the links. In thts sense. a control

plane for easing the required information sharing (cross-layer commwlication and

configmability) is needed. Furthermore. anotl1er requirement comes from the

appearance of multihop communications. as PEPs haYe been traditionally used mer

the last hop. so they should be adapted to the multihop scenario.

rcm1\nal ｭ｡ｲｵＺｾｮｴ＠

;;;y!itcrn

-• Ncl\1/ltrk dis:covt.·ry ,JUp:JXlf'l • NctYtx}f'\ sck:ctioo

• Mobility m ... ｾＭＮＮＱ＠

inlotl<)'Jilem lvctlkall

-handovcr

• ｾｩｩ＠ monitoring

• Prufile ｭ｡ｮｾｧ･ｭ｣ｲｲｴ＠ t1SC'·f ｰｲＭ｣ｦｌ＼＾ｲ･ＱｋｾｃｓＮ＠

tctmin:od char.K1L-ristics

if

handw1dtll

CI'RS""l'P'"'

ｲｲＺ｡ｳｊｾｦｕｔｬｃｮｴ＠

""""''"'

laJ"-r.< 211

Application ｅｾ＠ for TMS ｩｮｾ･ｲ｡｣ｴｩｯｯ＠ and

lofnrmation fltw.· l<)'ndmmit..alion

1

TCJ>IIJI)P

1

rl

1

r

I

l'MTS Sllf'f'Url WLANIIJitAN f"'l''<"' Suppott ptoi<Mll

l.a)'<n 211 !.aye.-. 2/1

I'""'''''' I

hfx)!tlcrs & L'nnwn;ton

1

1

l>VIl-T

Support proiOcol lay!.'" :111

Figure 2 Architecture of a terminal that operates in a composite radjo emiromnent.

[image:5.1053.72.471.240.598.2]

Techne Jurnalllmiah Eleltroteknikn Vol. 4 _{No. 2 Ol.."tober 2010 Hull07- 123}

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.. 11:11 ,

Figure 3. Architecture of a terminal that operates in the reconfigurability context

Most communicatjons networks are subj ect to time and regional \-aria.tions in

traffic demands. which lead to nlfiations in the degree to which the spectrum is utilized. Therefore, a service's radio spectrum can be underused at certain times or geographical areas. while another sen·ice may experience a shortage at the same time/place Giyeo the Jugh economic Yalue placed on the radio spectrum and the

importance of spectrum efficiency. it is dear that wastage of radio spectrum must be

a\'oided.

These issues pro'fide the moth·ation for a scheme called

dynantic spectnuu allocation (DSA. wlucb aims to manage the spectrum utilized by a conYerged radio

system and share it bet\ -een participating rad io networks oYer space and time to

increase oYernll spectrum efficiency. as shoml in Figures 4. and 5.

Composite radio systems and rec<>nfigurabilit. ·. discussed abm·e. are potential

enablers of DSA systems. C roposite radio systems allow seamless deli,·ery of

sen·ices through the most appropriate access network. and close nehYork cooperation

can facilitate the sharing not only senices but also spectmm. Reconfigurability is

ｮｬｳｯ ｾ Ｇｬ＠ ,-ery important issue. since with a DSA system a radio access network could

potentially be allocated any frequency ut am· time in ru.1y location. It should be noted that the application layer is enhanced with the means to S) n hronize ·arious

Jl2

A SURVEY ON ..IG NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT

Banu W. Yohanes

information st reams of the same application. which could be transported

sinmltaneously oYer different RATs.

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Figure 4. Fixed spectrum allocation compared to contjguous and fragmented DSA.

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Figure 5. DSA operation configurations : (a) static (current spectrum allocations): (b)

continuous DSA operations: (c) discrete DSA operations.

The termin. I mnnag ment sys tem (TMS) is essential for pronding

funclionaUty that xploits lh CR em ironment. On the user/terminal side, the main

Techne Jurnalllmiah Eleltroteknikn Vol. 4 _{No. 2 Ol.."tober 2010 Hull07- 123}

AJII'Ilcallml

- "-<ldfarTM!i - A I P

ＧＱ｜Ｇｭｬｬｬｬｬｬｾ＠

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• ｾｾｾｬｦｩＡｄｦ＠ ｲｮｾＧｗＧｴｬ＠ n

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I

TC MlOP

1

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l

ＱｦｨＢｾｾ＠ ｜ＮＧ｜ Ｇｬｦｩ｜ｐｾ ＧＱ ｕ ＩｉＮ＠ h'f" aJm1TIUttk1111! .. ｾｾｴｮ ﾷ＠.. ｾ ｾ＠

.. 11:11 ,

Figure 3. Architecture of a terminal that operates in the reconfigurability context

Most communicatjons networks are subj ect to time and regional \-aria.tions in

traffic demands. which lead to nlfiations in the degree to which the spectrum is utilized. Therefore, a service's radio spectrum can be underused at certain times or geographical areas. while another sen·ice may experience a shortage at the same time/place Giyeo the Jugh economic Yalue placed on the radio spectrum and the

importance of spectrum efficiency. it is dear that wastage of radio spectrum must be

a\'oided.

These issues pro'fide the moth·ation for a scheme called

dynantic spectnuu allocation (DSA. wlucb aims to manage the spectrum utilized by a conYerged radio

system and share it bet\ -een participating rad io networks oYer space and time to

increase oYernll spectrum efficiency. as shoml in Figures 4. and 5.

Composite radio systems and rec<>nfigurabilit. ·. discussed abm·e. are potential

enablers of DSA systems. C roposite radio systems allow seamless deli,·ery of

sen·ices through the most appropriate access network. and close nehYork cooperation

can facilitate the sharing not only senices but also spectmm. Reconfigurability is

ｮｬｳｯ ｾ Ｇｬ＠ ,-ery important issue. since with a DSA system a radio access network could

potentially be allocated any frequency ut am· time in ru.1y location. It should be noted that the application layer is enhanced with the means to S) n hronize ·arious

Jl2

A SURVEY ON ..IG NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT

Banu W. Yohanes

information st reams of the same application. which could be transported

sinmltaneously oYer different RATs.

f.•I X(d _{ｃｾＧｬｬｬｩｾＭＮｵＮｾ＠}

ｾ＠ 2 "'

...

§

l

ｾ＠

:2l. z

<

:i

_{ｾ＠ ｾ＠} 1:11

v

I r.• r1

ｾ＠

ｉ ｾ＠

ｾ＠

3

ｾ＠

"'

!

lril I

1--J-ｾ Ｍ

1--I

i

ｾ＠

I

ｾ＠ z

ｾ＠

z

ｾ＠ ｾ＠ < _{at: :i}

I - J-

f-1-· L-A

I--,..._

Ｍ ｾＮｾ＠

1I

-ｾ＠ -ｾ＠ -ｾ＠

ｾ＠

-i ""

:0:

ｾ＠

[image:7.1051.72.441.176.544.2]

'lime I)( ｲ｣ｾｩ＼ｗｉ＠

Figure 4. Fixed spectrum allocation compared to contjguous and fragmented DSA.

I I j

i

0 I

..

i

i

lcl

Figure 5. DSA operation configurations : (a) static (current spectrum allocations): (b)

continuous DSA operations: (c) discrete DSA operations.

The termin. I mnnag ment sys tem (TMS) is essential for pronding

funclionaUty that xploits lh CR em ironment. On the user/terminal side, the main

Technc Jurnal Ihniah Elektroteknika Vol.') No.2 Oktober 2010 Hall07- l23

focus is on the determination of the networks that proYide. in a cost-efficient manner.

the best QoS leYels for the set of actiYe applications. A llrst requirement is that the

MS-CRE should exploit the capabilities of the CR infrastructure Tllis can be done in

a reactiYe or proactiYe member.

ReactiYeh _ the MS-C'RE reacts to ne" sernce area conditions. such as the

unexpected emergence of hot spots. Proactiwly. the management s' stem can

anticipate changes in the demand pattern. Such situations can be aile' iated ｢ｾ＠ using

alternate components of the CR infrastructure to achieYe the required capaCity and

QoS leYels. The second requirement is that the MS-CRE should prm ide resource

brokerage functionality to enable the cooperation of the net\Yorks of the CR

mfrastucture. ｆｩｮ｡ｬｬｾＮ＠ parts of the MS-CRE should be capable of dtrecting users to

the most appropriate networks of the CR infrastucture. "·here they will obtain

sen·ices efficiently in terms of cost and QoS. To achieYe the abm e requirements the

MS architecture shom1 in Ftgure 6. is required

The architecture consists of tluee main logical entities:

• Monitoring. serYice-lewl information and resource brokerage (MSRB).

• Resource management strategies (RMS ).

• Session managers (SMs).

ｍｮｾｩｫ＠ (::·.)

h:rm1rwtl

ll..:.:r.mJ ｾＮｯｯＱｲＬＩｬ＠ ｲｬｾＭＬＧｬＬＮ＠ lnh' ｲｦＺｾＮＺＬＧ＠

Managed uctwUfk (compnrh:nl nf CR

infr.aslftKiurd-ｴＬ｣ｾｭＮＺｹ＠ ch:mcl\1: 11nd JK1worl manag..:mcnt ＺｩｹｾｴＨＧｬＱ｢＠

ｦｩＮｾｲｵｲ･＠ () Architecture of the MS-CRE

l ] .. f

A SURVEY ON -lfi NETWORK.\' AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVJRONMENT

Banu W Yohancs

The MSRB entity identifies the triggers (eYents) that should be handled by the

MS-CRE and proYides corresponding auxiliary (supporting) functionality. The RMS

entity prm·ides the necessary optimization functionality. The SM entity is in charge

of interacting "ith the actiYe subscribed user/ternlinals. The operations steps and

cooperation of the RMS components are shom1 in Ftgures 7 and X . respecri' eh

In order to gain an insight mto the scope and range of possible

reconfigurations. reYie'' the net" ork and protocol stack architectures of the basic

CRE components as indicated in Figure 1.

ｓ｣ｾｾｩｩｮｬ＠

ｏＩ［ｬｮｾＮＮＺｲ＠

I

I il.kn Ufil':II.H>n or m;v.c

'-"lmdilion in ｳ｣ｮｩｌＧｾ＠ &KC.t

MStB RMS

2. ｅｾｴｲ｡､ｩｯｮ＠ of .Qa.lu" uf

Nctworl< and ol SLA>

"""'· l.:klerminatiOn nr nt.·w

:-;ern(.-..:- pn.l'f'b:ion pau.:m (f.)oS

ｬ･ｶ･ｬｾＮ＠ 1raflk ､ｨｵｩｾｵｴｬｯｮ＠ ttl network:§;•

Complllutton of

Tc-ntall\'e ｲｯ｣ｯｩ｜ｃｩｧｵｲ｡ｴｩｯｮＺｾ＠

I

5. S.!lutklll

"""'·l'l•""'

phnsc. R«."<lllllgutnlloo ol managed

rkLwtrt and ｭ［ｵＱ｡ｧｾＮＮｾ＠ ｾｸｭ｡ｰｯｯ｣ｮｴＺｳ＠

I

ｍＮｾＮｃｒｅ＠

Figure 7. MS-CRE operation scenario.

[image:8.1051.71.454.180.549.2]

Technc Jurnal Ihniah Elektroteknika Vol.') No.2 Oktober 2010 Hall07- l23

focus is on the determination of the networks that proYide. in a cost-efficient manner.

the best QoS leYels for the set of actiYe applications. A llrst requirement is that the

MS-CRE should exploit the capabilities of the CR infrastructure Tllis can be done in

a reactiYe or proactiYe member.

ReactiYeh _ the MS-C'RE reacts to ne" sernce area conditions. such as the

unexpected emergence of hot spots. Proactiwly. the management s' stem can

anticipate changes in the demand pattern. Such situations can be aile' iated ｢ｾ＠ using

alternate components of the CR infrastructure to achieYe the required capaCity and

QoS leYels. The second requirement is that the MS-CRE should prm ide resource

brokerage functionality to enable the cooperation of the net\Yorks of the CR

mfrastucture. ｆｩｮ｡ｬｬｾＮ＠ parts of the MS-CRE should be capable of dtrecting users to

the most appropriate networks of the CR infrastucture. "·here they will obtain

sen·ices efficiently in terms of cost and QoS. To achieYe the abm e requirements the

MS architecture shom1 in Ftgure 6. is required

The architecture consists of tluee main logical entities:

• Monitoring. serYice-lewl information and resource brokerage (MSRB).

• Resource management strategies (RMS ).

• Session managers (SMs).

ｍｮｾｩｫ＠ (::·.)

h:rm1rwtl

ll..:.:r.mJ ｾＮｯｯＱｲＬＩｬ＠ ｲｬｾＭＬＧｬＬＮ＠ lnh' ｲｦＺｾＮＺＬＧ＠

Managed uctwUfk (compnrh:nl nf CR

infr.aslftKiurd-ｴＬ｣ｾｭＮＺｹ＠ ch:mcl\1: 11nd JK1worl manag..:mcnt ＺｩｹｾｴＨＧｬＱ｢＠

ｦｩＮｾｲｵｲ･＠ () Architecture of the MS-CRE

l ] .. f

A SURVEY ON -lfi NETWORK.\' AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVJRONMENT

Banu W Yohancs

The MSRB entity identifies the triggers (eYents) that should be handled by the

MS-CRE and proYides corresponding auxiliary (supporting) functionality. The RMS

entity prm·ides the necessary optimization functionality. The SM entity is in charge

of interacting "ith the actiYe subscribed user/ternlinals. The operations steps and

cooperation of the RMS components are shom1 in Ftgures 7 and X . respecri' eh

In order to gain an insight mto the scope and range of possible

reconfigurations. reYie'' the net" ork and protocol stack architectures of the basic

CRE components as indicated in Figure 1.

ｓ｣ｾｾｩｩｮｬ＠

ｏＩ［ｬｮｾＮＮＺｲ＠

I

I il.kn Ufil':II.H>n or m;v.c

'-"lmdilion in ｳ｣ｮｩｌＧｾ＠ &KC.t

MStB RMS

2. ｅｾｴｲ｡､ｩｯｮ＠ of .Qa.lu" uf

Nctworl< and ol SLA>

"""'· l.:klerminatiOn nr nt.·w

:-;ern(.-..:- pn.l'f'b:ion pau.:m (f.)oS

ｬ･ｶ･ｬｾＮ＠ 1raflk ､ｨｵｩｾｵｴｬｯｮ＠ ttl network:§;•

Complllutton of

Tc-ntall\'e ｲｯ｣ｯｩ｜ｃｩｧｵｲ｡ｴｩｯｮＺｾ＠

I

5. S.!lutklll

"""'·l'l•""'

phnsc. R«."<lllllgutnlloo ol managed

rkLwtrt and ｭ［ｵＱ｡ｧｾＮＮｾ＠ ｾｸｭ｡ｰｯｯ｣ｮｴＺｳ＠

I

ｍＮｾＮｃｒｅ＠

Figure 7. MS-CRE operation scenario.

[image:9.1051.71.454.180.549.2]

Technc Jurnnl Tlmiah Elcktroteknika Vol. l) No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal107 -123

MSIUI _{lroffic di!ilriOUIIUil} ｾｦ｜ﾷｩ｣｣＠ ｣ＬｭｦｬＬＡＡｕｲｾｬｩ｜ＧＢ＠

2. Sc.rv-icco configurru.ion :Uld Lr.allic distnbution:

ａｬｨｾ｡Ｎｬｩｯｮ＠ to (.)o." :tnd Jll'tu.'{tfb.

4. Sdoclion l,f hcst

Fea.'i ib".: :-.ol ut ion

"\h. ('ompuhninn tll

1'..:-utativL n<:Cwork n .. "Configuration

7. Network ｣ｮｮｬｩｾｵ｣｡ｴｴｵｮ＠

FigureR. Cooperation of the RMS components.

3.

Protocol Boosters Analysis

As pointed out in Figure 2 .. an element of the reconf1guration in 4G nen,orks

are protocol boosters. A protocol boosters is a soft,yare or hardware module that

trmlsparently improYes protocol performance. The booster cm1 reside any" here in the

net" ork or end systems. and may operate independently (one-element booster) or m

cooperation "·ith other protocol boosters (multielement booster). Protocol boosters

proYide ru₁ architectural alternatiYe to existing protocol adaptation techniques. such

as protocol com ersion

A protocol booster 1s a supporting agent that by 1tself is not a protocol lt ｭ｡ｾ＠

dd delete or delaY protocol messages. but neYer originates. terminates. or com ert

a ｾＭ - .

that protocol. A multielement protocol booster ｭ｡ｾ＠ define ne" protocol messages to

exchange among then1Se1Yes. but these protocols are originated and terminated

｢ｾ＠

prot [image:10.1055.73.471.81.698.2]

9

col booster elements. and are not Yisible or mem1ingful external to the booster

Figure !J sho" s the information flo" in a generic t" o-element booster A protocol

:H'c)>k' t:trt:p:u·t:·11! \(' 1hc protocol being boosted Thus the elimination of a

pr,llCic,d bc;c,stcr \\ill nn1 prE"·ent end-tn-end communication. as would. for example.

the renH•\;1! of' cme ｴｾｮ､＠ nf ＺＭｾ＠ cotwersinn (e g a TCP/IP header compression unit)

A SURVEY ON .J(i NETWORKS AND COMPO.\'ITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT

Banu W Yohanes

ｾＱ_{ｦＮ［ｬｩ｜ｋ｜ｉｉ＠ ｬｬｨＮＺＧＩ［ｾＺｊｉＡＡ｜ＮＧＺ＾Ｎ＠}

... -... ________ --- ... ---+

... ll I ' ｾｾ＠ i ._ ! 'll, ' ' ｾｉ＠'' ''

Figure '0 T\\ o-element booste1

Some exrunp1es of protocol busters are:

1. One-element error detection booster for UDP

UDP has an optional 16-bit checksum field in the header If it contains the

' alue zero. it means that the checksum was not computed by the source.

Computing this checksum may be wasteful on a reliable LAN. On the other

hand. if errors are possibk. the checksum greatly improYes data integritY. A

transmitter sending data does not compute a checksum for either local or

remote destinations. For reliable local communications, this saYes the

checksum computation (at the source and destination). For "ide-area

communication. the single-element error detection booster computes the

checksum and puts it into the UDP header. The booster could be located either

in the source host (below the leYel of UDP) or in gate"·ay machine.

2. One-element ACK compression booster for TCP

On a system "·ith assymetric chmmel speeds. such as broadcast sate11ite. the

fom m·d (data) chrumel ｭ｡ｾ＠ be COI1SJderably faster than the return (ACK)

channel On such a system. many TCP ACKs may bwld up m a queue.

inneasing round-trip time and thus reducing the transmission rate for a giYen

TCP windmY size. The nature ofTCP's cumulatiYe ACKs means that any ACK

ackno" ledges as least as many b)1es of data as any earlier ACK Consequently.

if seYeral ACKs are in a queue. it is necessm)· to keep only the ACK that has

arriYed most recently. A simple ACK compression booster could et1Sure that

only a single ACK exists in the queue for each TCP connection. (A more

sophisticated ACK compression booster allo"·s some duplicate ACKs to pass.

allo"ing the TCP transmitter to get a better picture of net"·ork congestion.)

Tcclme Jurnal JJmiah Elcktroteknika Vol. 'J No 2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107- 123

3.

4.

The booster increases the protocol performance because it reduces the ACK

latency and allmYs faster transmission for a giYen "indow size.

One-element congestion control booster for TCP

Congestion control reduces buffer oYerflo\\ loss ｢ｾﾷ＠ reducing the transmission

r:Jt<:' at the source ,,hen the ｮ･ｾＬＭｯｲｫ＠ is congested. A TCP transmitter deduces information about net\\ork congestion by exammmg ackno\\ledgments (ACKs)

sent by the TCP receiYer If the transmitter sees se,·eral AC Ks "ith the same

sequence number. then it assumes that network congestion caused a loss of data

messages. If congestion is noted in a subnet. then a control booster could

artificially produce duplicate ACK.s. The TCP receiver \Yould think that data

messages haYe been lost because of congestion. and "ould reduce its "indo"

size. thus reducing the amount of data it injects into the net\YOrk.

One-element ARQ booster for TCP

TCP uses ARQ to retransmit data unacknowledged by the receiYer "hen a

packet loss is suspected. such as after a retransmission timeout expires.

Assuming the net\York of Figure 9. (except that Booster B does not exist). then

an ARQ booster for TCP will:

a) cache packets from Host Y:

b) if it sees a duplicate acknowledgment arriYe from Host X and it has the next

packet in the cache. then it deletes the acknowledgment and retransmits the

next packet (because a packet must haYe been lost behYeen the booster and

Host X):

c) delete packets retransmitted from Host Y that haYe been ackno" I edged ｢ｾ＠

Host X

The ARQ booster improYes performance by shortening the retransmission path

A typical application "ould be if Host X "ere on a wireless net"ork and the

booster were on the interface bet\Yeen the ''ireless and wireline nehYorks.

5.

f

A forward erasure correction booster for IP or TCP

!IR

For mm1y real time and multicast applications. fonYard error correction coding

1s desirable. The t" o-element FZC booster uses a packet fom ard error

correction code and erasure decoding. The FZC booster at the transmitter side

6.

7.

A SURVEY ON .I(; NETWORKS AND COMPO.\'ITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT Bur111 W Yohuncs

of the network adds parity packets. The FZC booster at the receiYer side

remo,·es the parity packets and regenerates missing data packets. The FZC

booster can be applied bet\\ een any t\YO points in a net\York (including the end

systems). If applied to an IP. then a sequence number booster adds sequence

number information to the data packets before the first FZC booster Tf applied

to TCP (or any protocol "·ith sequence number information)_ then the FZC

booster can be more efficient because:

a 1 it does not need to add sequence numbers.

b1 it could add ne" parity information on TCP retrm1smission (rather than

repeating the same parities)_

At the receiYer side. the FZC booster could combine information from multiple

TCP retransmissions for FZC decoding.

Two-element jitter control booster for IP

For real time communications. we may be mterested in bounding the mnount of

jitter that occurs in the nenvork. A jitter control booster cm1 be used to reduce

jitter at the expense of increased latency. At the first booster element the

timestamps m·e generated for each data message that passes. These timestamps

are transmitted to the second booster element. which delays messages and

attempts to reproduce the intermessage interyal that \Yas measured by the first

booster element.

T\YO-element selectiYe ARQ booster for IP or TCP

For links with significant errors rate using a selectiw ARQ protocol (\Yith

seiectiYe acknmdedgment and selectiYe retransmission) can ｳｩｧｮｩｦｩ｣｡ｮｴＡｾ＠

imprm e the efficiency compared to using Tcp· s ARQ (\\ ith cumulatiYe

ackt1o" ledgment and possibly go-back-N retransmission) The two element

ARQ booster uses a selecti' e ARQ booster to supplement TCP by

a) caching packets in the upstream booster.

b) sending negati Ye acknowledgments when gaps are detected in the

do\\nstream booster.

c) selecliYely retrm1smitting the packet requested m the negatiYe

Technc Jurnnl Tlmiah Elcktroteknika Vol. l) No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal107 -123

MSIUI _{lroffic di!ilriOUIIUil} ｾｦ｜ﾷｩ｣｣＠ ｣ＬｭｦｬＬＡＡｕｲｾｬｩ｜ＧＢ＠

2. Sc.rv-icco configurru.ion :Uld Lr.allic distnbution:

ａｬｨｾ｡Ｎｬｩｯｮ＠ to (.)o." :tnd Jll'tu.'{tfb.

4. Sdoclion l,f hcst

Fea.'i ib".: :-.ol ut ion

"\h. ('ompuhninn tll

1'..:-utativL n<:Cwork n .. "Configuration

7. Network ｣ｮｮｬｩｾｵ｣｡ｴｴｵｮ＠

FigureR. Cooperation of the RMS components.

3.

Protocol Boosters Analysis

As pointed out in Figure 2 .. an element of the reconf1guration in 4G nen,orks

are protocol boosters. A protocol boosters is a soft,yare or hardware module that

trmlsparently improYes protocol performance. The booster cm1 reside any" here in the

net" ork or end systems. and may operate independently (one-element booster) or m

cooperation "·ith other protocol boosters (multielement booster). Protocol boosters

proYide ru₁ architectural alternatiYe to existing protocol adaptation techniques. such

as protocol com ersion

A protocol booster 1s a supporting agent that by 1tself is not a protocol lt ｭ｡ｾ＠

dd delete or delaY protocol messages. but neYer originates. terminates. or com ert

a ｾＭ - .

that protocol. A multielement protocol booster ｭ｡ｾ＠ define ne" protocol messages to

exchange among then1Se1Yes. but these protocols are originated and terminated

｢ｾ＠

prot [image:12.1055.73.471.81.698.2]

9

col booster elements. and are not Yisible or mem1ingful external to the booster

Figure !J sho" s the information flo" in a generic t" o-element booster A protocol

:H'c)>k' t:trt:p:u·t:·11! \(' 1hc protocol being boosted Thus the elimination of a

pr,llCic,d bc;c,stcr \\ill nn1 prE"·ent end-tn-end communication. as would. for example.

the renH•\;1! of' cme ｴｾｮ､＠ nf ＺＭｾ＠ cotwersinn (e g a TCP/IP header compression unit)

A SURVEY ON .J(i NETWORKS AND COMPO.\'ITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT

Banu W Yohanes

ｾＱ_{ｦＮ［ｬｩ｜ｋ｜ｉｉ＠ ｬｬｨＮＺＧＩ［ｾＺｊｉＡＡ｜ＮＧＺ＾Ｎ＠}

... -... ________ --- ... ---+

... ll I ' ｾｾ＠ i ._ ! 'll, ' ' ｾｉ＠'' ''

Figure '0 T\\ o-element booste1

Some exrunp1es of protocol busters are:

1. One-element error detection booster for UDP

UDP has an optional 16-bit checksum field in the header If it contains the

' alue zero. it means that the checksum was not computed by the source.

Computing this checksum may be wasteful on a reliable LAN. On the other

hand. if errors are possibk. the checksum greatly improYes data integritY. A

transmitter sending data does not compute a checksum for either local or

remote destinations. For reliable local communications, this saYes the

checksum computation (at the source and destination). For "ide-area

communication. the single-element error detection booster computes the

checksum and puts it into the UDP header. The booster could be located either

in the source host (below the leYel of UDP) or in gate"·ay machine.

2. One-element ACK compression booster for TCP

On a system "·ith assymetric chmmel speeds. such as broadcast sate11ite. the

fom m·d (data) chrumel ｭ｡ｾ＠ be COI1SJderably faster than the return (ACK)

channel On such a system. many TCP ACKs may bwld up m a queue.

inneasing round-trip time and thus reducing the transmission rate for a giYen

TCP windmY size. The nature ofTCP's cumulatiYe ACKs means that any ACK

ackno" ledges as least as many b)1es of data as any earlier ACK Consequently.

if seYeral ACKs are in a queue. it is necessm)· to keep only the ACK that has

arriYed most recently. A simple ACK compression booster could et1Sure that

only a single ACK exists in the queue for each TCP connection. (A more

sophisticated ACK compression booster allo"·s some duplicate ACKs to pass.

allo"ing the TCP transmitter to get a better picture of net"·ork congestion.)

Techne Jurnol Ilmiuh Elektroteknika Vol 9 No. 2 Oktober 20 l 0 Hal I 07 - 123

4. Discussion and further development

4

o wireless net\Yorks might be using a spatial notching (angle a) to suppress

completely antenna radiation to\Yards the user. as illustrated in Figure I o. These

solutions "ill be referred to as -green wireless networks- for ob\ious reasons ln

order to ensure the connectiYity Ill the case when alllt::HUil iuU...: i:> uu! uu ＮＮＺＢＢＧＬ［ｾＬＬ＠ "·-'. '"

the access point a multihop conununication. "Ith the possibiht: of relayutg. b

required In addition. to reduce the oYerall transnul power a cooperati\ e transtmt

diYersity and adaptiYe medium access control {MAC) protocol can be used

\

' ).--.·."··.·.··.·. ＮｩｾＸｩ［Ｚ＠ '

.,

lw 2

.

' .

"'"-

.

ＭＭｾ＠

( /· ＭＬｾ＠.. ｾｾ＠

ｾＮｴＧ＠

'l

[image:13.1054.69.467.87.719.2]

1 Tl1l·ee-dtinensional amplitude patterns of a hYo-element umform

Figure IO .

amplitude array for d=2i,. directioned tO\Yards (a) 8o

=

o ·

lbJ

8" = 60 :

2 Three-dimensional runplitude patterns of a ten-element uniform

f'.01- d=,'J4. directioned towards (a) ･ｾ＠

-::-

o. (b)

amplitude ｡ｲｲ｡ｾ＠

A SURVEY ON ./6' NETWORK/;' ANI> COMPO.\'TTE RA/JlO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yolwnes

References

[I] M_ Mouh and M -8. Pautet. 1l1e GSM .\vstern fin- Mohilc CommJI/11('(//1011S.

Palaiseau. France. 1992.

[2} R. Kalden. I. Meirick. and M_ Meyer. Wireless Internet access based on GPRS.

!F/·T Pen f'nnm11111 \ol7 110 :?. April 2000. pp X-IX

1' 1 Ｓｾ＼ Ｑ＠ Generation Pm·tnership Project OGPPt http:/1\Y\\W 1gpp org

[4] P Mogensen. We1 Na. L Z KoYacs. F. Frederiksen. A Pokhari\ al. K I

Pedersen. T Kolding. K Hugl and M. Kuusela. L TE capacity compared to the

Sha1mon bound. in VehJcnlar Technolo:.;;y Con{. 22-25 April 2007. pp

1234-l23X.

[51 H Holma_ A Toskala. K Rantha-aho_ and J Pirskanen. H1gh-speed packet

access e\olution in 3GPP Release 7 {Topics in Radio Conununications]. IEEE Comnum Mag. Yol. 45. no. 12. December 2007. pp. 29-35 .

f6J A Hoikkanen. A techno-economic analysis of 3G long-term e\olution for

broadband access. in ｃＰＱｾｬ＠ on Telecommun. Techno-Economics. 14-15 June 2007.pp. !-7.

[7] A Racz. A TemesYary. N. Reider. Hando\'er performance in 3GPP long term

eYolution (L TE) systems. in Mobile ru1d Wireless Commun. Summit 16th IST.

1-5 July 20tH. pp. l-5.

(8] M. Valkama. L Anttila and M_ Renfors. Some radio implementation challenges

in 3G-LTE context. in Signal Processing Adnnces in Wireless Conunun ..

UEE 8'1' Workshop on SPA WC 2007. 17-20 June. pp. 1-5

[9] J J. Sanchez. D. Morales-Jimenez. G Gomez and J. T Enbrambasaguas. PhYsical Layer performance of long term e-rolution m cellular technology. 111

J

r/"

JST A1ohile and Wireless Commun. Summit. J -5 July 2007. pp. l-5.

[JO] J. Berkmam1. C. Carbonelli. F. Dietrich. C. Drewes. and Wen Xu. On 3G LTE

terminal implementation standards. algorithms. complexities. and challenges.

in Internal tonal Wireless Commun and Mobile Computing Conl!W'CA1C '08.

()-X August 200X. pp 970-975.

1111 C. Sp1egeL J Berkmann_ Zijian Ba'. T Scholand. and C Dre\\ es. MIMO schemes m UTRA L TE a comparison. in IEEE VehJculor rechnoloi:.l' Conl.

J J-14 Mm 2008. pp.222X-2232.

Tcclme Jurnal JJmiah Elcktroteknika Vol. 'J No 2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107- 123

3.

4.

The booster increases the protocol performance because it reduces the ACK

latency and allmYs faster transmission for a giYen "indow size.

One-element congestion control booster for TCP

Congestion control reduces buffer oYerflo\\ loss ｢ｾﾷ＠ reducing the transmission

r:Jt<:' at the source ,,hen the ｮ･ｾＬＭｯｲｫ＠ is congested. A TCP transmitter deduces information about net\\ork congestion by exammmg ackno\\ledgments (ACKs)

sent by the TCP receiYer If the transmitter sees se,·eral AC Ks "ith the same

sequence number. then it assumes that network congestion caused a loss of data

messages. If congestion is noted in a subnet. then a control booster could

artificially produce duplicate ACK.s. The TCP receiver \Yould think that data

messages haYe been lost because of congestion. and "ould reduce its "indo"

size. thus reducing the amount of data it injects into the net\YOrk.

One-element ARQ booster for TCP

TCP uses ARQ to retransmit data unacknowledged by the receiYer "hen a

packet loss is suspected. such as after a retransmission timeout expires.

Assuming the net\York of Figure 9. (except that Booster B does not exist). then

an ARQ booster for TCP will:

a) cache packets from Host Y:

b) if it sees a duplicate acknowledgment arriYe from Host X and it has the next

packet in the cache. then it deletes the acknowledgment and retransmits the

next packet (because a packet must haYe been lost behYeen the booster and

Host X):

c) delete packets retransmitted from Host Y that haYe been ackno" I edged ｢ｾ＠

Host X

The ARQ booster improYes performance by shortening the retransmission path

A typical application "ould be if Host X "ere on a wireless net"ork and the

booster were on the interface bet\Yeen the ''ireless and wireline nehYorks.

5.

f

A forward erasure correction booster for IP or TCP

!IR

For mm1y real time and multicast applications. fonYard error correction coding

1s desirable. The t" o-element FZC booster uses a packet fom ard error

correction code and erasure decoding. The FZC booster at the transmitter side

6.

7.

A SURVEY ON .I(; NETWORKS AND COMPO.\'ITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT Bur111 W Yohuncs

of the network adds parity packets. The FZC booster at the receiYer side

remo,·es the parity packets and regenerates missing data packets. The FZC

booster can be applied bet\\ een any t\YO points in a net\York (including the end

systems). If applied to an IP. then a sequence number booster adds sequence

number information to the data packets before the first FZC booster Tf applied

to TCP (or any protocol "·ith sequence number information)_ then the FZC

booster can be more efficient because:

a 1 it does not need to add sequence numbers.

b1 it could add ne" parity information on TCP retrm1smission (rather than

repeating the same parities)_

At the receiYer side. the FZC booster could combine information from multiple

TCP retransmissions for FZC decoding.

Two-element jitter control booster for IP

For real time communications. we may be mterested in bounding the mnount of

jitter that occurs in the nenvork. A jitter control booster cm1 be used to reduce

jitter at the expense of increased latency. At the first booster element the

timestamps m·e generated for each data message that passes. These timestamps

are transmitted to the second booster element. which delays messages and

attempts to reproduce the intermessage interyal that \Yas measured by the first

booster element.

T\YO-element selectiYe ARQ booster for IP or TCP

For links with significant errors rate using a selectiw ARQ protocol (\Yith

seiectiYe acknmdedgment and selectiYe retransmission) can ｳｩｧｮｩｦｩ｣｡ｮｴＡｾ＠

imprm e the efficiency compared to using Tcp· s ARQ (\\ ith cumulatiYe

ackt1o" ledgment and possibly go-back-N retransmission) The two element

ARQ booster uses a selecti' e ARQ booster to supplement TCP by

a) caching packets in the upstream booster.

b) sending negati Ye acknowledgments when gaps are detected in the

do\\nstream booster.

c) selecliYely retrm1smitting the packet requested m the negatiYe

Techne Jurnal llmiah Flektroteknika Vol (J No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107-123

[12] S.-E. Elayoubi. 0 Ben Haddada. and B. Fourestie. Performance evaluation of

frequency planning schemes on OFDMA-based networks. IEEE Trans. Wm:less Commun.. vol. 7. no. 5. partl. May 2008, pp. 1623-1633

1 Ll] J Khun-Jush et ul.. HiperLAN2: broadband \vireless conununications at 5

r;H, !FTT ('ummt/11 Mag. vol 40 no 6. June 2002 pp !30-U7

ll ｾ＠ 1 l 1 Varslmey. The status and future of 802 I I -based WLAN s. JELL ( 'omp .. 'o l

36. no. 6. June 2003. pp. 102-105

1 15] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). http://"""" .dvb.org. January 2002.

[lC'J V Sta\Toulaki. P. Demestichas. A Katidiotis. and D. Petromanolakts. Evolution in equipment management concepts: from reconfigurable to

cogmtn e "ireless terminals. in ](/' lSI 1\1ohrh und Wircle\'\ C'ommun Summit. 1-5 July 2007. pp. 1-5.

r

1 7] R. Muraleedharan and L. A Osadciw. Increasing QoS and security in 40

net\\orks using cognitive intelligence. in IEEE Cilobecom Workshops. 26-30

No,·ember 2007. pp. 1-6.

llXI I F. Akvildiz. W.-Y. Lee. M. C Vuran. and S. Mohanty. Next

generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio "ire less net\vorks a

sun·ey. Computer Networks .!. . Elsevier. vol. 50. September 2006. pp. 2127-2159.

[ll)] K. Doppler. A Osseiran. M. Wodczak. and P. Rost. On the integration of

cooperative relaying the WINNER system concept. in

u/'

1ST Mobtle and Wtreless Commun ,...,·ummit. 1-5 July 2007. pp. 1-5

[20J Qian Zhang. Qing Chen. Fan Yang. Xuemin Shen. and Zh.isheng Niu.

c

ooperatl\ e and oppurtunisttc transmission for mreless ad hoc net" orks. 11:1:1:

Network. yol. 21. no. 1. January-February 2007. pp. 14-20.

[2 1 l Carlos Leonel Flores Mayorga. Francescantonio della Rosa. Sat) a Ardh) Wardana. Gianluca Simone. Marie Claire Naima Raynal. Joao Figueiras. and

, Simone Frattasi. CooperatiYe positioning teclmiques for mobile localization in I

4G cellulm networks. in !tEE Int. Cont. on Pervasive S'erVtccs. 15-20 ｊｵｴｾ＠

?(1117 pp i<J-44

ＺｾＧＱ＠ Yu Wu. Ji-ho Wei. Yong Xi. Byung-Seo Kim and Sung Won Kim.

Oppotiunistic scheduling "ith statistical fairness guarantee 111 wneless

ｾＮ＠ • ｾ＠ • ( I

J. :.

l: ﾷｾＧ＠

·-A SURVEY ON../(,' NETWORKS ·-AND COMP0,\'111:.: R·-ADIO HNVJRONMENT Hanu W Yo!wne.-.·

net\Yorks. in IE"'EE U!" Int. S)mp. on Personal. Indoor and Jvfohile Radio

( 'ommun.. PJMR(' 2007.3-7 September 2007. pp. 1-5

(23] S Mangold. Zhun Zhong. K Challapali. and Chun-Ting Chou. Spectrum agile

radio: radio resource measurements for opportunistic spectnun usage. m fEEl:' Gloha I Tclccomnwn Cont. 200-1. (;LOB£( 'OM D-1. 'ol. (,_ 29 No\ ember-3 December 2004. pp. 34()7-347 J.

[24] W Ajib and D Haccoun. An oYerYie" of scheduling algorithms in

MIMO-based fourth-generation wireless ｳｾ＠ stems. 11:1.:'1:, Ni!twork. 'ol. 19. no. 5. September-October 2005. pp. 43-48.

[25] S. Glisic. Advanced Wireless Communications: -IG ( 'ognilive cmd Cooperative nmadhctnd Techno!ogr 2nJ edition John Wille' & Sons I ,td Chichester

London. 2007.

[26] J. Mitola III and G Maguire Jr.. CoginitiYe radio: making software radios more personal. IEEE Pers. Commun .. vol. 6. no. 4. August J 999. pp. 13-18.

[27] J Border et a!.. Performance enhancing proxtes intended to mitigate

link-related degradations. RFC 3135. June 200 I.

[2XJ D. C. Feldmeier et a/ .. Protocol boosters. IEEE J. SeleC!ed Areas Commtm ..

Yol. 16. no.3. April 1998. pp. 437-444.

[2<J] M Gmcia e1 a! .. An experimental study of snoop TCP performance oYer the

IEEE 802.1lb WLAN. in

5'"

Int . . S)'mp. on Wireless Personal Multimedia Commun.. YoL III. Honolulu. HA. October 2002. pp. I 068-1072.

[:'OJ L. Munoz et a/.. Optimizing Internet flo" s oYer IEEE 802.1 I b \\ireless local area net" orks: a petfonnance enchancing proxy based on forward error

correction. !AlE { 'ommun. l\.1ug .. Yol. 39. no. J 2. December 200 J. pp. 60-6 7

Techne Jurnol Ilmiuh Elektroteknika Vol 9 No. 2 Oktober 20 l 0 Hal I 07 - 123

4. Discussion and further development

4

o wireless net\Yorks might be using a spatial notching (angle a) to suppress

completely antenna radiation to\Yards the user. as illustrated in Figure I o. These

solutions "ill be referred to as -green wireless networks- for ob\ious reasons ln

order to ensure the connectiYity Ill the case when alllt::HUil iuU...: i:> uu! uu ＮＮＺＢＢＧＬ［ｾＬＬ＠ "·-'. '"

the access point a multihop conununication. "Ith the possibiht: of relayutg. b

required In addition. to reduce the oYerall transnul power a cooperati\ e transtmt

diYersity and adaptiYe medium access control {MAC) protocol can be used

\

' ).--.·."··.·.··.·. ＮｩｾＸｩ［Ｚ＠ '

.,

lw 2

.

' .

"'"-

.

ＭＭｾ＠

( /· ＭＬｾ＠.. ｾｾ＠

ｾＮｴＧ＠

'l

[image:16.1054.69.467.87.719.2]

1 Tl1l·ee-dtinensional amplitude patterns of a hYo-element umform

Figure IO .

amplitude array for d=2i,. directioned tO\Yards (a) 8o

=

o ·

lbJ

8" = 60 :

2 Three-dimensional runplitude patterns of a ten-element uniform

f'.01- d=,'J4. directioned towards (a) ･ｾ＠

-::-

o. (b)

amplitude ｡ｲｲ｡ｾ＠

A SURVEY ON ./6' NETWORK/;' ANI> COMPO.\'TTE RA/JlO ENVIRONMENT Banu W Yolwnes

References

[I] M_ Mouh and M -8. Pautet. 1l1e GSM .\vstern fin- Mohilc CommJI/11('(//1011S.

Palaiseau. France. 1992.

[2} R. Kalden. I. Meirick. and M_ Meyer. Wireless Internet access based on GPRS.

!F/·T Pen f'nnm11111 \ol7 110 :?. April 2000. pp X-IX

1' 1 Ｓｾ＼ Ｑ＠ Generation Pm·tnership Project OGPPt http:/1\Y\\W 1gpp org

[4] P Mogensen. We1 Na. L Z KoYacs. F. Frederiksen. A Pokhari\ al. K I

Pedersen. T Kolding. K Hugl and M. Kuusela. L TE capacity compared to the

Sha1mon bound. in VehJcnlar Technolo:.;;y Con{. 22-25 April 2007. pp

1234-l23X.

[51 H Holma_ A Toskala. K Rantha-aho_ and J Pirskanen. H1gh-speed packet

access e\olution in 3GPP Release 7 {Topics in Radio Conununications]. IEEE Comnum Mag. Yol. 45. no. 12. December 2007. pp. 29-35 .

f6J A Hoikkanen. A techno-economic analysis of 3G long-term e\olution for

broadband access. in ｃＰＱｾｬ＠ on Telecommun. Techno-Economics. 14-15 June 2007.pp. !-7.

[7] A Racz. A TemesYary. N. Reider. Hando\'er performance in 3GPP long term

eYolution (L TE) systems. in Mobile ru1d Wireless Commun. Summit 16th IST.

1-5 July 20tH. pp. l-5.

(8] M. Valkama. L Anttila and M_ Renfors. Some radio implementation challenges

in 3G-LTE context. in Signal Processing Adnnces in Wireless Conunun ..

UEE 8'1' Workshop on SPA WC 2007. 17-20 June. pp. 1-5

[9] J J. Sanchez. D. Morales-Jimenez. G Gomez and J. T Enbrambasaguas. PhYsical Layer performance of long term e-rolution m cellular technology. 111

J

r/"

JST A1ohile and Wireless Commun. Summit. J -5 July 2007. pp. l-5.

[JO] J. Berkmam1. C. Carbonelli. F. Dietrich. C. Drewes. and Wen Xu. On 3G LTE

terminal implementation standards. algorithms. complexities. and challenges.

in Internal tonal Wireless Commun and Mobile Computing Conl!W'CA1C '08.

()-X August 200X. pp 970-975.

1111 C. Sp1egeL J Berkmann_ Zijian Ba'. T Scholand. and C Dre\\ es. MIMO schemes m UTRA L TE a comparison. in IEEE VehJculor rechnoloi:.l' Conl.

J J-14 Mm 2008. pp.222X-2232.

Techne Jurnal llmiah Flektroteknika Vol (J No.2 Oktober 2010 Hal 107-123

[12] S.-E. Elayoubi. 0 Ben Haddada. and B. Fourestie. Performance evaluation of

frequency planning schemes on OFDMA-based networks. IEEE Trans. Wm:less Commun.. vol. 7. no. 5. partl. May 2008, pp. 1623-1633

1 Ll] J Khun-Jush et ul.. HiperLAN2: broadband \vireless conununications at 5

r;H, !FTT ('ummt/11 Mag. vol 40 no 6. June 2002 pp !30-U7

ll ｾ＠ 1 l 1 Varslmey. The status and future of 802 I I -based WLAN s. JELL ( 'omp .. 'o l

36. no. 6. June 2003. pp. 102-105

1 15] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). http://"""" .dvb.org. January 2002.

[lC'J V Sta\Toulaki. P. Demestichas. A Katidiotis. and D. Petromanolakts. Evolution in equipment management concepts: from reconfigurable to

cogmtn e "ireless terminals. in ](/' lSI 1\1ohrh und Wircle\'\ C'ommun Summit. 1-5 July 2007. pp. 1-5.

r

1 7] R. Muraleedharan and L. A Osadciw. Increasing QoS and security in 40

net\\orks using cognitive intelligence. in IEEE Cilobecom Workshops. 26-30

No,·ember 2007. pp. 1-6.

llXI I F. Akvildiz. W.-Y. Lee. M. C Vuran. and S. Mohanty. Next

generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio "ire less net\vorks a

sun·ey. Computer Networks .!. . Elsevier. vol. 50. September 2006. pp. 2127-2159.

[ll)] K. Doppler. A Osseiran. M. Wodczak. and P. Rost. On the integration of

cooperative relaying the WINNER system concept. in

u/'

1ST Mobtle and Wtreless Commun ,...,·ummit. 1-5 July 2007. pp. 1-5

[20J Qian Zhang. Qing Chen. Fan Yang. Xuemin Shen. and Zh.isheng Niu.

c

ooperatl\ e and oppurtunisttc transmission for mreless ad hoc net" orks. 11:1:1:

Network. yol. 21. no. 1. January-February 2007. pp. 14-20.

[2 1 l Carlos Leonel Flores Mayorga. Francescantonio della Rosa. Sat) a Ardh) Wardana. Gianluca Simone. Marie Claire Naima Raynal. Joao Figueiras. and

, Simone Frattasi. CooperatiYe positioning teclmiques for mobile localization in I

4G cellulm networks. in !tEE Int. Cont. on Pervasive S'erVtccs. 15-20 ｊｵｴｾ＠

?(1117 pp i<J-44

ＺｾＧＱ＠ Yu Wu. Ji-ho Wei. Yong Xi. Byung-Seo Kim and Sung Won Kim.

Oppotiunistic scheduling "ith statistical fairness guarantee 111 wneless

ｾＮ＠ • ｾ＠ • ( I

J. :.

l: ﾷｾＧ＠

·-A SURVEY ON../(,' NETWORKS ·-AND COMP0,\'111:.: R·-ADIO HNVJRONMENT Hanu W Yo!wne.-.·

net\Yorks. in IE"'EE U!" Int. S)mp. on Personal. Indoor and Jvfohile Radio

( 'ommun.. PJMR(' 2007.3-7 September 2007. pp. 1-5

(23] S Mangold. Zhun Zhong. K Challapali. and Chun-Ting Chou. Spectrum agile

radio: radio resource measurements for opportunistic spectnun usage. m fEEl:' Gloha I Tclccomnwn Cont. 200-1. (;LOB£( 'OM D-1. 'ol. (,_ 29 No\ ember-3 December 2004. pp. 34()7-347 J.

[24] W Ajib and D Haccoun. An oYerYie" of scheduling algorithms in

MIMO-based fourth-generation wireless ｳｾ＠ stems. 11:1.:'1:, Ni!twork. 'ol. 19. no. 5. September-October 2005. pp. 43-48.

[25] S. Glisic. Advanced Wireless Communications: -IG ( 'ognilive cmd Cooperative nmadhctnd Techno!ogr 2nJ edition John Wille' & Sons I ,td Chichester

London. 2007.

[26] J. Mitola III and G Maguire Jr.. CoginitiYe radio: making software radios more personal. IEEE Pers. Commun .. vol. 6. no. 4. August J 999. pp. 13-18.

[27] J Border et a!.. Performance enhancing proxtes intended to mitigate

link-related degradations. RFC 3135. June 200 I.

[2XJ D. C. Feldmeier et a/ .. Protocol boosters. IEEE J. SeleC!ed Areas Commtm ..

Yol. 16. no.3. April 1998. pp. 437-444.

[2<J] M Gmcia e1 a! .. An experimental study of snoop TCP performance oYer the

IEEE 802.1lb WLAN. in

5'"

Int . . S)'mp. on Wireless Personal Multimedia Commun.. YoL III. Honolulu. HA. October 2002. pp. I 068-1072.

[:'OJ L. Munoz et a/.. Optimizing Internet flo" s oYer IEEE 802.1 I b \\ireless local area net" orks: a petfonnance enchancing proxy based on forward error

correction. !AlE { 'ommun. l\.1ug .. Yol. 39. no. J 2. December 200 J. pp. 60-6 7