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LEXICAL CHANGE OF PIDIE DIALECT
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistics Program
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
R A M L A N
Registration Number: 8106112046
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
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LEXICAL CHANGE OF PIDIE DIALECT
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistics Program
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
R A M L A N
Registration Number: 8106112046
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Ramlan. Registration Number : 8106112046.Lexical Change of Pidie Dialect. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State
University of Medan, 2014.
ABSTRAK
Ramlan. NPM: 8106112046. Lexical Change of Pidie Dialect. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.
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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
All praise be to Him, Allah SWT for the great Blessings, Health and Luck that
have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing his studies and
this piece of academic masterpiece and Peace upon Muhammad SAW. The last of the
prophets and upon his messengers and his families, his companions and whoever
follows below have given his invaluable help, support, suggestions motivation,
encouragements during his study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
In the process of completing this thesis, there are many people who have assisted
and suggested the materials to be impossible to name all at some deserve the honor to be
noted
Firstly, the writer would like to express his gratitude to Professor. Amrin
Saragih, MA., Ph.D. his first adviser for the guidance, assistant, encouragement and
valuable suggestions and critics from these great heroes in education, in the process of
writing this thesis.
Secondly, the writer would like to express his gratitude to Professor. Dr.Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd., his second adviser for his available time spent for consultation, great
supervision and full support in shaping this thesis.
The writer would also like to express his gratitude to the head, English Applied
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS and Farid who have assisted him in the process of
administration requirement during the process of his study in the postgraduate program.
He would like to take this special occasion to express his gratitude to
Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum., Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa
Tangkas, M.Hum. being his reviewers and examiners for the valuable inputs to be
include in this thesis. Furthermore, he would like to express his high appreciation to all
lecturers of English Applied study program UNIMED Medan, who have shared their
knowledge and experience his during study. And thank you note addressed to his
colleagues in class B of English Applied Linguistics in take XIX for the cooperation and
friendly being in the “same Boat”.
Last but not least, on a personal level, the writer would like to dedicate his love
and sincerest gratitude to his beloved parents Adnan, AR and Nur Laila, his beloved
wife and son Khairani, S.Hi and Muhammad Ammar Al-Fatih for their sincere and
most reliable comfort and above all, their love and support. May Allah SWT consecrate
to them. Amin.
Medan, April 2014 The Writer
Ramlan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….……… i
ABSTRACT ………. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………. iii
LIST OF FIGURES ……….... iv
LIST OF TABLES ………. v
LIST OF CHARTS ………. vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ………. vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
……….. 11.1 The Background of the study ………. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ……….. 6
1.3 The Objectives of The Study ……….. 6
1.4 The Scope of The Study ……….. 7
1.5 The Significance of The Study ……… 7
CHAPTER II
RIVIEW OF LITERATURE
……… 82.1 Language Change ……… 8
2.2 The Nature of Language Change ……….... 9
2.3 The Causes of Language Change ……… 11
2.3.1 External Factor ……… 12
2.3.1.2 Social Factor ……….... 13
2.3.1.3 Educational Factor ……… 13
2.3.1.5 Religious factor ……… 14
2.3.1.6 Historical factor ……… 15
2.3.1.7 Geographical factor ……… 15
2.3.2 Internal Factor ……… 16
2.3.2.1 Psychological Factor ……… 16
2.3.2.2 Linguistic Factor ……… 17
2.3.2.3 Intergeneration factor ……… 17
2.3.3 Type of Language Change ……… 19
2.3.3.1 Lexical Change ………. 24
2.3.3.1.1 The Occurrence of Lexical Change ……… 24
2.3.3.1.2 Acquisition of new meaning besides the original one … 25 2.3.3.1.3 Gradual loss of meaning for attitudinal reason ……….. 25
2.3.3.1.4 Variation in connotation according to variety ………… 25
2.3.3.1.5 Casual use of formal words ……… 26
2.3.3.1.6 Words considered old-fashioned in modern context ….. 26
2.3.3.1.7 Unpredictable meaning of certain words ……… 27
2.3.3.2 The Type of Lexical Changes Processes ………... 28
2.3.3.2.1 The lexical loss items ………. 29
2.3.3.2.2 Change in Meaning ………. 30
2.3.3.2.3 The creation of New English ………... 31
2.3.3.3 External Borrowing ……… 31
2.3.3.4 Internal Borrowing ……… 32
2.3.3.4.1 Convertion ……….. 32
2.3.3.4.2 Conpounding ………. 33
2.3.3.4.4 Acronym or initialism ……… 34
2.3.3.4.5 Back formation ……… 34
2.3.3.4.6 Blendings………. 35
2.3.3.5 Loan Translation ………... 36
2.3.3.5.1 Meta linguistic Citation ………... 36
2.3.3.6 The Linguistic Description of Acehnese Sound System ……….. 37
2.3.3.6.1 Vowel phonemes ……… 37
2.3.3.7 The Sociolinguistics of Pidie dialect ……… 40
2.3.3.8 Relevant Studies ……… 47
CHAPTER III
REASEARCH METHOD
……….. 483.1 Research Design ………... 48
3.2 Objective of The Study ………... 48
3.3 The Data of the Study ……….. 49
3.4 The techniques of Collecting the Data ……… 49
3.5 The Procedures of data collection ……… 50
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ………... 51
3.6 .1 Credibility ……… 51
3.6 .2 Transferability ………. 51
3.6 .3 Dependability ……….. 51
3.6.4 Conformability ………. 52
3.7 Technique of Analyzing the Data ……… 52
3.7.1 Data Reduction ………. 52
3.7.2 Data Display ………... 53
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALISIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS
AND DISCUSSION
………... 544.1 Data Analysis ……… 55
4.1.1 Lexical Loss of PDA ………... 58
4.1.2 Semantic Change of PDA ………... 61
4.1.3 Lexical Creation of PDA ……….. 62
4.1.3.1 Internal lexical creation of PDA ………. 65
4.1.3 External lexical creation of PDA ……… 66
4.1.4 Modified lexical borrowing of PDA ………... 67
4.1.5 Total lexical borrowing of PDA ……… 68
4.1.6 Loan translation of PDA ……… 69
4.2 The reasons of lexical change of PDA ……….. 70
4.3 The Reasons of Lexical Loss of PDA ……… 71
4.4 The reasons of semantic change of PDA ……….. 71
4.5 The reason of lexical creation of PDA ……….. 72
4.6 Research findings ……… 72
4.7 Discussion ... 74
4.7.1 Lexical change of Pidie Dialect of Aceh ... 74
4.7.2 The patterns of lexical change of PDA ... 76
4.7.3 The reasons of lexical change of PDA... 77
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGSTIONS
…… 755.1 Conclusion ……… 75
5.2 Implication ……… 76
5.3 Suggestions ………. 77
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LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Pages
Table 1
Acehnese Loanwords and equation dialect ………... 3
Table 2
Consonant Phonemes ………... 39
Table 3
Old Patterns and New pattern in PDA ……….. 49
Table 4
Lexical Change Based on Its Lexical Classes ………. 55
Table 5
Examplesof Lexical Change of PDA ……….. 57
Table 6
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Lexical Class ……… 58
Table 7
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Fields ………. 59
Table 8
Percentage semantic change based on its lexical class ………. 61
Table 9
Examples semantic change ... 62
Table 10
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Its Lexical Class ………….. 63
Table 11
Percentage of Lexical Creation Based on Its Source Language …….. 64
Table 12
Internal lexical Creation ……….. 66
Table 13
External Lexical Creation ……… 66
Table 14
Modified Lexical Borrowing ……….. 68
Table 15
Total Lexical Borrowing ………. 69
Table 16
Loan Translation of Lexical Creation ………... 70
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Pages
Figure 1
Dynamics of language acquisition and language change ……….. 18
Figure 2
Language Change Domains ………. 20
Figure 3
Internal and External Borrowing in Creating New Lexical ………. 31
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LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1
Vowel phonemes ... 37
Chart 2
Nasalized vowel phonemes... 37
Chart 3
Oral Diphthong Phonemes... 38
Chart 4
Nasalized Diphthong ... 38
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices
Pages
Appendix 1
List of Lexical Loss of PDA based on its classes ………... 87
Appendix 2
List of Lexical Loss of PDA Based on Its Field of Use ……… 102
Appendix 3
List of Potential Loss of PDA lexicons ………. 119
Appendix4
List of Total Lexical Loss of PDA ………... 122
Appendix 5
List of Semantic Change of PDA... 124
Appendix 6
Modified Borrowing Lexicons of PDA... 125
Appendix 7
List of Total Borrowing Lexicons of PDA... 129
Appendix 8
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is obviously a means of communication is inevitable in our lives.
Language, in addition, is recognized as the most perfect instrument of communication.
Each language provides a system of concepts which human beings to interpret reality.
Complexity of reality is easier to understand through the diversity of language.
Languages are also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values and
express a differentiated ethical sensibility. The existence of language can not be
separated from culture as of product of human culture. Without a language the society
can not be formed and there will be no community that named Aceh. Acehnese spoken
by some two and a half million people, the vast majority whom live named Nanggroë
Aceh Darussalam, Asyik (1987: 1 ).
Each language in the world no exception Aceh language tends to change,
Study of change of language meaning is substantially derived from prevailing that
semantics as the study of language meaning having a broad domain. There is a
phenomenon where a language can be caused by metaphorical application, it is called
semantic change due to its lexical class movement from noun to noun as for instance
bandar Aceh nowadays word meaning of “bandar” has changed the meaning because of
this phenomenon is caused by metaphorical application, is called as semantic change.
2
caused by two factors: social factor and individual factor. Where social factors are
contact between speakers of different varieties due to conquest, migration and culture,
education, economic and religion. The social or external factors of language change not
only include the type of input in the environment but also the mechanism and rates of
input processing. The mechanism is concerned with the techniques and method of input
provided to the language speakers, whereas rates deal with the amount of input itself. In
this case, that has been proved on the lexical change of Pidie dialect of Aceh ( PDA ).
On the other hand, the individual or internal factors deal with the language change that
resulted from entire generation of child acquisition.
According to the traditional views of language change, the external borrowing is
regarded as the creation of lexical item from outside sources or language. Speakers of
every language are in contact with neighbors who speak different languages. The
connection between the two is obvious: language borrow words because individual
speakers have at one time borrowed them. However, there is a possibility also in the
forms of phonetic, phonology and some times synthetic, morphological, semantic and
pragmatic. In this respect, when words from one language have been borrowed by
another and used by monolingual speakers of that recipient language, termed language
borrowing.
The Acehnese has borrowed a large number of words from other languages, and
is still doing so today. Borrowing is a very common phenomenon and words are often
‘borrowed’ from one language to another, and the loan words may label a new concept,
or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word. The examples below are some
of the loanwords in Acehnese.
3
Table 1 : Acehnese Loanwords and Equation Dialect
Loanwords from Acehnese Words Meaning
Arabic sikin knife
Chinese cawan cup
European tre try
Hindi misee moustache
Based on the table 1 above Acehnese language has equation dialect by Arabic,
Chinese, European and Hindi. In its development language change of Acehnese occurs
since before Aceh was ruled under the Republic of Indonesia when Aceh still was a
kingdom governed by the sultanate. Nowadays Acehnese language is vernacular
language that is used by speakers as a tool of communication and to be an identity
language that is used in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
In reality, one of the most obvious kinds of change in language is the appearance
of new words, and one very obvious source of new words is foreign languages. We can
infer that loanword in a language is a kind of lexical change. The lexical can be in forms
of lexical loss or a phenomenon in which a particular lexicon disappears, semantic
change or the shifting meaning in language and creation of new lexical item or the
process of creating a new lexical item to name an object, concept and place through the
internal and external borrowing of words.
Change on language can be change in all domains of language and each
languages in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of lexical,
4
is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a language, such a noun, verb,
adjective and adverb. A case of lexical change of PDA is the word bubeue “ the old
coconut leaf that have run dry” and other examples jeumala, jom bilek etc. It is regarded
one of lexical loss of PDA because it is not practiced anymore.
Based on examples above, it is feasible to assert that lexical change contains : 1)
Lexical change types: as a short of change realized in the lexicons, which might be loss
of lexicon or change of meaning, 2) Lexical change patterns : refers to way on how the
change it takes place and 3) Lexical change reason : is indicated as the completely
influential factors of lexical change for example metaphorical application on the
semantic change above.
Existence and maintenance of PDA is highly influenced by the characteristics of
the speaker’s day to day life, cultural, social condition, education and religion. One of
many factor of language maintenance is concerned with both tangible and intangible
things required by the PDA language speakers to survive in the world. The tangible
things are view as things that can be concretely perceived by sensory of human devices,
whereas the tangible things are those which can be only perceived by human’s psyche,
this is in line with the abstract concept. The speaker characteristic day to day life :
tangible and intangible things resulted from physical and psychological process are
potentially changeable. Similarly the words used to name them are in consistent flux.
In reality, it is a tendency that to change of PDA when speakers are more
educated, this has been proved by fact is that role of PDA used in educational is not
5
of teaching and learning in Pidie is Indonesian. Consequently, the students’ attitudes
towards PDA eventually decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly
is used in their day life. This condition which serves as determining factor of lexical
change makes the mixing of PDA and Indonesia.
Religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the belief of
language speakers serves as another influence of PDA existence and maintenance this
condition can be seen in the PDA loanwords from Arabic such as Qanun, taleuk ,izeun,
hareum, haleue, hukom, meujeuleih, meupakat etc.
Through this phenomenon the existence and maintenance of PDA are obvious.
Consequently, PDA part of culture must be existence and maintenance, thus it can be
said that language and culture is mutually shared behavior such as beliefs, feeling,
values among the member of a group or society. The environment situation in social
condition is where the language speakers’ activities take place. The increasingly modern
influence nowadays is regarded as factor to existence and maintenance of PDA. The
fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the PDA users’ attention to lexical
modernization.
Thus, there will be a tendency that theories are not completely applicable in PDA
due to the different language, for examples many borrowed words have been adapted
into the Acehnese system, phonologically and morphologically. The only exceptions are
religious phrases and expressions, which are usually pronounced in their original
pronunciations, or as closely as possible. (1) All other Arabic loan words that end in [b]
and [d], either in words or syllables, are pronounced with a final [p] and [t]. (2) Vowel
6
Indonesia [e] is present [e] not [eu] (3) Consonant cluster [ph] in PDA is present, the
similar sound is represented by grapheme [p] or [f] in Indonesian. These are three
fundamental distinctions, which serve as determining factor of deciding whether or not
PDA is considered as new phenomenon of language change. For this reason the writer
of his study finds it is important to conduct a study on lexical change of PDA.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as the following.
(1) What lexical change have occurred in the PDA?
(2) How do the lexical change occurred in the PDA?
(3) Why do the lexical change tend to occurred in the ways they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In general the objective of the study is to study the new phenomenon on lexical
changes of PDA. In order to obtain the descriptions of lexical changes as well as the
ways and reasons the PDA changes in particular this study is aimed at.
(1) Investigating the lexical change of PDA,
(2) Describing the patterns of lexical change of PDA and
7
1.4 The Scope of the Study
A study on language change domain related to lexical change, in the researcher’s
scope of this study are attempts to investigate the lexical change of PDA, particularly to
the change of noun, verb, adjective and adverb of PDA. More specific it is an attempt to
provide an objective and explanative description of the lexical change of lexical classes
of PDA.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically useful.
Theoretically, the research findings will be valuable contributions for other researcher
who will conduct further research in the field of language changes.
Practically, on the other hand, the research findings would be beneficial as the
evidence of PDA change which serves as a core embryo of consideration for language
planning policy of the government of PDA which is urgently useful for PDA
maintenance in the future.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGSTIONS
5.1Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) The lexical change of PDA appeared on every single sorts of lexical change. It is
divided into lexical loss, semantic change and lexical creation.
(2) The lexical change patterns of PDA were totally realized in various ways based on
its types. Firstly lexical loss was proportionally pattern into potential and total
lexical loss. Secondly semantic change patterns are categorized of noun. Thirdly,
lexical creation flows under the two crisps and concise methods: internal and
external lexical creation. External lexical borrowing patterns impinge upon three
distinctive domains (1) modified lexical borrowing (2) total lexical borrowing and
(3) loan translation. These ways come to the implicit expression of the
un-standardized borrowing system of PDA.
(3) The division of lexical change of PDA varies and is considerably linkable which
every sorts single of lexical change type. Firstly, culture, linguistic and prestige
play the important role as the influential causes of lexical loss. Secondly,
analogical, metaphorical, mutual concept, implication and euphemism are viewed
as the core source of semantic change. Thirdly, naturalization, technological
81
of the conceptual features are treated as the numerously sustained of lexical
creation of PDA.
5.2 Implications
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1) To change of PDA occur on every single sort of lexical change: lexical loss,
semantic change and lexical creation. The noun with contains the highest number
of lexical change bridges the attention to Indonesia influence, the national and
official language, as an easily naturalized language since it consist of the same
linguistic characteristic with PDA, not English which is from the completely
different root of language.
(2) The deviation of the umber of every single sort of lexical change was definitely
implicated by the influence and status of PDA people’s characteristic of life,
culture and technology development.
(3) In educational setting, the various change of PDA implicitly that language
standardization for instance selection codification, elaboration and acceptance, is
not totally employed, consequently it bears an enormously complicated problem
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5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which were problematic, some with
considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
(1) It is advisable to the language users of PDA in their daily life at home, office and
school. By doing so, their language attitude towards PDA it self will eventually
increase.
(2) It is strongly suggested to the local government of PDA regency to take into
account about the maintenance and standardization of PDA trough the
establishment of dictionary.
(3) It is also expected to the teacher, student and other practioners to make writing of
PDA. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of another expert’s
interest and attention about the entity of PDA.
(4) To the linguists, researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct ä
scientific study of PDA, it is suggested to investigate the practical techniques in
decreasing the number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical
creation of PDA. Through this step, the development of PDA will emerge among
83
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