BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

63

BAB 5

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1. Kesimpulan

1. Golongan senyawa yang terkandung pada ekstrak etanol herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) adalah alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid.

2. Ekstrak etanol herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) mempengaruhi aktivitas pembentukan biofilm Staphylococcus aureus

5.2. Saran

1. Dilakukan pengujian kembali pada uji aktivitas penghambatan pembentukan biofilm dan dilakukan isolasi terhadap senyawa yang diduga mempunyai aktivitas tersebut.

2. Pada pengujian kandungan golongan senyawa konsentrasi yang digunakan ditambah, sehingga noda pada plat Kromatografi Lapis Tipis yang didapat lebih jelas.

CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Provided by Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository

64

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adebayo, O.L., James, A., Kasim, S.B., Jagri, O.P. 2014, Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del. from Northern Ghana Contain Bioactive Agents that Inhibit the Growth of Some Beta-lactamase Producing Bacteria in vitro, British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(2): 192-202.

Adukwu, E.C., Allen, S.C.H. and Phillips, C.A. 2012, The anti-biofilm activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) essential oils against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(5):

1217-1227.

Alegantina, S., Setyorini, H.A. dan Triwahyuni. 2015, Pengujian mutu dan penetapan kadar filantin pada ekstrak etanol herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri), Bul. Penelitian Kesehatan, 43(1): 11-16.

Al-Gbouri, N. M., and Hamzah, A. M. 2018. Evaluation of Phyllanthus emblica Extract as Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Against Biofilm Formation Bacteria. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultur Sciences.

49(1): 142-151.

Amin, Z.A., Abdulla, M.A., Ali, H.M., Alshawsh, M.A., Qadir, S.W. 2012, Assesment of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and immune activation potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus niruri,J Sci Food Agric.

An, Y.H., Friedman, R.J. 1996, Prevention of sepsis in total joint arthroplasty,J Hosp Infect,33: 93-108.

Archer, N. K., Mazaitis, M. J., Costerton, J. W., Leid, J. G., Powers, M. E.

and Shirtliff, M. E. 2011, Staphylococcus aureus biofilm:

properties, regulation, and roles in human disease, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore,Amerika.

Ardiansyah, S. U., Hidayat, D. S., dan Simbolon, N. K. 2018. Uji aktivitas

antiobesitas dari ekstrak etanol daun malaka (Phyllanthus emblica

L.) terhadap tikus putih jantan galur wistar.JSTFI Indonesia

Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology.7(1).

65 Badan pegawasan obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia.(2004).

Monografi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia (1&2).Jakarta : Badan POM.

Backer, C.A. and Brink, R.C.B.V.D. 1963, Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only), Vol 1.Wolters-Noordhoof. V. Gorningen, Netherland :Hal.

468.

Bailey, L.H. 1950, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticultulure, 1: 3.

Banu, R. H., Nagarajan, N. 2014, TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting of leaf extracts of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(6): 29-33.

Bjarnsholt, T. 2013, The role of bacterial biofilms in chronic infections, APMIS,12: 1-58.

Brooks, G.F., Carrol, K.C., Butel, J.S., Morse, S.A. and Mietzner, T.A.

2013, Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s,Medical Microbiology, 26th ed, The McGraw Hills Companies, New York.

Carter, F. L. 1978. Termiticidal Component of Wood Extracts.Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 24(4): 869-873.

Christensen, G.D., Baldassarri, L. and Simpson, W.A. 1994, Colonization of medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci, p. 45–78.

In A. L. Bisno and F. A. Waldvogel (ed.), Infections associated with indwelling medical devices, 2nd ed, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Ciulei, J. 1984, Metodology for Analysis of Vegetables and Drugs, Bucharest Rumania: Faculty of Pharmacy, P. 11-26.

Chopra, I., Roberts, M. 2001, Tetracycline Antibiotic: Mode of action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,65(2):

232-260.

Costerton, J. W., Stewart, P. S. and Greenberg, E. P. 1999, Bacterial biofilm: a common cause of persistent infections, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Amerika.

Cowan, M. M. 1999. Plant product as Antimicrobial agent.Clin Microbiol

Rev, 12(4), 564-582.

66 David, M.Z. and Daum, R.S. 2010, Community – associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic, Clin. Microbiol, 23: 616- 687.

Departemen Kesehatan Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan.1995, Farmakope Indonesia, edisi IV, Departemen Kesehatan, Jakarta.

Departemen Kesehatan RI. 1995, Materia Medika Indonesia, Jilid VI, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.

Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.1978,Materia Medika Indonesia Jilid II, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan, Jakarta.

Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2008, Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2007.Jakarta : Depkes RI Jakarta.

Elfahmi. 2006. Lignans from cells suspension cultures of Phyllanthus niruri, an Indonesia medical plant. Journal of Natural Product.69:55-58

Fransworth, N.R. 1966, Biological and phytochemical screening of plants, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 55(3),P 59,225-276.

Fong, H.S. 1978. Phytochemical Screening.Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illions at the Medical Center, Chicago.

Flemming, H.C., Wingender, J.G. and Mayer, C. 2000, Physico-chemical properties of biofilms. In: Evans LV, editor. Biofilms: recent advances in their study and control. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, p. 19-34.

Frolund, B. et al. 1996, Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res.30, 1749-1758.

Girach, R.D and Siddioui, P.A. and Khan, S.A. 1994, Traditional plant

remedies among the kondh (Orissa), J. Int. Pharmacol,32: 274-

283.

67 Gunawan, I.W.G., Gede, B.I.G.A dan Sutrisnayanti, N. L. 2008, Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa terpenoid yang aktif antibakteri pada herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri), Jurnal Kimia,2(1): 31-39.

Gunawan, A. 2008.Antibakteri pada Herba Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn).Jurnal Kimia,2 (3).

Gristina, A.D.1987, Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Science; 23:1588-1595.

Gristina, A.G., Shibata. Y.., Giridhar, G., Kreger, A. and Myrvik, Q.N.1994, The glycocalyx, biofilm, microbes, and resistant infection, Semin Arthroplasty, 5: 160–70.

Hanani, M.S.E. 2015, Analisis Fitokimia, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta.

Harborne, J.B. 1987, Metode Fitokimia. Terjemahan: Padmawinata, K dan Soediro, I. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

Herdiana, Y. P. 2007. Spektrofotometri Derivatif Ultraviolet untuk Estimasi Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Meniran, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.

Ho, W.Y., Ky, H., Yousr, A.H.N. Alitheen, N.B., Beh, B.K.., Yeap, S.K.

dan Liang, W.S. 2010, Vernonia amygdalina, an Ethnoveterinary and Ethnomedical Used Green Vegetable with Multiple Bio- activities, Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 4(25): 2787-2812.

Hoyle, B.D. and Costerton, J.W. 1991, Bacterial resistance to antibiotic the role of biofilm,Prog. Drug Res,37:91-105.

Hyde, J.A., Darouiche, R.O. and Costerton, J.W. 1998, Strategies for prophylaxis against prosthetic valve endocarditis: a review article,J Heart Valve Dis, 7: 313–15.

Indah, K. 2006. Metode cepat penentuan flavonoid total meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L) berbasis teknik Spektroskopi Inframerah dan kemometrik, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.

Jaafar, F.M., Osman, C. P., Ismail, N. H. Dan Awang, K.2007, Analysis Of Essential Oils Of Leaves, Stems, Flowers And Rhizomes Of Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R. M. S. Smith,The Malaysian Jurnal Of Analytical Sciences, 11 (1): 269-273.

James, J., Baker, C. dan Swain, H. 2002. Principles of Science for

Nurse.Erlangga.Jakarta(ID).

68 Jawetz., Melnick. and Adelberg’s. 2010, Medical microbiology.25th Edition. Terjemahan Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.

Mikrobiologi kedokteran Jawetz, melnick, and adelberg. Edisi 25, Penerbit Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta.

Juliantina, F. R. 2008. Manfaat sirih merah (Piper crocatum) sebagai agen anti bakterial terhadap bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif.JKKI.1(3): 5-8.

Jones, W.P. and Kinghorn, A.D. 2006, ‘Extraction of Plant Secondary Metabolites’ in Sarker, S.D., Latif, Z. and Gray, A.I., Natural Product Isolation, 2

^nd

ed., Humana Press, New Jersey, pp 323-351.

J. W. Costerton, P. S. and Stewart, E. P. 1999, Greenberg, Science 284,1318.

Kardinan, A. dan Kusuma, F. R., 2004. Meniran Penambah Daya Tahan Tubuh Alami. Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.

Katzung, B. G. 2007, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 10

^th

ed. United States : Lange Medical Publications.

Kaur, N. K. 2017, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus niruri L.A Review.Phytotherapy Research.

Kudva, I.T., Jelacic, S., Tarr, P.I., Youderian, P. and Hovde, C. J. 1999, Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157specific bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65:

3767–3773.

Khoo, W. K., Adnan, M. A., Mahalingam, T. P., Fernandez, A. R. and Jeevaratnam, K. 2016, The pharmacological potential of Phyllanthus niruri,Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 68(8), 953-969.

Kumalasari, S., Sulistyani, N. 2011, Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol Batang Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.)Terhadap Candida albicans serta Skrining Fitokimia.Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 1(2):51-6.

Kosnayani, A. S., Badriah, L., Akbar, R. R. E., dan Hidayat, A. K. 2018. A

Quantitative Analysis of Tannin Type and Tannin Content in

Meniran Tea (Phyllanhus niruri Linn) with Permanganometry

Metod, Health Sciences Research, 13.

69 Le, K. Y., Dastghyeb, S., Ho, T. V. dan Otto, M. 2014. Molecular determinants of staphylococcal biofilm dispersal and structuring, Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology.4: 164.

Lee, J. H., Park, J. H., Cho, H. S., Joo, S. W., Cho, M. H., and Lee, J. 2013.

Anti-biofilm activities of quercetin and tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus.The Journal of Bioadhesion and biofilm research.29 (5).491-499.

Lorian, V. 1991, Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine 3

^rd

ed, The Williams and Wilkin Company, Baltimore.

Mackowiack, P.A., Jones, S.R. and Smith, J.W. 1978, Diagnostic value of sinus-track cultures in chronic osteomyelitis,J AMA, 239: 2772-5.

Maric, S. and Vranes, J. 2007, Characteristics and significance of microbial biofilm formation, Periodicum Biologorum, 109(2): 3-4.

Marini, M. I., Agustin, D., dan Cahyani, F. 2014. Penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak Propolis terhadap Biofilm Bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis, Concervative Dentistry Journal,4 (2), 27-33.

Miroslav, V. 1971, Detection and Identification of Organic Compound, New York:Planum Publishing Corporation and SNTC Publishers of Technical Literatur, New York.

Mellinger, C.G., Thales, R.C., Guilhermina, R.N., Elaine, R.C., Maria, B.M.O., Philip, A.J.G. and Marcello, I., (2008). Chemical and immunological modifications of an arabinogalactan present in tea preparations of Phyllanthus niruri after treatment with gastric fluid. Int J of Bio Mac, 43, 115–120.

Morris, N.S., Stickle, D.J. and McLean, R.J. 1999, The development of bacterial biofilms on indwelling urethral catheters,World J Urol,

17: 345–50.

Narendra, K. S. 2012,Phyllanthus niruri: a review on its ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5(9), 4681-4691.

Nasution.S .K. 2012 , “Isolasi Bakteri Penghasil Antimikroba Dari Sampel

Tanah Taman Wisata Alam Sibolangit Dan Kemampuannya

Menghambat Pertumbuhan Mikroba Patogen,” Skripsi, Universitas

Sumatra Utara, Medan.

70 Nurhasnawati. H., Sukarmi. dan Handayani, F. 2017. Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan sokletasi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense L.,),Jurnal ilmiah manuntung.3(1): 91-95.

Ohemeng, K. A., Schwender, C. F., Fu, K.P., and Barrett, J. F. 1993.DNA gyrase inhibitory and antibacterial activity of some flavones.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.3.P 225-230.

Pace, J. L., Rupp, M. E. and Finch, R. G. 2006, Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy. Taylor and Francis Group,LLC : Boca Raton.

Paharilk, A.E. and Horswill, A.R. 2016,The staphylococcal biofilm:

adhesins, regulation, and host response, Microbiol Spectrum.

Paraje, M.G. 2011, Antimicrobial resistance in biofilm. Science against microbial pathogens : communicating current research and technological advances, Formatex, Argentina, 736-744.

Parsek, M.R, and Singh, P.K. 2013, Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Microbio,57;677-701..

Passerini, L., Lam, K., Costerton, J.W. and King, E.G. 1992, Biofilms on indwelling vascular catheters.Crit Care Med, 20: 665–73.

Patel, B., Kumari, S., Banerjee, R., Samanta, M. dan Das, S. 2017, Disruption of the quorum sensing regulated pathogenic traits of the biofilm-forming fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila by tannic acid, a potent quorum quencher. The journal of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Research.

Percival, S.L., Suleman, L., Vuotto, C and Donelli, G.2015, Healthcare – associated infections, medical devices and biofilms: risk, tolerance and control, J. Med. Microbiol,64, 323-334.

Permanasari, D. A. 2015. “Aktivitas ekstrak etanol daun cincau hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers) sebagai penghambat pembentukan biofilm bakteri Salmonella typhi”. Fak Kedokteran. Universitas Jember.

Jember.

Poelengan, M., Andriani, K., Susanti, S., Sussan,L. dan Komala, M., 2007,

Uji Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Batang Bungur

(Largerstormenia speciosa Pers) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

dan Escherichia colisecara In Vitro, Laporan Penelitian, Fakultas

Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

71 Qayyum, S., Sharma, D., Bisht, D., and Khan, A. U. 2018. Identification of factors involved in Enterococcus faecalis biofilm under quercetin stress. Microbial Pathogenesis.126.P 205-211.

Rivai, H., Septika, R., dan Boestari, A. 2013. Karakterisasi Ekstrak Herba Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) dengan Analisa Fluorosensi.

Jurnal Farmasi Higea. 5 (2).

Reynold, J.E.F. 1996, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia 31

^th

ed, The Royal Pharmaceutvcal Society Press, London.

Runadi, D. 2007, Isolasi dan identifikasi alkaloid dari herba komfrey (Sympythum officinale.,L), Skripsi, Universitas padjajaran, Bandung.

Robinson, T. 1991, Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tingkat Tinggi, Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Hal.152-196.

Robinson, T. 1995, Kandungan Organik Tumbuh Tinggi, Edisi VI, diterjemahkan oleh Kosasih Padmawinata, Institute Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

Sa’adah. H.dan Nurhasnawati. H. 2015, Perbandingan pelarut etanoldan air pada pembuatan ekstrak umbi bawang tiwai (Eleutherine americanaMerr) menggunakan metode maserasi, Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 1(2): 149-153.

Saifudin, A., Rahayu, dan Teruna. 2011, Standardisasi Bahan Obat Alam, Edisi Pertama, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta.

Sebiring, B. Br., Ma’mun., dan Ginting, E.I. 2006. Pengaruh Kehalusan Bahan dan Lama Ekstraksi terhadap Mutu Ekstrak Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb). Bul. Littro.17(2).53-58.

Shafiei, M., Abdi, A. A., Shahcheraghi, F., Saboora, A., dan Akbari, N. K.

2014.Eradication of Pseudomonas aerinosa Biofilm Using the Combination of n-butanolic Cyclamen coum Extract and Ciprofloxacin.Jundishapur journal of microbiology.7(2), e14358.

Shanmugam, B., Shanmugam, K.R., Ravi, S., Subbaiah, G.V., Mallikarjuna, K. and Reddy, K. S. 2014, Antibacteria Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllanthus niruri in Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts,Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev.

Res,27(2): 85-89.

72 Slobodnikova, L., Fialova, S., Rendekova, K., Kovac, J. and Mucaji, P.

2016. Antibiofilm Activity of Plant Polyphenol.Molecules.21,1-15.

Soegianto, L. 2012, Isolasi dan Identifikasi Zat Antibakteri dalam Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), Tesis, Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

Soares, L. A. L., Bassani, V. L., Gonzalez Ortega, G., and Petrovick, P. R.

2003. Total Flavonoid Determination for the Quality Control of Aqueous Extractives from Phyllanthus niruri L, Lat. Am. J.

Pharm,22(3), 203-7.

Simoes, M., Simoes, L.C.and Vieira, M.J. 2010, A review of current and emergent biofilm control startegies, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43: 573-583.

Siswando dan Soekardjo, B. 2008, Kimia Medisinal Ed 2, Airlangga University Press, Surabaya.

Sutherland, I.W. 2001, Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology,147: 3-9

Syamasundar, K.V. et al. 1985, Antihepatotoxic principles of Phyllanthus niruri herbs. J Ethnopharmacol, 14: 41–44.

Stary, F. dan Hans, S. 1998, The National guides to medical herbs and plant, Tiger books, United Kingdom.

Svehla, G. 1990, Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimikro, Edisi kelima, Penerjemah: Setiono, L. dan A.H.

Pudjaatmaka, PT Kalman Media Pusaka, Jakarta.

Talaro, K.P., Talaro, A. 2001, Foundations in Microbiology 4th ed., The McGraw Hills Companies, New York.

Talaro, K. P.,Chess. B. 2012, Foundation in Microbiology, 8

^th

ed., The McGraw-Hill, New York.

Thomer, L., Schneewind, O. and Missiakas, D. 2016, Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections.Annu. Rev.

Pathol,11.343-364.

Tjay, T. dan Rahardja, K. 2007, Obat-obat Penting: Khasiat, Penggunaan, dan Efek-efek Sampingnya, PT Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta.

Trisnawati, I.N. 2010, Pengaruh perlakuan sanitizer air panas pada peralatan

penyajian terhadap penurunan angka total bakteri dan coliform di

73 bangsal geriatri RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, Skripsi, Univeritas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Tyler, V.E, et al. 1988, Pharmacognosy, Ninth Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.Pages.57-59, 67, 77-78,186-187.

Uchechi, N., Ekwenye. And Njoku, U. N. 2006, Antibacterial Effect of Phyllanthus niruri (Chanca Piedra) on three enteropathogens in man,Int J of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences,2(2): 184- 189.

Underwood, J. C. E. 2004,General and systematic Pathology, Churchill livingtone, Elsevier.

Uzoma, I. 2004, Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri): What a useful medicinal plant, Samdim publishers, Aba, Nigeria.

Wagner, H., Bladt, S. and Zgainski, E.M. 1984, Plant drug analysis, Springer, Jerman.

Wheat, L.J., Allen, S.D., Henry, M., et al.1986, Diabetic foot infections—

bacteriologic analysis.Arch Intern Med. 146:1935–40.

Wijesekera, R.O.B. 1991, The Medicinal Plant Industry, Washington DC : CRC Press, pp. 85-90.

Winarti, S., Sarofa, U. dan Anggrahini, D. 2008, Ektraksi dan Stabilitas Warna Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.,) sebagai Pewarna Alami,Jurnal Teknik Kimia,3(1).

Yadav, M.K., Chase, S.W., Go,Y.Y., Im, G.J. and Song, J.J.2017, In vitro multi-species biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their host interaction during in vivo colonization of an otitis media rat model,Front.

Cell. Infect. Microbiol.7. 125.

Zaini, N.C. dan Gunawan, I. 1978, ‘Cara-Cara Skrining Fitokimia’, Kursus

Penyegaran dalam Lustrum ke III, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas

Airlangga, Surabaya.