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j e u n g e l e k t r o r i i k , r e h n a p a r e d i p a s a w a h a n w e w e n g k o n P a n t u r a J a w a b e u k i r e m e n d i g a l a k s a k k u r u p a - r u p a h a m a , s a p e r t i h a m a w e r e n g . B a l u k a r n a . p a r e s a w a h p a t a n i m i n d e n g g a g a l d i p a n e n a t a w a p u s o . L i a n t i k i t u , d i n a b u l a n A p r i l
t a u n i e u l o b a t a t a n g k a l a n d i
s a b a b a r a h a w e w e n g k o n d i J a w a T i m u r , J a w a T e n g a h , J a w a B a r a t , B a l i j e u n g s a j a b a n a d i t a r a j a n g k u h i l e u d b u l u ( k a l u a r g a L y m a n -t r i i d a e ) . B a l u k a r n a , d a u n - d a u n b u a h ( M a n g i f e r a i n d i c a ) d i w e w e n g k o n P r o b o l i n g g o l o b a a n u r u s a k j e u n g t a n g k a l n a d i t u a r k u w a r g a d e s a . N a o n a t u h m a r g a l a n t a r a n a n a h a m a p a e e j e u n g p e p e l a k a n l i a n n a d i n a m a n g s a k i w a r i m a n i a s a n g a g a l a k s a k
. ?
p I s a n . .
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( b i o t i k ) d i a l a m b i a s a n a b o g a p a t u -l a - p a t a -l i a n u r a k e t j e u n g m a h l u k h i r u p l i a n n a , k a t u t k u a t - p a t a l i n a j e u n g l i n g k u n g a n k i m i a - f i s i k ( a b i
-o t i k ) n g a w a n g u n s i s t e m e k o l o g i a t a w a e k o s i s u ~ m . K u s a b a b k i t u , r o b a h n a s a l a h s a h i j i f a k t o r b i o t i k a t a w a a b i o t i k d i h i j i e k o s i s t e r n b i s a n g a b a l u k a r k e u n p a r o b a h a n k a n a f a k t o r - f a k t o r l i a n n a d i e t a e k o s i s -t e r n .
S a w a h m a n g r u p a s a l a h s a h i j i c o n t o e k o s i s t e m . D i n a e k o s i s t e r n s a w a h a y a h u b u n g a n p a t u l a - p a t a l i a n t a r a f a k t o r - f a k t o r l i n g k u n g a n b i o t i k j e u n g l i n g k u n g a n a b i o t i k , s a p e r t i p a r e , h a m a w e r e n g , m u s u h h a m a w e r e n g j e u n g c u a c a . D i n a s a b a b a r a h a t a u n k a t u k a n g , l i n g k u
-n g a -n a l a m s a p e r t i k o n d i s i
c u a c a . r n e r e g a m b a r a n h e n t e u n o r -m a l , n g a l a m i p a r o b a h a n h e n t e u s a p e r t i b i a s a n a . P a r o b a h a n c u a c a a t a w a a n o m a l i c u a c a i e u d i a n t a r a n a k u s a b a b p a n g a r u h p a m a n a s a n g l o b -a l d i d u n y a , k u s a b a b l o b a r u p a - r u p a z a t a n u s i f a t n a s a p e r t i h a w a k a l u a r t i p a b a r i k - p a b r i k , j e u n g p a n g a r u h
Gatatik batu (Parusmajar)
50
BinC01'Ullg
(Oria/us chinensis)
Manuk Beuki Langka, Harna
Ngagalaksak
Ku Johan Iskandar
s e j e n n a . P a n g a r u h t i n a a n o m a l i c u a c a e n g g e u s n g a b a l u k a r k e u n n g a -j a u l n a p o p u l a s i h a m a , s a p e r t i h a m a w e r e n g . N a o n m a r g a l a n t a r a n n a ? H a l i e u k u l a n t a r a n k a h i r u p a n h a m a w e r e n g d i a l a m b i a s a n a d i p a n g a -r u h a n k u a t k u f a k t o r l i n g k u n g a n , d i a n t a r a n a k u k a a y a n c u a c a . M a r g a l a n t a r a n a t e h w e r e n g k a a s u p g l e n -g a n m a h l u k h i r u p p o i k i l o t h e r r n i s .
H a r t i n a k a h i r u p a n w e r e n g , s a p e r t i m e t a b o l i s m e u f i s i o l o g i , t u m u w u h n g a g e d e a n , j e u n g b a r a n a h a n n g a r e n d o g j a d i n g a l o b a a n , d i a n t a r a n a d i p a n g a r u h a n k u t e m p e r -a t u r . K u k i t u n a , l a m u n a y a p a r o b a -h a n c u a c a a t a w a a n o m a l i c u a c a a n u n g u n t u n g k e u n p i k e u n k a h i r u p a n w e r e n g , s a p e r t i l o b a h u j a n d i n a u s u r n h a l o d o b i s ~ ~ g a b a l u k a r k e u n
Jalak kebo (Acridotheresjavanicus)
MLKJIHGFEDCBA
m a h a b u n a h i l e u d a t a w a s e r a n g g a d i
a l a m a t a w a e k o s i s t e m . A n u m a t a k h e n t e u h e r a n d i n a t a u n - t a u n
k a t u k a n g p a r e s a w a h d i t a t a r S u n d a
s a p e r t i P u r w a k a r t a , K a r a w a n g ,
I n d r a m a y u , C i r e b o n j e u n g s a j a b a n a
d i t a r a j a n g k u h a m a w e r e n g , d i
a n t a r a n a k u p a n g a r u h a n o m a l i
c u a c a . B i a s a n a m a h d i n a k o n d i s i n o r
-m a l , l a r n u n r e n g s e u s u m h u j a n
d a t a n g u s u m p a n c a r o b a , s a r t a t e r u s
u s u m h a l o d o . T a p i , t a u n - t a u n
k a t u k a n g , h u j a n t u r u n a m p i r s a t a u n
j e p u t . S a b a l i k n a , d i n a w a k t u u s u m
h u j a n , h a w a r a d a p a n a s . T a h , d i n a
k o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n s a p e r t i k i t u t e h
c o c o g p i k e u n n g a r o j o n g k a h i r u p a n
s e r a n g g a h a m a w e r e n g . B a l u k a r n a ,
s e r a f i g g a w e r e n g m a h a b u s a r t a
n g a r u k s a k p a r e s a w a h p a t a n i .
S a l i a n d i p a n g a r u h a n k u c u a c a ,
p o p u l a s i s e r a n g g a , s a p e r t i w e r e n g d i
a l a m n g a j a u l j u m l a h t e h o g e
d i p a n g a r u h a n k u b e u k i l a n g k a
m u s u h a l a m i n a . B i a s a n a d i e k o s i s
-t e r n s a w a h , s e r a n g g a b o g a m u s u h
-m u s u h a l a m i , s a p e r t i m a n u k k u n t u l
k e b o ( B u b u l c u s i b i s ) . K u n t u l k e b o
a n u b i a s a h i r u p d i s a w a h j e u n g r a n c a
b i a s a n a r e s e p n e a n g a n k a d a h a r a n
r u p a - r u p a s e r a n g g a n u j a d i h a m a
p a r e . S a l i a n t i e t a , k u n t u l k e b o o g e
b i a s a n g a d a h a r a n p i t e u k a n u b i a s a
n y e u s e u p g e t i h s a p i a t a w a m u n d i n g
p a t a n i . K J s a b a b k i t u . T a m u n m a n u k
,! ~(.
Mangle No. 2351
Jantingan kalapa (Anthreptes malacensis) (Foto J.
Iskundar}.k u n t u l k e b o j u m l a h n a b e u k i a r a n g
d i a l a m k u s a b a b l o b a a n u p a e h k a r a
-c u n a n k u p e s t i s i d a . H a r t i n a p e s t i s i d a
l a i n b a e r n a e h a n h a m a , t a p i o g e
s a s a t o a n a n u n g u n t u n g k e u n p a t i ,
s a p e r t i m u s u h a l a m i h a m a a n u m i l u
t u m p u r . M a l a h a n a n u m a t a k c i l a k a
p i k e u n p a r a p a t a n i , n y a e t a a r i
m u s u h - m u s u h h a m a t u m p u r t a p i
s e r a n g g a h a m a n a k a l a h t a g e n k u
p e s t i s i s i d a , A k i b a t n a w e r e n g t u r u
-n a -n a n u a n y a r k a l a h t a h a n k u r a c u n
p e s t i s i d a l a n t a r a n s i f a t g e n e t i k n a
r o b a h . S a l i a n t i e t a , j e n i s - j e n i s
m a n u k o g e b e u k i n g u r a n g a n j u m
-l a h n a k u l a n t a r a n h a b i t a t n a l o b a
a n u r u k s a k a t a w a l e u n g i t k u p a n g a
-r u h t i n g k a h p o l a h j a l m a a n u h e n t e u
m a l i r e a l a m . K u l a n t a r a n p o p u l a s i
m u s u h a l a m i h a m a , s a p e r t i k u n t u l
k e b o . g e u s b e u k i l a n g k a d i a l a m u l a h
m a t a k h e r a n l a m u n j u m l a h p o p u l a
-s i -s e r a n g g a h a m a b e u k i m a h a b u d i
s a w a h , s a r t a n g a r u g i k e u n p a r a
p a t a n i .
L i a n t i k i t u , r u p a - r u p a m a n u k
a n u b i a s a h i r u p d i h a b i t a t d a r a t ,
s a p e r t i d i e k o s i s t e r n p a k a r a n g a n ,
k e b o n , t e g a l a n , t a l u n j e u n g s a j a b a n a
a n u r e s e p n g a h a k a n a n h i l e u d j e u n g
s a r a n g g a ( i n s e k t i v o r a )
age
p e n t i n g p i k e u n n g a d a l i k e u n h i l e u d j e u n gs e r a n g g a h a m a a n u b i a s a h i r u p d i
s a g a l a r u p a l a h a n p e r t a n i a n d a r a t .
D i a n t a r a n a w a e k a l u a r g a Z o s t e r o
-p i d a e ( m a n u k k a c a m a t a ) , N e c t a r a
-n i i d a e ( m a n u k j a n t u n g a t a w a
m a n u k m a d u ) , S t u r n i d a e ( m a n u k
j a l a k ) , C o r v i d a e ( g a g a k ) , O r i o l i d a e
( b i n c a r u n g ) , P a r i d a e ( g a l a t i k b a t u ) ,
L a n i i d a e ( b e n t e t a t a w a t o e d ) ,
D i c r u r i d a e i s a e r a n g u n t i n g ) , H i r u n
-d i n i -d a e ( w a l e t ) , M u s c i c a p i d a e
( m a n u k s a p u ) , T u r d i d a e ( m u r a i ) ,
S y l i v i i d a e ( p a c i k r a k j e u n g p r i n j a k ) ,
P y c n o n o t i d a e ( c a n g k u r i l e u n g j e u n g
j o g j o g ) , A e g i t h i n i d a e ( c i p e u w ) ,
T i m a l i i d a e ( m a n u k t e p u s ) , C u c u l i
-d a e ( u n c u i n g j e u n g d u d u t ) , C a p i
-t o n i d a e ) ( b u l t o k ) , P i c i d a e ( c a l a d i ) ,
j e u n g M e r o p i d a e ( m a n u k k i r i k
-k i r i -k / a l n g i r ) .
D i a n t a r a j e n i s - j e n i s a n u d i
-t e r a n g k e u n d i l u h u r , c o n t o n a
-m a n u k c a l a d i t i k o t o k ( P i c o i d e s
m a c e i ) j e u n g c a l a d i k u n d a n g
( D i n o p i u m j a v a n e n s e ) , k a l u a r g a
-P i c i d a e , b o g a f u n g s i p e n t i n g p i s a n
p i k e u n n g a d a l i k e u n p o p u l a s i
s e r a n g g a a n u b i a s a n g a r u s a k k a k a
-y o n . M a r g a l a n t a r a n a , m a n u k c a l a d i
t i k o t o k d i n a k a h i r u p a n s a p o p o e
n a r e s e p p i s a n n g a d a h a r a n s i r e u m ,
e n d o g s i r e u m , j e u n g r u p a - r u p a
h i l e u d a n u j a d i h a m a n u n y a y a n g
d i n a k u l i t - k u l i t k a i . M a n u k c a l a d i
b i a s a n a b o g a p a m a t u k a n u k a c i d a
k u a t n a . P a m a t u k n a b i a s a d i p a k e
p i k e u n n y i e u n g o w o k k e u r n y a y a n g
d i n a t a n g k a l a t a w a d a h a n k a i .
S a l i a n t i e t a , m a n e h n a d i n a s a p o p o e -n a b i a s a -n e a -n g a -n k a d a h a r a n k u e a r a n g a b o n g k a r - b o n g k a r k u l i t k a k a y o n a n u r a r u s a k k u h i l e u d h a m a , m a k e p a m a t u k n a a n u k u a t . T e r u s l a m u n m a n u k e a l a d i m a n g g i h a n h i l e u d a t a w a e n d o g s i r e u m d i n a j e r o k u l i t k a i , b i a s a n a m a n e h n a n g e l e l k e u n l e t a h n a a n u p a n j a n g p i k e u n n g a l e -t a k a n e n d o g s e r a n g g a a t a w a s i r e u m d i n a k u l i t k a i . J e n i s m a n u k s e j e n n a s a p e r t i m a n u k g a l a t i k b a t u ( P a r u s m a j o r ) , k a l u a r g a f 'a r i d a e o g e p e n t i n g h i r u p n a d i a l a m , p i k e u n n g a d a l i k e u n p o p u l a s i h i l e u d a t a w a s e r a n g g a . K u s a b a b m a n u k g a l a t i k b a t u b i a s a n g a d a h a r a n r u p a - r u p a s e r a n g g a d i n a k u l i t k a i . L a i n t i k i t u , r u p a - r u p a m a n u k d i t e g a l a n a n u b i a s a n e a n g a n k a d a h a r a n d i r u n g k u n - r u n g k u n , s a p e r t i m a n u k d u d u t ( C e n t r o p u s b e n g a l e n s i s ) , k a l u a r g a C u e u l i d a e o g e g e d e m a n g p a a t n a d i a l a m p i k e u n n g a n d a l i k e u n p o p u l a s i h i l e u d . K u -s a b a b m a n u k d u d u t b o g a k a b i s a a n d a h a r n a d i a l a m b i a s a n a m i l i h r u p a -r u p a s e r a n g g a , s a p e r t i h i l e u d b u l u , s i m e u t , j e u n g j a n g k r i k , k a t u t s e r a n g -g a l i a n n a . P o n k i t u d i e u j e n i s m a n u k l i a n n a a n u b i a s a h i r u p d i t e g a l a n d i r u n g k u n - r u n g k u n a t a w a k e b o n , s a p e r t i m a n u k p a e i k r a k a t a w a c i b l e k ( P r i n i a f a m i l i a r i s ) , k a l u a r g a S y l v i i -d a e o g e n g a d a h a r a n r u p a - r u p a h i l e u d . K u s a b a b k i t u , j e n i s m a n u k c i b l e e b i s a n g a n d a l i k e u n p o p u l a s i h i l e u d d i a l a m . J e n i s - j e n i s m a n u k n u n y e u s e u p m a d u a t a w a m a n u k j a n -t u n g , K a l u a r g a N e e t a r i n i i d a e , s a p e r -t i e u i t a t a w a s r i g a n t i ( N e e t a r i n i a j u g u l a r i s ) j e u n g m a n u k j a n t i n g a n k a l a p a ( A n t h r e p t e s m a l a e e n s i s ) d i p e r l u k e u n p i s a n k u l a n t a r a n b i a s a n g a d a t a n g a n r u p a - r u p a k e m b a n g . B i a s a n a m a n u k j a n t u n g r e s e p n y e u s e u p m a d u r u p a - r u p a k e m b a n g , o g e r e s e p n g a d a h a r a n r u p a - r u p a s e r a n g g a , l a n e a h , j e u n g k u k u p u l a l e u t i k . K u s a b a b k i t u , m a n u k j a n -t u n g a t a w a m a n u k m a d u , s a l i a n p e n t i n g m a n g f a a t n a p i k e u n n g a b a n -t u p e n y e r b u k a n k e m b a n g t e h o g e p e n t i n g p i k e u n n g a d a l i k e u n p o p u -l a s i h i -l e u d j e u n g s e r a n g g a .
Manuk Beuki Langka
S a n a j a n r u p a - r u p a m a n u k b o g a m a n g f a a t p i k e u n n g a j a g a k a s a i m -b a n g a n a l a m , n y a e t a m i l u n g a b a s m i r u p a - r u p a s e r a n g g a h a m a . T a p i ,
52
k a e i d a h a n j a k a l n a k i w a r i p o p u l a s i r u p a - r u p a m a n u k a n u g u y u b n g a -h a k a n a n h i l e u d j e u n g s e r a n g g a ( i n s e k t i v o r a j t e h b e u k i l a n g k a d i a l a m . A y a r u p a - r u p a s a b a b m u s a b a b a n u n g a b a l u k a r k e u n p o p u l a s i r u p a -r u p a m a n u k b e u k i l a n g k a d i a l a m , s a p e r t i l o b a d i d a g a n g k e u n d i p a s a r b u r u n g , r a r u k s a k a t a w a l e u n g i t h a b i t a t n a , j e u n g k a r a e u n a n k u p e s t i s i d a .
K i w a r i , a m p i r d i u n g g a l k o t a p r o v i n s i s a p e r t i B a n d u n g , B o g o r , J a k a r t a , j e u n g s a j a b a n a a y a p a s a r -p a s a r b u r u n g , n y a e t a t e m p a t j u a l b e u l i r u p a - r u p a m a n u k p i k e u n p i a r a e u n U r a n g K o t a . K u k i t u n a , r u p a - r u p a m a n u k e n g g e u s j a d i b a r a n g d a g a n g a n a n u n g u n t u n g k e u n p i k e u n t u k a n g m o r o r n a n u k d i d e s a -d e s a j e u n g p a r a b a n d a r m a n u k a n u b i a s a n g a d a g a n g k e u n m a n u k d i p a s a r - p a s a r b u r u n g d i k o t a . C o n t o n a d i n a t a u n 1 9 8 0 - a n , a y a s a b a b r a h a p a s a r b u r u n g d i k o t a B a n d u n g , s a p e r -t i d i K e b o n K e l a p a , A n d i r j e u n g S u k a h a j i . T a p i , k i w a r i p a s a r b u r u n g a n u m a s i h n y e s a k a r i d i S u k a h a j i . S a l i a n t i e t a , d i s a b a b a r a h a t e m p a t d i s a b u d e r e u n B a n d u n g , d i s i s i j a l a n d i B a n d u n g T i m u r , B a n d u n g B a r a t , B a d u n g S e l a t a n , j e u n g B a d u n g U t a r a o g e r a r n e a n u d a g a n g m a n u k .
K u l a n t a r a n r u p a - r u p a m a n u k l a k u d i j u a l s a r t a h a r g a n a m a h a l , p a r a t u k a n g n g a l a m a n u k d i p i l e m b u r a n l e u w i h g i a t n g a r a l a m a n u k . B a l u k a r n a , j u m l a h p o p u l a s i m a n u k d i a l a m b e u k i n g u r a n g a n . C o n t o n a d i n a t a u n 1 9 8 0 - a n , j e n i s m a n u k c u e a k r a w a ( P y c n o n o t u s z e y l a n i e a ) d i l e u w e u n g - l e u w e u n g d i J a w a , S u m a t e r a , j e u n g K a l i m a n t a n j u m l a h -n a m e h r n e h a n t u m p u r . H a l e t a b a l u k a r t i n a m a n u k c u e a k r a w a d i j a m a n h a r i t a m i n d e n g d i k o n t e s k e u n d i k o t a , l o b a d i p i a r a s a r t a h a r g a n a m a h a l p i s a n d i p a s a r - p a s a r b u r u n g d i k o t a m a h . H a r g a m a n u k c u e a k r a w a a n u m e u n a n g k o n t e s b i s a p a y u d i j u a l s a h a r g a m o b i l s e d a n B M W a n u a n y a r . P a n g a r u h n a , m a n u k c u c a k r a w a d i l e u w e u n g - l o b a d i b o r o k u u r a n g p i l e m b u r a n s a r t a d i j a r u a l a n k a b a n d a r - b a n d a r m a n u k d i p a s a r - p a s a r b u r u n g d i k o t a . P i k e u n n y a l a m e t k e u n m a n u k c u c a k r a w a d i a l a m , d i n a t a u n 1 9 8 0 - a n M e n t e r i L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p -L H ( k i w a r i j a d i K e m e n t e r i a n L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p - K L H ) n g a l a r a n g
n g o n t e s k e u n m a n u k c u e a k r a w a . I w a l t i e u e a k r a w a h a s i l p a n a n g k a r a n , a n a k - a n a k m a n u k h a s i l n g a w i n k e u n d i n a k a n d a n g k u p a r a p a n a n g k a r .
N u m a t a k p r i h a t i n , s a n a j a n g g e u s l o b a j e n i s - j e n i s m a n u k a n u d i t a n g -t a y u n g a n u n d a n g - u n d a n g d i I n d o n e s i a , n u r u t k e u n u n d a n g -u n d a n g k o n s e r v a s i a l a m j e u n g k e a n e k a a n h a y a t i N o . S t a h u n 1 9 9 0 . J u m l a h k r a n g t i 3 7 9 j e n i s m a n u k . t a p i e t a r n a n u k - m a n u k t e h r e a k e n e h d i d a g a n g k e u n .
K u m a h a b u n a j u a l b e u l i m a n u k , r u p a - r u p a p a r a b m a n u k s a p e r t i k r o t o a t a w a e n d o g s i r e u m k a r a r a n g g e ( O e e o p h y l l a s m a r g a n a ) o g e b i a s a d i d a g a n g k e u n . B a l u k a m a , j u m l a h k a r a r a n g g e d i a l a m t b e u k i n g u r a n g a n . P a d a h a l k a r a r . m g g e b o g a f u n g s i p e n t i n g , n y a e t a j a d i m u s u h a l a m i h i l e u d . n g u r a n g a n a n p o p u l a s i k a r a r a n g g e j e u n g r u p a - r u p a m a n u k a n u j a d i m u s u h a l a m i h i l e u d , b i s a n g a b a l u k a r k e u n m a h a b u n a h i l e u d d i a l a m . S a l i a n t i e t a . t a t a c a r a n g a b a s m i h a m a m a k e p e s t i s i d a a n u i n t e n s i f d i l a h a n - l a h a n s a w a h , k e b u n , j e u n g p e r k e b u n a n t e h g g e u s n g a b a l u k a r k e -u n m a n u k p a e h k a r a c u n a n l a n g s u n g a t a w a e n d o g n a j a d i k a e i n g e a l a n g h e u n t e u b i s a m e g a r , k u s a b a b i n d u n g n a n g a d a h a r s a r a n g g a a n u k a r a e u n a n . D i t a m b a h d e u i r u p a - r u p a h a b i t a t p i k e u n k a l u m a n g s u n g a n k a h i r u p a n m a n u k d i a l a m l o b a a n u r u k s a k a t a w a l e u n g i t d i r o b a h j a d i r u p a - r u p a w u j u d b a n g u n a n , s a p e r t i p a r u m a h a n , j e u n g s a j a b a n a . K u s a b a b k i t u , h e n t e u m a t a k h e r a n l a m u n h i l e u d j e u n g s e r a n g g a h a m a d i a l a m b e u k i n g a g a l a k s a k , l a n t a r a n j e n i s -j e n i s m a n u k a n u j a d i m u s u h a l a m i m a b e u k i j a r a n g d i a l a m . P i k e u n n g a j a g a k a s a i m b a n g a n a l a m j e u n g n y e g a h u l a h n e p i k a h i l e u d j e u n g s e r a n g g a h a m a m a h a b u , e s t u n i n g j a d i k a w a -j i b a n u r a n g s a r e r e a p i k e u n m i l u n g a j a -g a k a s a l a m e t a n r u p a - r u p a m a n u k a n u a y a d i a l a m . M a n u k l a i n w a e d i p i k a s i h p i k e u n d i p i a r a d i k a n d a n g -k a n d a n g , d i j a d i k e u n 'a n g g o t a k a l u a r -g a '. T a p i , m a n u k o g e k u d u d i p i k a s i h a n u h i r u p d i a l a m , k u s a b a b m a n g -f a a t n a p e n t i n g p i k e u n n g a j a g a k a s a i m b a n g a n a l a m , s a p e r t i n g a b a s -m i h a -m a p e p e l a k a n p a r a p a t a n i . * * *
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