DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN
BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN
MAKANANNYA
DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN
BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN
MAKANANNYA
Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
Variasi Tergantung Pada :
1. Umur Ternak 2. Kondisi Ternak 3. Spesies
Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*)
Spesies
Air Protein Lemak Abu BK bebas lemak Protein Abu Anak sapi, baru lahir 74 19 3 4,1 82,2 17,8 Anaksapi. gemuk 68 18 10 4,0 81,6 18,4 Sapi jantan. kurus 64 19 12 5,1 79,1 20,9 Sapi jantan. gemuk 43 13 41 3,3 79,5 20,5
Domba. kurus 74 16 5 4,4 78,2 21,8
Domba. gemuk 40 11 46 2,8 79,3 20,7
Babi. 8 kg 73 17 6 3,4 83,3 16,7
Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
1. Air
2. Protein
3. Lemak
4. Karbohidrat
Plasma darah 90-92% Urat Daging 72-78% Organ Dalam Lain
Komposisi Pakan Ternak
1. Rouhgage
2. Konsentrat
Kering Basah
3. Additive
B
Bv product Vitamin
Faktor yg Mempengaruhi
Kebutuhan Zat Makanan
1. Spesies 2. Umur
3. Jenis Kelamin
4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan 5. Berat Badan
Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak
AA semi esensial AA non esensial
•Amin
Vit Larut Air •Polisakarida
tak larut
Sterol •Lemak netral
•Posfolipid (Lecithin))
Zat Makanan
Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life
Six classes: – Water
– Carbohydrates – Fats
Water
• Hydrogen + Oxygen
• H2O – Water = Moisture ↓ ↓
Drink Water in feed
Functions:
1. Metabolic reactions
2. Transporting nutrients and wastes 3. Maintains temperature
Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Primary function:
– Source of energy
• Located in plant and animal tissues
– Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains)
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides
– Glucose – Fructose – Galactose
2. Disaccharides
Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates 1. Cellulose
• Ruminants require microbial
Fats
• Also considered lipids
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Functions:
– Energy
Fats
• Sources:
– Fats- solid at room temperature – Oils- liquid at room temperature
– Saturated fats – Unsaturated fats
Fats
• Saturated fats C-C-C – Solid animal fats – Body can make
• Unsaturated fats C=C=C
– Monounsaturated C-C=C-C • One double bond
Fats
• Dietary essential fatty acids – Linoleic
• Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K – More of an issue in confinement fed
animals
• Added to the diet for 1) Reduce dust
2) Improve texture
Proteins
• Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
• Chains of Amino Acids
– Essential amino acids
• Must be provide through the diet
• Ruminants add in microbial growth
– Non-essential amino acids
• Required but the body can synthesize
Essential & Nonessential
Amino Acids
• Essential AA’s
– Histidine – Arginine – Lysine – Isoleucine – Methionine – Leucine – Threonine – Valine
– Phenylalanine – Tryptophan
• Nonessential AA’s
– Alanine
– Asparganine – Aspertic acid – Cysteine
– Cystine
• H istidin
• P henilalanin
Protein
• Functions:
– Building blocks
– Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair
– Blood
Minerals
• Macro minerals
– Required in large amounts
• Micro minerals
– Required in trace amounts
Vitamins
• Organic (contain carbon)
• Needed in small amounts
• Functions:
– 16 vitamins
Vitamins
• Sources
– Fat soluble
• Synthesized by ruminants • A, D, E, and K
– Water soluble
• Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses, which takes place in cecum
KLASIFIKASI BMT
Didasarkan atas :Classification of Feeds
1. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami 2. Hijauan Segar
3. Silase
4. Sumber Energy 5. Sumber Protein 6. Sumber Mineral 7. Sumber Vitamin
Dry forages and roughages
• 18% crude fiber, low TDN
• High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin • Protein variable
Dry forages and roughages
• Native grass • 12-13% CP
– Other
• Stalks
– Corn cob husks
Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Types:
– Native
• 5,000 species
– Cool / warm season
• Cool – Brome • Warm – Native
– Small grains
• Wheat • Rye
– Legumes
• Alfalfa, Clovers
Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Bloat:
– Legumes cause excessive production of foams in the rumen
– Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch) – Gases form causing bloat
– Animals cant breath
– Anti-frothing agents
Silages
• Variety of feed stuffs
– Grasses– Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers – Grains~ corn, sorghum – Small Grains
Silages
• Storage results in fermentation
– Anaerobic bacteria– Bacteria produce lactic acid
• Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower • High levels of heat 80-100oF
– Optimum moisture content
• Storage facilities
Energy feeds
• <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP
• High in starch – grains
• Examples:
– Corn, 9%CP
– Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP – Oats 12%
Energy feeds
• Storage ~ very important
• Future
– Grains that are high in needed trait – High levels of Lysine
Protein supplements
• Most critical, most expensive
• Function:
– Building blocks
• Examples:
Protein supplements
Examples:– Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A.
• Meat • Blood • Fish • Feather
-– Plant origin
• Soybean meal- 44% • By-products
– Distillers grain - 25 – Corn gluten - 25-30% – Soybean Hulls
-– Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a.
• Urea 281% CP
Mineral supplement
Concentrated or blended – carriers
1. Mixed with diet– Cost effective
2. Fed free choice
– May over consume
– Different vitamins and minerals in containers – Animals choose???
Urinary Calculi
• Water Belly
– Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus – Normal ratio 2:1 Ca : Phosphorus
– Urinary Calculi when ratio 1:1 or less – Over abundance of
Phosphorus
• Treatment
Remember
• Gains
– High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium
• Forages
Vitamin supplementation
1. Fat soluble
• Vitamins A, D, E, K
2. Water soluble
Non-nutritive additives
• Added to fill a specific need
• Definition –
a substance will stimulate
growth or improve feed efficiency
• Drugs
– Antibiotics
– Sulfa compounds – Cocidiostates
– Wormers
Non-nutritive additives
• Banned in 1995 in Europe
• US – McDonalds ~ 2003
– Only those that are used to promote growth – Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared
• Three types
Non-nutritive additives
• What’s What
– Antibiotics end in “cin”
• Teramyocin • Aeromyocin
– Produced from bacteria
